Topics on oral folk art. We study oral folk art. Genres and types. Some interesting essays

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Varieties of folklore
Songs
historical songs
epics
Fairy tales
legends
Puzzles
Proverbs and sayings
Lullabies
nursery rhymes
jokes
Sentences, invocations
Fables
Tongue Twisters
Rhymes

Features of Russian folklore.

If you carefully read the works of Russian folklore, you will notice that it actually reflects a lot: the play of the people's imagination, and the history of the country, and laughter, and serious thoughts about a person's life. Listening to the songs and tales of their ancestors, people thought about many difficult issues of their family, social and working life, thought about how to fight for happiness, improve their lives, what a person should be like, what should be ridiculed and condemned.

Varieties of folklore

Varieties of folklore include fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs, riddles, calendar refrains, greatness, sayings - everything that was repeated passed from generation to generation. At the same time, the performers often introduced something of their own into the text they liked, changing individual details, images, expressions, imperceptibly improving and honing the work. Oral folk art for the most part, it exists in a poetic (poetic) form, since it was it that made it possible to memorize and pass these works from mouth to mouth over the centuries.

Songs

The song is a special verbal-musical genre. It is a small lyric-narrative or lyrical work that was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyrical, dance, ritual, historical. Expressed in folk songs feelings of one person, but at the same time many people. They reflected love experiences, events of social and family life, reflections on a difficult fate. In folk songs, the so-called parallelism technique is often used, when the mood of a given lyrical hero is transferred to the nature.

historical songs

Such songs were dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Yermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev, the battle of Poltava with the Swedes, etc. The narrative in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.

epics

The term "epic" was introduced by IP Sakharov in the 19th century. It is an oral folk art in the form of a song, heroic, epic in nature. The epic arose in the 9th century, it was an expression historical consciousness the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this kind of folklore. They embody the national ideal of courage, strength, patriotism. Examples of heroes depicted in works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. lifeblood, while enriched with some fantastic fiction, is the plot of these works. In them, heroes single-handedly overcome entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, instantly overcome huge distances. This oral folk art is very interesting.

Fairy tales

Epics must be distinguished from fairy tales. These works of oral folk art are based on invented events. Fairy tales can be magical (in which fantastic forces participate), as well as everyday ones, where people are depicted - soldiers, peasants, kings, workers, princesses and princes - in everyday situations. This type of folklore differs from other works in its optimistic plot: in it, good always triumphs over evil, and the latter is either defeated or ridiculed.

fairy tales

About Emelya the Fool, The Boy with a Thumb, Geese-Swans, Finist-Yasna Sokol's Feather, Marya-Princess Frog, Sister Alyonushka.

Animal Tales

Fairy tale animals in the pit, Teremok, Bean seed, Chanterelle sister and wolf, Crane and heron, Gingerbread man.

Social fairy tales

Morozko, The Tale of How a Man Feeded Two Masters.

legends

We continue to describe the genres of oral folk art. A legend, unlike a fairy tale, is a folk oral story. Its basis is an incredible event, a fantastic image, a miracle, which are perceived by the listener or the narrator as reliable. There are legends about the origin of peoples, countries, seas, about the suffering and exploits of fictional or real-life heroes.

Puzzles

Oral folk art is represented by many mysteries. They are an allegorical image of some object, usually based on a metaphorical rapprochement with it. Riddles in volume are very small, have a certain rhythmic structure, often emphasized by the presence of rhyme. They are designed to develop ingenuity, ingenuity. Riddles are diverse in content and themes. There may be several of their variants about the same phenomenon, animal, object, each of which characterizes it from a certain point of view.

One hundred one brother
All in one row
Belted with one sash.
(fence)

scarlet boot
Burning in the ground.
(Beet)

* * *

Red girl
Sitting in the dark
And the braid is outside.
(Carrot)

* * *

Neither sew nor cut,
And all in scars:
No count of clothes
And all without zippers.
(Head of cabbage)

* * *

No windows, no doors -
Full of people.
(Cucumber)

* * *

Round, not a month
Yellow, not oil
With a ponytail, not a mouse.
(Turnip)

* * *

yellow hen
It puffs up under the tyn.
(Pumpkin)

* * *

I'll throw with the powder,
Grows up from the footboards
On the threshold of a town
There is noise in the town.
(Poppy)

* * *

Not fire
And it stings.
(Nettle)

* * *

annual grass
above the yard.
(Hop)

* * *

Grandmother Andreevna
Standing hunched over
Legs in the ground
Hands expanded,
Everyone wants to grab.
(Sokha)

* * *

iron nose
Rooted into the ground;
Digging, digging
The earth loosens.
(Plow)

* * *

The whole field is in cords.
(plowed strip)

* * *

Riding in the field on his back
And across the field - on your feet.
(Harrow)

* * *

One is pouring
The other is drinking
The third is green and growing.
(Rain, earth, bread)

* * *

Crookedly crafty
To the forest fled:
green curly
Asked:
- Crooked-slyly!
Where did you run?
- Green-curly,
Guard you.
(Hedge in the field)

* * *

Not the sea, but worried.
(Niva)

* * *

What turns green for two weeks
Earing for two weeks
Blooms for two weeks
Two weeks pours
Dry for two weeks.
(Rye)

* * *

One hundred brothers in one hut
Hooked up to spend the night.
(Grains in the ear)

* * *

Month
Novets
Glittered on the field during the day
Flew to the sky at night
(Sickle)

* * *

There is a man in a golden caftan,
Belted, not belted:
If you don't lift it, you won't get up.
(Sheaf)

* * *

Nine brothers - under one hat
(Grandmother of sheaves)

* * *

Winter and summer
One color.
(Spruce and pine)

* * *
Red, round
Red, round
The leaves are oblong.
(Rowan)

* * *

I walked through the forest
I found a tree;
From this tree
There are four cases:
The first thing is illumination for the blind
The second thing is naked amusement
The third thing - creaky help
The fourth thing is relief for an ailing person.
(Birch: torch, broom, birch bark, juice)

* * *

A shadow flies
On Peter's day
Sat a shadow on a stump,
The shadow began to cry:
- Where is my dubrovushka,
Where is my head
Where is my fun time!
(Sheet)

* * *

Bel hoodie,
And the hat is red.
(Boletus)

* * *

On the forest, on the yard
There is a peasant
- Red cap.
(Amanita)

* * *

Worth Egor
In a red yarmulke
Who will not pass
Everyone bows down.
(Strawberry)

* * *

Grew up in the forest
Carried out of the forest
Cut with a knife;
Cries in hands
And who listens - jumps
(Dudka)

* * *

Over the mountains
beyond the forests
The foals are neighing
They don't run home.
(Wolves)

* * *

Fear is warm.
(Wolf and sheep)

* * *

A bird came from the forest
In a red coat
Chicken count.
(A fox)

* * *

small, white
Jump through the woods
On the snow poke-poke
(Hare)

* * *

Not a tailor
And all his life he walks with needles,
(Hedgehog)

* * *

In the summer he goes to the plowman,
And in the winter it leaves with a cry
(Rook)

* * *

Crying in the swamp
But it does not come from the swamp,
(Sandpiper)

* * *

The horse was young across the sea,
awl on the front,
behind the fork,
On the chest is a white towel.
(Martin)

* * *

White as snow
Black as a beetle
Green like a meadow
Spinning like a demon
And turning into the forest.
(Magpie)

* * *

Sleeps during the day
Flies at night
And scares passers-by
(Owl)

* * *

Lives in the forest
- hoots like a robber;
People are afraid of him
And he is afraid of people.
(Owl)

* * *

Without hands, without an ax
Hut built.
(Nest)

* * *

bulging eyes sits,
speaks french,
Jumping like a flea
Floats like a human.
(Frog)

* * *

Under the bush, under the tier
There is a garus belt.
(Snake)

* * *

Who carries the house?
(Snail)

* * *

Cheren, but not a raven,
Horned, but not a bull,
Six legs without hooves
Flying - howling
Falls - digs the earth.
(Bug)

Proverbs and sayings

Genres of oral folk art also include sayings and proverbs. A proverb is a rhythmically organized, short, figurative saying, aphoristic folk saying. It usually has a two-part structure, which is reinforced by rhyme, rhythm, alliteration and assonance. A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates a certain phenomenon of life. She, unlike the proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of the statement, which is part of oral folk art. Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, they include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, pestles, nursery rhymes, jokes, game refrains, incantations, sentences, riddles. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

About Motherland
For your Motherland, do not spare either strength or life.
Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her.
Where there is courage, there is victory.

About friendship

There is no friend - look for, but found - take care.
All for one, one for all.

About skill and diligence

Business before pleasure.
Teaching is the path to skill.
Patience and a little effort.
Measure seven times and cut once.
You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
The sun paints the earth, and labor paints man.

About laziness and negligence

Hurry up and make people laugh.
Under a lying stone and water does not flow.
Don't rush with your tongue, hurry up with your deeds.
You do it in a hurry - you do it for a laugh.

About nature

Summer is a store, winter is a trap.
December ends the year and winter begins
Lots of snow, lots of bread
a lot of water - a lot of grass.
The frost is not great, but it does not order to stand.
Spring is red with flowers, and autumn with sheaves.

Lullabies

Small genres of oral folk art include lullabies. People call them bikes. This name comes from the verb "bait" ("bait") - "to speak". This word has the following ancient meaning: "to speak, whisper." Lullabies got this name not by chance: the oldest of them are directly related to incantation poetry. Struggling with sleep, for example, the peasants said: "Dryomushka, get away from me." Pestushki and nursery rhymes Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. In their center is the image of a growing child. The name "pestushki" comes from the word "nurture", that is, "follow someone, raise, nurse, carry, educate." They are short sentences, which in the first months of a baby's life comment on his movements. Imperceptibly, the pestles turn into nursery rhymes - songs that accompany the baby's games with fingers and toes. This oral folk art is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: "Magpie", "Okay". They often already have a "lesson", an instruction. For example, in "Magpie" the white-sided woman fed everyone with porridge, except for one lazy person, although the smallest one (the little finger corresponds to him).

Lullaby

Bayu, bayushki bayu, I give beaters (s),
Forty-five beaters, my daughter will sleep better.
Bye, bye, bye, bye, quickly fall asleep,
Pigeon eyes made a sleigh,
We sat down and went, we stopped by grandfather,
- What are you doing, baby? - Put a shovel,
A shovel and a shovel, a humpbacked cow.
A cow is the size of a cat, milked with a spoon.
It's time for grandma to get up, give chicken grains,
The chickens flew away, sat on a pine tree,
The pine broke off, a friend was born.
And there were two Tatar women - they broke a stick,
They killed the crow, carried it to Myron,
Miron has two horses, the third is a hen.
And zhu-zhu, zhu-zhu, zhu-zhu, I can’t find a place for myself (e),
I can’t find a place for myself either on the stove or in the corner,
Neither on the stove, nor in the corner, I will go to gatherings,
It doesn’t sit in gatherings, things don’t argue in the hands:
The bottom bends, the thread breaks.
The spindle is clucking - you don’t want to spin.
I’ll go to Uncle Nikolai, I’ll lie down on the stove, I’ll fall ill,
And you, Uncle Nikolai, give me a nugget,
A nugget in the forest, I'll go and bring it.

* * *

Bai-bayu bayu, do not lie down on the edge,
A gray top will come and grab the barrel,
And drag him into the woods under the willow bush,
And there the birds sing - Vanya will not be allowed to sleep.

* * *

You are a kitty cat
curly pubis,
Come spend the night with us
Download our Varenka.
How do I like a cat
I sew a new coat
I'll give you a piece of the pie
Pour a jug of milk.

nursery rhymes

cat and hen

cat on the window
sewing a shirt,
Hen in boots
The hut is sweeping.

Mice
Mice lead a round dance,
A cat is napping on a couch.
Hush, mice, don't make noise,
Don't wake the cat Vaska.
Here Vaska the cat wakes up,
Will break the whole round dance.

Cockerel
Cockerel, cockerel,
golden scallop,
butter head,
Silk beard!
That you get up early
Do you sing loudly?
Do you let Vanya sleep?

* * *

Oh, dee-dee-lee. (amusement)
Ulyanovsk region

1. Oh, di-di-li, di-di-li,
Where did we see the wolf?

2. At grandmother Tanya,
In the garden, in the hole.

3. It's time, grandmother, to get up,
Give chicken seeds.

4. The chickens flew away
They sat on an oak tree.

5. Oak broke off -
Another was born.

jokes

In the first years of children's lives, nannies and mothers sang songs for them of a more complex content, not related to the game. All of them can be designated by a single term "jokes". Their content is reminiscent of little fairy tales in verse. For example, about a cockerel - a golden scallop that flew to the Kulikovo field for oats; about a chicken pockmarked, which "blew peas" and "sowed millet. In a joke, as a rule, a picture of some bright event is given, or some swift action is depicted in it that corresponds to the active nature of the baby. They have a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention , so they are limited to only one episode.

Dance, dance (joke)
Arkhangelsk region

1. Dance, dance, yes
Your legs are good.
Like this, like this, like this
That's it, that's it, that's it!

2. Like this, like this, like this,
Here is the bunny.
Why not dance
For a couple of fingers?

3. Oh, legs
My little ones
They jump, they play
They don't understand anything.

4. Ilyushenka
Pretty,
Turn around, walk
Look at the people!

Sentences, invocations

We continue to consider oral folk art. Its views are supplemented by invocations and sentences. Children on the street very early learn from their peers a variety of nicknames, which are an appeal to birds, rain, rainbows, and the sun. The children, on occasion, shout out the words in a sing-song voice. In addition to the incantations, in a peasant family, any child knew the sentences. They are most often spoken alone. Sentences - an appeal to a mouse, small bugs, a snail. This may be an imitation of various bird voices. Verbal sentences and song calls are filled with faith in the forces of water, heaven, earth (sometimes beneficial, sometimes destructive). Their pronunciation attached to the work and life of adult peasant children. Sentences and invocations are combined into a special department called "calendar children's folklore". This term emphasizes the existing connection between them and the season, the holiday, the weather, the whole way of life and the structure of life in the village. Game sentences and refrains Genres of folklore works include game sentences and choruses. They are no less ancient than invocations and sentences. They either connect parts of some game, or start it. They can also play the role of endings, determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.

Playing in the yard, on the street, the children joyfully call out in chorus to the spring rain:
Rain, rain, more
I'll give you thick
I'll go out on the porch
Give me cucumber...
Ladies and loaf of bread -
Force as much as you want.
* * *

It's raining rain
Water the bucket!

When a drought occurs, and the rain passes by or a little rain falls, they ask the rainbow so that it does not take away the rain:
rainbow arc,
Bring us rain!

Cow cow,
Give me milk
Feed the shepherd!

After bathing, in order to get rid of the water that has poured into the ears, they jump on one leg and, tilting their heads to one side or the other, pressing their palm to their ear, they say to the beat of jumping:
Mouse, mouse,
Pour out the water
Under the hot deck -
Horses on the talker **,
Feeding pigs!

Peasant children who run barefoot through the mud and dig in the ground, in other cases, the skin gets sick, “chicks” appear on their hands and feet - the skin cracks. Chicks were treated with cow butter with the sentence:
Chicks, chicks, under the threshold!
I'll give you a lump of butter.

With this sentence, a snail is called out of the shell:
Snail, snail,
Stick out the horns!
I'll give you a pie!

The chicken is imitated in this sentence:
Where-where, where-where,
She laid an egg in her fist!

Cock talk is presented in sentences:
- Beat-beat!
- Whom? Whom?
- You, you!

In search of mushrooms they say:
mushrooms on mushrooms,
Mine is on top!
There lived men
They took mushrooms mushrooms!

------

* rush, force; building make it pour harder
** drink, swill

Fables

These funny rhyming lines will amuse both adults and children. Children enjoy listening to fables and all sorts of fictional stories. Such reading develops in kids a sense of humor, fantasy, helps to see the world more widely. If the child still does not quite understand the difference between fables and nursery rhymes, then try to explain to him that fiction - this is a comic story, an absurdity, a playful invention of the author.

* * *

Unprecedented side
On the side of that bear
It's sad that they don't suck their paws.
Bees are good neighbors
They are given honey as a gift.
The wolf lives there,
But his howl is not heard,
He doesn't touch the sheep
He eats grass.
What's with the invisibility hat?
Miracles are everywhere here.
See how they sleep in an embrace
In a mink, a bunny and a fox.
Why not dream about it?
Does everyone live in harmony there?
Mice go for advice
To good affectionate cats.
* * *

There was a fox, chalk tail
And shook her horns.
Grew up on an empty stump
Pie box.
* * *

Suddenly a crow flew
With wolf teeth.
Raspberry pies
I ate mushrooms.
* * *

Fish walk along the path
They wave their fins,
An elephant hedgehog carries on its back,
Chickens plow the ground.
* * *

The hare is chasing the lion
And growls terribly.
The mole under the tree builds a house
From red rowan.

* * *
At Ivanov's yard
The water caught fire.
The fire was extinguished in the whole village,
And the fire was not extinguished.
Grandfather Foma came
Scattered beard.
He drove the people into the barn,
Put out the fire alone.
How Thomas put out the fire
He didn't say anything about it.
Only heard from the side:
He put out his beard!

Tongue Twisters

A tongue twister in Russian folklore is fast speech; phrases with a difficult to pronounce selection of sounds were specially invented, which must be pronounced quickly, without stammering. This children's folklore served not only for fun and entertainment for children, but also tongue twisters, or tongue twisters, taught to pronounce sounds correctly, developed the muscles of the tongue, speech organs, and memory.

Grass in the yard, firewood on the grass.
Do not cut wood on the grass of the yard.

* * *

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
* * *

The raven raven crowed.

The cap is not sewn in a cap style,
gotta repack it
and repack

From sour milk
from under the curd!

* * *

In one, Klim,
wedge stab!

* * *

I'll cut the circle
I will spend my mother
I will take my sister out

* * *

In the yard - grass,
on the grass - firewood.

* * *

The fellow ate thirty-three pies with pie and all with cottage cheese.

* * *

two lumberjacks,
two wood splitters,
two woodcutters
talking about Lara
about Larka,
about Larina's wife!

* * *

It's worth the pop on the pile,
butt cap,
mop under the priest,
pop under the hood!

* * *

crested laughter
laughed with laughter:
ha ha ha ha ha!

* * *

The bull is stupid
the bull has a dull lip!

Forty mice walked
carried forty groszy;
two worse mice
carried two pennies.

* * *

Snouted a dumb pig,
white-faced,
dug up the whole yard,
dug half a snout!

* * *

From the clatter of hooves
dust flies across the field!

* * *

In the yard, backyard
in good health!

Rhymes

Rhyming rhymes are small, usually poetic texts with a clear rhythm, which are intended primarily for the random selection of one participant from a group of people. Most often, the leader in the game is chosen by the rhyme.

Previously, Russian folk rhymes were akin to a spell, and only much later turned into ordinary children's fun.

Ay, choo-choo, choo-choo, choo-choo,
I'm milking peas
I'm milking peas
On Ivanov current.
The hen is running towards me
The caulker is in a hurry.
Oh, she's running, in a hurry,
Does not say anything.
A feather from a chicken
Flew far away
Oh, far, far away
in Ivanovo village.

zealous horse,
Longmane
Rides across the field
Rides the field.
Who is the horse
Togo will catch
With us in the halls
Plays.

* * *

The countdown begins:
A jackdaw sat on a birch,
Two crows, a sparrow,
Three magpies, nightingale.

* * *

Oh you, dawn-dawn,
Evening dawn.
And who will find the dawn

He will go out.

* * *

Sun-bucket,
Look out the window!
Sunshine, dress up!
Red, show yourself!

Bye-bye, my son,

You are my river water

Sleep and grow up son

Strong, strong, like an oak tree.

Ay, azitsi-atzitsi,

Hands messed up!

Washed in the trough

wiped off with a towel

You are my ring

There is a bracelet on the hand.

Already you, winter-winter,

Smoked and smoked

All paths, all meadows;

There is nowhere for Sonechka to go.

Spring, red spring!

Come, spring, with joy,

With joy, with joy

With great mercy:

With tall flax,

With a deep root

With abundant bread!

Shadow-shadow-sweat,

The cat sat under the fence.

Sparrows have flown.

Clap them hands:

Fly away, sparrows!

Beware of the cat!

Ghoul, dove ghoul,

Gulya is blue, Gray-winged,

Everyone is cute.

Send cows

Near the oak tree

Let's go sheep

near the river,

Pigs near the field.

Dance! Dance!

Your legs are good!

Like this, like this, like this

And like this,

And that's it! That's how good the legs are!

Dance, dance!

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Kravtsov N.I. Russian prose II half of XIX century and folk art. - M., 1972.
Kruglov Yu.G. Russian ritual songs. - M., 1982.
Kruglov Yu.G. Russian wedding songs. - M., 1978.
Lazutin S.G. Essays on the history of Russian folk songs. - Voronezh, 1964.
Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. - M., 1981.
Lazutin S.G. Russian ditty, questions of origin and formation. - Voronezh, 1960.
Lazutin S.G. Russian folk songs. - M., 1965.
Medrish D.N. Literature and folklore tradition. - Saratov, 1980.
Meletinsky E.M. Hero of a fairy tale. The origin of the image. - M., 1958.
Melnikov M.N. Russian children's folklore. - M., 1987.
Novikov N.V. Images of the East Slavic fairy tale. - L., 1974.
Novikova A.M. Russian poetry of the XVIII-first half of the XIX century and folk song. - M., 1982.
Songs, fairy tales, ditties of the Saratov Volga region. - Saratov, 1969.
Volga ditty. - Saratov, 1994.
Pomerantseva E.V. About Russian folklore. - M., 1977.
Pomerantseva E.V. Russian folktale. - M., 1963.
Pomerantseva E.V. The fate of the Russian fairy tale. - M., 1965.
Potebnya A.A. Symbol and myth in folk culture. - M., 2000.
Potebnya A.A. theoretical poetics. - M., 1990.
Lamentations. - L., 1960.
Propp V.Ya. Historical roots fairy tale. - L., 1998.
Propp V.Ya. Morphology of a fairy tale. - M., 1969.
Propp V.Ya. Poetics of folklore. - M., 1998.
Propp V.Ya. Russian agricultural holidays: Experience of historical and ethnographic research. - L., 1963.
Propp V.Ya. Russian heroic epic. - M., 1999.
Putilov B.N. Folklore and folk culture. - SPb., 1994.
Russian historical song. - L., 1990.
Russian literature and folklore (XI-XVIII centuries) - L., 1970.
Russian literature and folklore (First half of the 19th century). - L., 1976.
Russian literature and folklore (second half of the 19th century). - L., 1982.
Russian literature and folklore ( Late XIX century). - L., 1987.
Russian ditties. - M., 1956.
Russian folk wedding ceremony: Research and materials. - L., 1978.
Russian folklore of the Great Patriotic War. - M.; L., 1964.
Savushkina N.I. Russian folk theatre. - M., 1976.
Sedelnikov V.M. Poetics of Russian folk lyrics. - M., 1959.
Selivanov F.M. Poetics of epics. - M., 1977.
Skaftymov A.P. Poetics and Genesis of Epics // Articles on Russian Literature. - Saratov, 1958.
Toporkov A.L. The theory of myth in Russian philological science of the 19th century. - M., 1997.
Folklore and literature 9-11 cells. - M., 1996.
Folklore and amateur art. - L., 1968.
Folklore and ethnography. Rites and ritual folklore. - L., 1974.
Folklore and ethnography: At the ethnographic origins of folklore stories and images. - L., 1984.
Folklore of the Saratov region. - Saratov, 1946.
Chastushki. - M.; L., 1966.

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Oral folk art is the wealth of every nation. The Russian people have a lot of monuments of folk art. Each monument is unique and original. All the important beliefs of the people have been preserved in these works. This wealth enables future generations to learn more interesting information about themselves and their people.

All the wisdom of the people is concentrated in oral folk monuments. Each line of these works is full of common sense and instructive morality. Each saying from these monuments is a wise instruction for the whole people. To this day, in the monuments of oral folk art, one can find many answers to the most different questions, exciting the mind of every person. In the monuments you can find a huge number of proverbs and sayings. These short sentences will forever remain in the memory of the people and will be passed down from generation to generation. There are so many everyday simple truths and teachings in them that you can navigate them in any situation and be sure of the veracity of the choice.

In proverbs and sayings, folk wisdom reaches its culmination. It's not only wise saying one of the nobles, it is a product of popular thinking. They reflect the centuries-old experience of the entire people. The task of each representative of the Russian nation should be reading and familiarization with the monuments of folk art. Only they can help to realize what kind of nation the Russian people are. Everyone should know what beliefs and rituals our ancestors had. If you are well acquainted with the monuments, then you can see that in the modern world the thinking of our people has not changed. We have a lot of national character traits that have been passed down from generation to generation for centuries.

Our wealth is our monuments of oral folk art. It is they who keep our connection with our ancestors strong and eternal.

School essay on behalf of a 7th grade student. 6, 8 grade.

Some interesting essays

Composition reasoning Victory over fear gives us strength
Fear kills ... It is he who makes many retreat before the first troubles. When a person fights for his goal, he is often prevented from achieving it by various adversities, the fear of which defeats the desire to achieve what he wants.

Today I have chosen a topic for conversation: modern education. Since I myself am a teacher, I have a clear idea of what is happening in the education system now. There is no need to talk about the fact that no one wants to work in schools

Prisypkin in Mayakovsky's play Bedbug composition
In Mayakovsky's work "The Bedbug" we get acquainted with a wonderful enchanting comedy story written by the author in a communist way. It contains many interesting images for analysis.
All Heroes of Korolenko's story In a bad society (main and secondary)
Heroes of the story bad company

They say that time heals. Usually, healing means getting rid of diseases, physical wounds and ailments. But there are also emotional wounds. Their best healer is time.

Allegory- a means of enhancing poetic expressiveness.

Animism- endowing the soul with objects and natural phenomena.

Joke- very little story with funny, funny content and an unexpected witty ending; kind of humorous story.

Anonymity folklore works indicates that they do not have an author, their creator is a collective.

Antithesis- opposition, contradiction, stylistic figure based on the comparison or opposition of contrasting concepts and images.

Anthropomorphism- likening to a person, endowing objects and phenomena of inanimate nature with human properties, celestial bodies, animals, mythical creatures.

Apotheosis- solemn glorification, exaltation of a phenomenon.

archetype- symbolic formula, prototype, prototype.

Aphorism- a generalizing thought, expressed in a concise, artistically refined form.

bike- a short story, a moralizing poem, a fictional story.

Fable- a short allegorical, moralizing poem, a comic story in prose or verse, a fictional incident, a parable, an instructive narrative in an allegorical sense.

Bahar- Old Russian storyteller (talker, storyteller).

Wandering plots- passing from one country to another, from one people to another.

epics- heroic songs that arose as an expression of the historical consciousness of the Russian people in the era of Kievan Rus.

Epic verse- folk versification of Russian oral folk poetry.

Bylichki- oral stories about a meeting with fantastic creatures: brownies, wood goblins, water creatures, etc.

Option- each new performance of a folklore work.

variability- change on the traditional basis of plot themes, motives, situations, images.

Magnificent Songs- genre of ritual folklore. They glorified both individuals and collectives.

Version- a group of variants that give a qualitatively new interpretation of a folk work.

nativity scene- a kind of folk puppet theater, designed to represent the gospel story about the birth in the cave of Jesus Christ.

stoneflies- Russian ritual songs associated with the magical rite of the spell of spring.

Cryer (mourner)- performer of lamentations.

Genesis- origin, occurrence; the process of formation and formation of a developing phenomenon.

Hyperbola- excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon.

Grotesque- the ultimate exaggeration, giving the image a fantastic character.

Demonology- a complex of mythological ideas and beliefs about demons of pagan and Christian origin (demons, devils, evil spirits, mermaids, mermen, goblin, brownies, kikimors, etc.), as well as a set of works reflecting these ideas.

Children's folklore- a system of folklore genres created by adults for children or by the children themselves, or borrowed by children from the folklore of adults.

Dialog - mutual communication between two or more persons in the form of oral speech.

Drama- genus literary works, which belongs to both theater and literature.

genre- type of artwork; lies in the unity of the properties of the compositional structure, its form and content with characteristic plot and stylistic features.

Life songs- calendar songs performed during the rituals that accompanied the harvest.

tie- the beginning of some action, event.

Puzzles- genre of folklore; an expression that needs to be unraveled, an allegorical, poetic reproduction of an object or phenomenon.

Conspiracies- phrases, magic words with magical or healing powers.

Spell- is synonymous with conspiracy; in popular beliefs, magic words, sounds that subjugate, command.

Chorus- the beginning of the song, the introduction, which predetermines the poetic development of the plot.

Zachin- the traditional beginning in folk literature, which brings listeners to the perception of the plot narrative.

Zoomorphism- similar to animals in appearance.

Game songs- a genre of ritual folklore based on the combination of not only words and music, but also games; game action directly affects the text of the song; without knowledge of the game situation, the text of the song, as a rule, is incomprehensible.

Idiom- a turn of speech that cannot be translated into another language without violating the meaning (beat the buckets, it's in the bag).

Visual means- ways of recreating reality in a work of art.

Improvisation- creation of the text of a folk work or individual parts at the time of performance.

Initiation- the rite of a tribal society, which provides initiation, the transition to a new age group.

Allegory- a literary device, an expression containing a hidden meaning.

Informant, informant- the person giving the information; in folklore: performer folk art from which they are written.

Exodus- the ending of the epic, not directly related to its content, addressed to the listener, often expressing an assessment of the epic events.

calendar rites- one of the cycles folk rituals associated with the economic activity of the peasantry (with agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, hunting, etc.).

Kaliki passable- wanderers, pilgrims to the saints Christian places and monasteries that performed spiritual verses and legends.

carol- a folk calendar ritual song, with which the performers walked around the villagers for Christmas time; the name of the carol songs is named after the mythological character Kolyada, who personified the beginning of the new year.

caroling- a Christmas ritual of visiting houses by groups of participants who congratulated the owners by singing carols and received a reward for this.

Contamination- combining two or more independent parts in one work of art.

Scorching songs- a genre of ritual poetry, their purpose is to ridicule a participant or a group of participants in the rite.

Kupala songs- songs performed during the performance calendar rites on Ivan Kupala (June 24, O.S.); in their poetic essence, these are mainly ritual, incantatory, laudatory or lyrical songs.

Cumulative plot composition- a composition based on the principle of accumulation of chains from the same variably repeated motif.

climax - highest point tension in the development of the action of a work of art.

legends- one of the genres of folklore, which is based on the wonderful, fantastic.

keynote- prevailing mood main topic, ideological and emotional tone of the work, creativity, direction.

Lyrics- a kind of literature and folklore, which expresses the attitude to the depicted, feelings, thoughts, moods of a person.

Splint- a special style picture with and without text; type of graphics designed for the mass reader.

Shrovetide songs- songs related to the calendar rite: seeing off winter, meeting and seeing off Maslenitsa.

Memorat- an oral story that conveys the narrator's memories of the events in which he was a participant or eyewitness.

Myth- the oldest legend, which is an unconsciously artistic narration about important, often mysterious for ancient man natural and social phenomena, the origin of the world.

Mythology- a system of archaic ideas of any people about the world, a set of myths.

motive- the simplest component of the plot, the minimum significant component of the narrative.

Nationality(folklore) - an ideological and aesthetic category that expresses the essential progressive interests of the people in a certain era, consistent service to the people by means of art.

Fairy tale prose- a type of folk prose that combines bylichki, legends, traditions and tales.

Image-symbols- traditional allegory, characteristic of folk poetry, which designate characters, their feelings and experiences.

ritual poetry- poetry associated with folk everyday rituals (carols, wedding songs, lamentations, sentences, riddles).

ritual songs- songs related to calendar and wedding ceremonies.

Rites- traditional activities accompanying important points life and production activities person and team; according to timing, rites are divided into calendar and family-household rites, according to form and purpose - into magic, legal-domestic and ritual-playing. magical rites reflected pagan, Christian, superstitious ideas about nature and society. People thought that with the help of magical rites they could protect themselves from supernatural forces hostile to them or achieve well-being; legal and everyday fixed the conclusion between people, families, villages of property, money and other agreements. The significance of ritual and gaming rites is to entertain a person, to satisfy his aesthetic needs. Magical, legal-everyday and ritual-gaming rites formed complex complexes, rituals (weddings, funerals, etc.) and in the past played a huge role in the life of society. Prejudices were also reflected in ancient rituals, since practical experience, work, and observations of people over nature were not based on scientific knowledge.

General places- identical situations, motives that have similar verbal expressions. Common places are the constant elements of the composition of oral works: in epics - a sing-along, in fairy tales - a joke, in epics and fairy tales - beginnings and endings.

Custom- a stereotypical way of behaving that is reproduced in a certain society or social group and is customary for their members (for example, the custom, when entering a room, to remove a hat, when meeting - to say hello, etc.).

personification- a special kind of metaphor: transferring the image of human features to inanimate objects and phenomena.

Oxymoron - artistic technique, a combination of words opposite in meaning, as a result of which a new semantic quality arises ("living corpse", "optimistic tragedy").

Parallelism psychological- matching human image and an image from the natural world on the basis of an action or state.

Paremias- the general name of small genres of folklore prose (proverbs, sayings, riddles).

Pathos- emotional animation, passion that permeates the work and gives it a single breath.

cry- Ritual poetic works related to the wedding ceremony, mourning the deceased and seeing off the recruit.

Scenery- the image of pictures of nature, performing various functions.

dance songs- songs performed at a fast pace, to the dance; they are characterized by a recitative tongue twister built on speech intonations; the content of most dance songs is cheerful, perky, depicting comic situations.

Proverb- a widespread expression that figuratively defines some life phenomenon and gives it an emotionally expressive assessment.

Subsidiary songs- songs sung during New Year's Eve, Christmas divination with a dish (hence the name of the songs); decorations were placed in a dish, often with water, covered with a scarf, and decorations were pulled out to the singing of fortune-telling songs; whoever owned the jewelry was destined for the song sung at that moment, which predetermined marriage or wealth, illness or death, etc. in the new year. Among them were laudatory songs (for example, a song of glory to bread), ritual ones, with the help of which participants were invited to fortune-telling, decorations were begged from them, and fortune-telling songs proper, which consisted of two parts - an allegory that predicts fate, and spells.

Proverb- a short, figurative folk saying that has the ability to have multiple meanings in speech.

Permanent epithet- one of means of expression in folk poetry: a word-definition that is stably combined with one word or another and denoting some kind of feature("good fellow", "clean field").

Poetry of nurturing(from nurturing, nurturing - to nurse, educate, groom) - poetry of adults, brought to life by the pedagogical needs of the people and intended for children. Includes lullabies, pestles, nursery rhymes, jokes, boring tales.

lore- non-fairytale prose genre; oral stories telling about events, persons or facts of the distant past, worthy of people's attention, memory. Passed down from generation to generation, legends often lost their authenticity, fictitious details, interpretations, and assessments were introduced into them.

jokes- a small genre of Russian folklore; short jokes.

Sentences- type of ritual folklore; poetic works performed during calendar and family rituals. Among them stand out: sentences (sayings, with the help of which the necessary ritual requirements were expressed, recommendations of economic and practical importance, etc.), spells, conspiracies and sentences proper.

Saying - vernacular name rhythmically organized joke, which sometimes precedes the beginning in fairy tales, but is not directly related to their content and action; The purpose of a saying is to interest the listener.

Parable- a short oral story, in an allegorical form, concluding a moral or religious teaching; in its form is close to the fable. However, in contrast to the ambiguity of the interpretation of a fable, a parable always contains a certain didactic idea.

Lamentations- verbal-musical-dramatic type of ritual poetry; works, tragic in their content, emotional in tone, performed during wedding, recruitment and funeral ceremonies (hence their names: wedding, recruitment and funeral). Lamentations are largely improvisational (especially funeral ones), although they were created within certain traditional frameworks.

Raek- folk theater of moving pictures with comments to them.

Recruit- drafted into the imperial army.

Recruit songs- folk songs about recruits; originated at the beginning of the 18th century. in connection with the introduction of recruitment; composed in the style of traditional peasant lyrical songs.

ritual songs- songs that contributed to the formation and implementation of the rite, ritual actions; performed during calendar and wedding ceremonies, in round dances.

Refrain- a recurring part of a folklore work, usually its last line; consists of exclamations that have lost their dictionary meaning.

wedding poetry- folk-poetic works related to the wedding ceremony. Wedding poetry includes songs, lamentations, sentences. At weddings, ditties were sung, riddles were made, even fairy tales were told, but they have only a thematic relation to wedding poetry.

wedding songs- songs that arose and were performed during the wedding ceremonies. In accordance with the ethnographic classification, wedding songs are subdivided according to their correlation with rituals into matchmaking songs, rubbing songs, hen party songs, etc., also by performers or wedding rites - songs of the bride, songs of girlfriends, songs to the groom, songs to the thousand, etc. . In accordance with the philological classification, wedding songs include ritual, incantatory, laudatory, reproachful and lyrical songs. At the wedding, songs that were not directly related to it (for example, non-ritual lyric songs, ballads, etc.) could be performed.

Family poetry includes works of folklore that arose and were performed during the performance of family and household rituals: songs, lamentations, sentences; depending on the timing of the rituals - wedding and recruiting songs, wedding, funeral and recruiting lamentations, sentences of friends, etc.

Family rituals- one of the cycles of folk rituals associated with the family and everyday life of the people; are subdivided, depending on the timing of the events of family life, into childhood rites, wedding, recruiting and funeral (including funeral) rites.

Semik - folk holiday; coped on Thursday of the seventh week after Easter, accompanied by the rites of "curling" birch trees, etc., singing Trinity-Semitsk songs.

Symbol- a conventional sign, an independent artistic image that has an emotional and allegorical meaning and is based on the similarity of life phenomena.

Syncretism- fusion, indivisibility, characterizing the original undeveloped state of primitive art.

skaz- a kind of folk poetic legend, skaz narration, focused on the forms of oral folk speech.

Fairy tale- one of the main genres of folklore, epic, mainly prose work magical, adventurous or everyday nature with a fantasy setting.

legend- a poetic work belonging to a group of predominantly prose narratives with a historical or legendary past (traditions, legends, stories).

Narrator- performer and creator of epic songs (epics).

Storyteller- performer of fairy tales.

buffoon- a wandering actor of the Middle Ages, simultaneously performing in various roles (musician, singer, dancer, comedian). The art of the buffoon combined high performing skills with the topicality of the repertoire.

Tongue twister (pure tongue twister)- small genre of folklore; folk poetic joke, consists in the deliberate selection of words that are difficult for correct articulation with rapid and repeated repetition; "a kind of colloquial speech, with the repetition and rearrangement of the same letters or syllables, confused or difficult to pronounce" (V.I. Dal); It is also used as a means to correct speech defects. The tongue twister is characterized by extreme alliteration, sound writing.

Comparison- comparison of one object or phenomenon with another on any basis.

Antiquity- the popular name of the epic.

Stepwise narrowing of images- a compositional technique of a lyrical song, in which images with a "wider" volume are replaced by images with a more "narrow" one.

Rhythm- genre of children's folklore; a rhyming rhyme, consisting in most cases of invented words with strict observance of rhythm.

Totem- an animal or plant, an object of religious veneration.

traditional- one of the main features of folklore, associated with a tradition that has developed historically and is passed down from generation to generation, expressed in the stability of signs of poetic content.

Trinity(the fiftieth day after Easter, the name of the seventh week after Easter, Sunday) is a folk holiday of the meeting of summer, genetically associated with the cult of ancestors; on Trinity, they commemorated the dead, performed rituals with a birch tree, arranged treats, feasts, fortune-telling; all this was accompanied by the performance of folklore works.

Trinity-Semitsky songs- songs that arose and were performed during the rituals in semik, on the Trinity; mainly associated with the "curling" and "development" of the birch (ritual, laudatory and reproachful songs).

Trope- the use of a word, statements in a figurative sense ("eagle" - a person with qualities traditionally attributed to an eagle: courage, vigilance).

labor songs- the oldest variety of lyrical songs associated with labor activity.

Fiction- a form of displaying the world, in which supernatural, miraculous, logically incompatible pictures are created on the basis of real ideas.

folklorist- a scientist who studies oral folk art.

Folklore is the science that studies folklore.

round dance - ancient species popular dance art; combines choreography with dramatic action, dance. The chorovod was an integral part of the calendar rituals and performed in folk life not only a ritual-playing, aesthetic, but also a magical, incantatory function.

Round dance songs- songs performed while driving round dances.

Chastushka- one of the types of oral folk art; a short rhyming song performed at a fast pace, a response to events of a socio-political or domestic nature.

Chastushechnik- a connoisseur of ditties (from the people), their performer and creator, who owns the main repertoire of his area.

epic- an ancient epic form of narration (poetic or prose), telling about important event from the life of the people.

epic- a large monumental form of epic literature.

Epithet- a figurative definition that gives an additional artistic description object, phenomenon in the form of a hidden comparison.

Ethnos- a historically established community of people - a tribe, a nationality, a nation.

surprise effect- an artistic technique based on a sudden violation of causal relationships in artistic text. The effect of surprise is an important feature of the poetics of epics, fairy tales, etc.

Fair folklore- folklore performed at fairs; it most often includes humorous and satirical works (sentences of "farce", "carousel", "pump" grandfathers, cries of merchants, etc.), as well as folk drama.

Immensely oral folk art. It has been created for centuries, there are many varieties of it. In translation from English, "folklore" is " folk meaning, wisdom". That is, oral folk art is everything that has been created by the spiritual culture of the population over the centuries historical life his.

Features of Russian folklore

Varieties of folklore

Oral folk art for the most part exists in a poetic (poetic) form, since it was it that made it possible to memorize and pass these works from mouth to mouth for centuries.

Songs

The song is a special verbal-musical genre. It is a small lyric-narrative or lyrical work that was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyrical, dance, ritual, historical. Folk songs express the feelings of one person, but at the same time many people. They reflected love experiences, events of social and family life, reflections on a difficult fate. In folk songs, the so-called parallelism technique is often used, when the mood of a given lyrical hero is transferred to the nature.

Historical songs are dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Yermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev, the battle of Poltava with the Swedes, etc. The narrative in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.

epics

The term "epic" was introduced by IP Sakharov in the 19th century. It is an oral folk art in the form of a song, heroic, epic in nature. The epic arose in the 9th century, it was an expression of the historical consciousness of the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this kind of folklore. They embody the national ideal of courage, strength, patriotism. Examples of heroes depicted in works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. The vital basis, while enriched with some fantastic fiction, is the plot of these works. In them, heroes single-handedly overcome entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, instantly overcome huge distances. This oral folk art is very interesting.

Fairy tales

legends

Puzzles

Proverbs and sayings

A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates a certain phenomenon of life. She, unlike the proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of the statement, which is part of oral folk art.

Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, they include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, pestles, nursery rhymes, jokes, game refrains, incantations, sentences, riddles. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Lullabies

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. In their center is the image of a growing child. The name "pestushki" comes from the word "nurture", that is, "follow someone, raise, nurse, carry, educate." They are short sentences, which in the first months of a baby's life comment on his movements.

Imperceptibly, the pestles turn into nursery rhymes - songs that accompany the baby's games with fingers and toes. This oral folk art is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: "Magpie", "Okay". They often already have a "lesson", an instruction. For example, in "Magpie" the white-sided woman fed everyone with porridge, except for one lazy person, although the smallest one (the little finger corresponds to him).

jokes

In a joke, as a rule, a picture of some bright event is given, or some swift action is depicted in it, corresponding to the active nature of the baby. They are characterized by a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention, so they are limited to only one episode.

Sentences, invocations

Game sentences and refrains

Genres of folklore works include play sentences and refrains. They are no less ancient than invocations and sentences. They either connect parts of some game, or start it. They can also play the role of endings, determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.

The games are striking in their resemblance to serious peasant occupations: harvesting, hunting, sowing flax. The reproduction of these cases in strict sequence with the help of repeated repetition made it possible to instill in the child from an early age respect for customs and the existing order, to teach the rules of behavior accepted in society. The names of the games - "Bear in the Forest", "Wolf and Geese", "Kite", "Wolf and Sheep" - speak of a connection with the life and life of the rural population.

Conclusion

No less exciting colorful images live in folk epics, fairy tales, legends, songs than in the works of art of classical authors. Peculiar and surprisingly accurate rhymes and sounds, bizarre, beautiful poetic rhythms - like lace weave in the texts of ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles. And what vivid poetic comparisons we can find in lyrical songs! All this could be created only by the people - the great master of the word.

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