Introduction…………………………………………………….1

Chapter 1. History of the development of sports……………………………3

Chapter 2. Sport games. History of origin and development

2.1 History of football…………………………………………..3

2.2 Ball game among ancient peoples……………………………4

2.3 History of basketball……………………………………………………….5

2.4 History of the game of volleyball…………………………………7

2.5 History of chess………………………………………………………7

2.6 History of billiards………………………………………….8

2.7 History of the game of hockey……………………………………10

Chapter 3. History of origin and development athletics…11

Conclusion…………………………………………………….13

Bibliography…………………………………..15

Introduction.

Sport came to us from time immemorial. It is good for your health because it makes your whole body work. IN modern world people move less and less while working. As a result, the body does not receive sufficient load and becomes less mobile. Fatigue sets in quickly. This is followed by constant irritability, and even various diseases can develop.

Sports are especially important for a child. It helps the development of the whole organism. If you play sports, you will always be resilient and in good physical shape.

Sports should be viewed as a game. It should be fun and not become a stupid competition for an unattainable result. In this regard, I would like to deepen my knowledge in the history of the emergence and development of sports games.

The sport was forged on the anvil of centuries from the ardent desire of people to be strong, resilient and dexterous. If a person was like this, he was proud of it and showed his superiority over his enemies and circumstances. History shows that even during the Stone Age, competitions were held in running, jumping over ditches, throwing stones, boomerangs, arrows and spears. Rock paintings and archaeological finds tell about this. In very ancient times, many peoples of the world already had games and entertainment with a competitive element.

Sport is an area of ​​activity associated with identifying and demonstrating the physical capabilities of people. Sports culture is aimed at developing and expanding human capabilities, conquering new heights, and unlocking the potential of athletes.
Sports games are types of amateur and professional sports aimed at achieving a personal and team goal associated with defeating a specific goal (goal, basket, pocket, playing pieces, etc.). Sports games are played using various playing devices (ball, sticks, goals, playing field, puck, etc.). Whether team or individual, they involve the use of tactics and strategy, and not just the basic physical qualities of the athlete (strength, agility, speed, etc.). Academic definition the term “Sports Games”. In a figurative sense, the term Sports Games is a set of sporting events - an Olympiad, competition or tournament. As a metaphor, sport can be thought of as an ongoing duel with the Universe, with oneself and the limitations that the world has endowed a person with. Like an attempt to fly without wings, to jump above your head. An athlete, defeating circumstances, rivals and himself, shows people that “the impossible is possible” and together with each victory of an individual athlete, all of humanity becomes a little stronger.

Sports games can be confidently called a universal means of physical education for all categories of the population - from children preschool age to pensioners. With their help, the goal is achieved - the formation of the foundations of the physical and spiritual culture of the individual, increasing health resources as a system of values ​​that are actively and long-term implemented in a healthy lifestyle. The role of sports games in solving the problems of physical education in a wide age range is great, such as the formation of a conscious need for mastering health values, physical culture and sports; physical improvement and health promotion as conditions for ensuring and achieving high level professionalism in social significant types activities; nature-appropriate and individually acceptable development of physical potential, ensuring the achievement of the necessary and sufficient level of physical qualities, a system of motor abilities and skills; physical education general education aimed at mastering the intellectual, technological, moral and aesthetic values ​​of physical culture; updating knowledge at the level of skills in conducting independent studies and the ability to involve others in them. The effectiveness of sports games in promoting the harmonious development of personality is explained, firstly, by their specificity; Secondly,

deep versatile impact on the body of those involved in the development of physical qualities and the development of vital motor skills; thirdly, accessibility for people of different ages and preparedness.

Now I want to take a closer look at the emergence and history of the development of the most famous sports games.

Chapter 1. History of the development of sports

When did the sport appear? , what was the development of sports and what does the word sport mean for the inhabitants of our planet? Ever thought about this? Have you ever thought what it is, why it has so many faces and is so diverse??? Why is it called sport? physical activity and mental, as well as activities aimed at identifying some outstanding qualities in a person? Why?

How did people come to compete with each other, identifying the strongest and, in general, why was this necessary? Let's try to understand a little about all these issues.

If we turn to numerous sources, we can reveal that the sport originated many millennia ago and it is impossible to trace any specific birthplace of the sport. It can be assumed that it arose with the advent of community among people, with the beginning of hunting and with the appearance of some kind of logic among them. Or rather, with the advent of religion. The beginning of sports : In their free time from hunting, gathering, fishing and other activities, ancient people performed various dances and performed numerous rituals in order to appease their gods. At first people did it out of necessity, and later for their own pleasure.

On the other hand, it can be assumed that the beginning of sports came with the understanding that bloody wars can be avoided by simple competition. Remember, in ancient times, during the Olympics, all attempts to shed blood stopped.

The appearance of the ball was of great importance in the development of the rudimentary sport. It was a kind of explosion that changed not everything, but a lot. Until now, the most popular sports, one way or another, are associated with the ball - football, tennis, basketball, volleyball, rugby, etc. The ball was worshiped as an idol (the ball was considered the most perfect form), he personified the sun. Also known from ancient history, that one of the first “balls” were the heads of the enemies. Ball became the main pastime in peacetime.

Chapter 2. Sports games. History of origin and development.

2.1 History of football

Football is the most popular team game in a world where you have to fight for a small number of points. The history of the “football” goes back many centuries. IN various games with a ball, similar to football, played in countries Ancient East(Egypt, China), in ancient world(Greece, Rome), in France (“pas soup”), in Italy (“calcio”) and in England. Immediate predecessor European football there was, in all likelihood, a Roman “harpastum”. In this game, which was one of the types of military training for legionnaires, the ball had to be passed between two posts. In Ancient Egypt, a game similar to football was known in 1900 BC. e. In Ancient Greece, the game of ball was popular in various forms in the 4th century. BC BC, as evidenced by the image of a young man juggling a ball on an ancient Greek amphora kept in a museum in Athens. Among the warriors of Sparta, the ball game “episkyros” was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. The Romans called this game “harpastum” (“hand ball”) and slightly modified the rules. Their game was brutal. It was thanks to the Roman conquerors of ball games in the 1st century. n. e. became famous in the British Isles, quickly gaining recognition among the native Britons and Celts. The Britons turned out to be worthy students - in 217 AD. e. in Derby they defeated a team of Roman legionnaires for the first time.

Around the 5th century. this game disappeared along with the Roman Empire, but the memory of it remained among Europeans, and especially in Italy. Even the great Leonardo da Vinci, whom his contemporaries characterized as a closed person, restrained in expressing emotions,

did not remain indifferent to her. In his “biography of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” we read: “with his desire to distinguish himself, he found himself not

exclusively in painting or sculpture, but competed in the game of football, beloved by Florentine youths.” When in the 17th century. supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they became acquainted with this game there, and after Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, they brought it to England, where it became a court game. Medieval football in England was extremely passionate and rough, and the game itself was, in essence, a wild fight in the streets. The English and Scots played for life and death. It is not surprising that the authorities waged a stubborn war on football; Even royal orders were issued banning the game. On April 13, 1314, the royal decree of Edward II was read to the residents of London, prohibiting the game in the city on pain of imprisonment... In 1365 it was the turn of Edward III to ban football, due to the fact that the troops preferred this game to improving their archery skills. Richard II, in his ban in 1389, mentioned football, dice, and tennis. The T-shirt was liked and eaten by traveling English monarchs - from Henry IV to James P.

But the popularity of football in England was so great that even royal decrees could not prevent it. It was in England that this game was called “football,” although this did not happen when the game was officially recognized, but when it was banned. At the beginning of the 19th century. In Great Britain there was a transition from “crowd football” to organized football, the first rules of which were developed in 1846 at Rugby School and two years later refined in Cambridge. And in 1857 the world's first football club. Six years later, representatives of 7 clubs gathered in London to develop common rules of the game and organize the National Football Association.

It was formed in 1863, and the world's first official rules of the game were developed, which received a few decades later universal recognition. Three of the thirteen paragraphs of these rules indicated the prohibition of playing with hands in different situations. It was not until 1871 that a goalkeeper was allowed to play with his hands. The rules strictly defined the size of the field (200x100 yards, or 180x90 m) and the yard (8 yards, or 7 m32 cm, remained unchanged). Until the end of the 19th century. The English Football Association introduced a number of other changes: the size of the ball was determined (1871); corner kick was introduced (1872); from 1878 the judge began to use a whistle; Since 1891, a net appeared on the goal and an 11-meter free kick (penalty) began to be taken. In 1875, the rope connecting the poles was replaced by a crossbar at a height of 2.44 m from the ground. And goal nets were used and patented by the Englishman Brodie from Liverpool in 1890. A referee on a football field first appeared in 1880-1881. Since 1891, referees began to enter the field with two assistants. Changes and improvements in the rules certainly influenced the tactics and technique of the game. The history of international football meetings dates back to 1873. It began with a match between the national teams of England and Scotland, which ended in a draw with a score of 0:0. Since 1884, the first official international tournaments with the participation of football players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland (such tournaments are still held annually).

At the end of the 19th century. Football began to quickly gain popularity in Europe and Latin America.

In 1904, on the initiative of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland, the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) was created.

2.2 Ball game among ancient peoples.

Ritual ball games were once common on all continents.

Ancient leather balls have been found during excavations in Egypt and Greece. According to the legends of antiquity, the goddess Aphrodite gave the first ball to Eros, telling him the following words: “I will give you a wonderful toy: this is a fast-flying ball, you will not get any other better fun.”

from the hands of Hephaestus." Depending on the ritual, the ball could symbolize the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and even the northern lights.

Chinese women playing football

In Australia, they were made from the skins of marsupial rats, the bladders of large animals, and from twisted hair.

The Chinese were famous for the game Tsujiu (“Push with the foot”), which was included in the mandatory physical training program for soldiers, mentions of which date back to the 2nd century BC. e., the FIFA federation recognized in 2004 that the Chinese version of football is the most ancient.

Among the Lakota (Sioux) Indians, the ball game was called Tapa Banka Yap (“Ball Throwing”). It appeared thanks to the vision of the leader Uaskn Mani (Walking in Movement). Initially, this game was aimed at ensuring the prosperity of the tribe. The ritual required lengthy preparation, during which an altar was built, symbolizing the center of the Earth.

The Eskimos call the ball game tungatgak. It is carried out with the onset of the first frosts. First, the players are divided into two teams. The goal of the game is to prevent the opposing team from gaining possession of the ball. The fight, as a rule, ends only late in the evening, by agreement of the parties.

2.3 History of basketball.

A game similar to basketball was known among the Mayan and Aztec Indians of Central America. The ball was made of cast rubber and had to be thrown into a hoop.

Homeland modern basketball is considered to be the United States of America. The game was invented in December 1891 in training center Christian Youth Association in Springfield, Massachusetts.

To spice up gymnastics lessons, a young teacher, Dr. James Naismith, born in 1861 in the town of Ramsay near Elmont, Ontario, Canada, came up with a new game. He attached two bottomless fruit baskets to the balcony railings,

which had to be thrown soccer ball(hence the name basket, ball). The concept of basketball originated with him back in school years, while playing duck-on-a-rock.

The meaning of this game, popular at that time, was as follows: by tossing one, not large, stone, it was necessary to hit the top of another, larger stone with it. Already, as a physical education teacher and college professor in Springfield, D. Naismith was faced with the problem of creating a game for the Massachusetts winter, the period between baseball and football competitions. Naismith believed that due to the weather at this time of year, the best solution would be to invent an indoor game.

A year later, D. Naismith, in less than an hour, sitting at his desk in his office, developed the first points of basketball rules:

· The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or two hands;

· The ball can be hit with one or two hands in any direction, but in no case with a fist;

· The player cannot run with the ball. The player must pass or throw the ball into the basket from the point where he caught it, with the exception of a player running at good speed;

· The ball must be held with one or two hands. You cannot use your forearms and body to hold the ball;

· In any case, hitting, grabbing, holding and pushing the opponent is not allowed. The first violation of this rule by any player shall be recorded as a foul (dirty play); a second foul will disqualify him until the next goal is scored and, if there was clear intent to injure the player, for the entire game. No substitution is allowed;

· Hitting the ball with your fist is a violation of rules 2 and 4, the punishment is described in paragraph 5;

· If one of the sides commits three fouls in a row, they must be recorded as a goal for the opponents (this means that the opponents must not commit a single foul during this time);

· A goal is counted if the ball thrown or bounced off the floor hits the basket and remains there. Defensive players are not allowed to touch the ball or basket while shooting. If the ball touches the rim and the opponents move the basket, a goal is awarded;

· If the ball goes into touch (out of bounds), then it must be thrown into the field by the first player who touched it. In case of a dispute, the referee must throw the ball into the field. The thrower is allowed to hold the ball for five seconds. If he holds it longer, the ball is given to the opponent. If either side tries to stall, the referee must give them a foul;

· The referee must monitor the actions of the players and fouls, and also notify the referee of three fouls committed in a row. He is vested with the power to disqualify players under Law 5;

· The referee must keep an eye on the ball and determine when the ball is in play (inside) and when it goes into touch (outside), which side should have possession of the ball, and control the clock. He must determine whether a target is hit, keep a record of goals scored, and perform any other actions that are normally performed by a referee;

· The game consists of two halves of 15 minutes each with a five-minute break between them;

· The side that scores more goals in this period of time is the winner.

Over time, basketball has changed.

At the height of the game, Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, despite the fact that it was already named after him. Basketball has come a long way since James Naismith. And today it is one of the most popular sports in the world, which would not have been possible without Dr. James Naismith, the founder of this magnificent game.

2.4 History of the game of volleyball.

Volleyball appeared in the USA. It was invented in 1895 by the head of physical education at the Young Christian Union, William Morgan. He suggested throwing the ball over a tennis net located at a height of about 2 meters.

The first name for volleyball was mintonet, later it was renamed flying ball. The real name of the game was given by Dr. Alfred Holstetz, a teacher at Springfield College.

Volleyball first appeared in public in 1986, a year later the first rules of the game were announced; they consisted of only ten points.

The game quickly spread throughout the world, and numerous US trade and political connections contributed to this.

Already in 1900, volleyball was learned in Canada, in 1906 in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, and Mexico. By 1913, the flying ball reached Asia, where a tournament was held at the Pan-Asian Games, with the participation of Japan, China, and the Philippines. And already in 1914, volleyball appeared in Europe, more precisely in Great Britain, then in 1917 it was already in France. In the 20s the game began to develop in Eastern Europe– in Poland, Czechoslovakia and the USSR. At this time, official championships of the countries of the European continent begin to be held.

Along with the spread of volleyball in the world, the rules of the game were improved, tactics and techniques were changed, and new ones were formed. technique. Volleyball is becoming more and more of a team game. Players begin to use power serves, widely introduce deceptive strikes into the game, great attention They pay more attention to passing techniques, the role of defense increases, and the game becomes more dynamic.

In 1922, after competitions in Brooklyn, the Americans proposed including volleyball in the Olympic Games program and were refused. In 1934, at an international meeting of representatives of sports federations, a technical commission for volleyball was created, which included 13 European countries, 5 countries of the American continent and 4 Asian ones.

In April 1947, at the first volleyball congress in Paris, it was decided to create the International Volleyball Federation (FIBV).

Sports are where you can get injured. Chess (along with billiards, one of the most ancient sports) has been considered a sport since an angry loser hit his opponent over the head with a board, causing him to suffer a concussion.

2.5 History of chess.

The birthplace of chess is India. The time of origin is the first centuries AD. Exists ancient legend, which attributes the creation of chess to a certain Brahmin. For his invention, he asked the Raja (he was delighted with the new game) for an insignificant, at first glance, reward: as many wheat grains as the chessboard would show if one grain was placed on the first square, and then

double the number of grains. The quantity that the chessboard showed could not be found on the entire planet.

A small chessboard is an immense field for countless combinations. Suffice it to say that at the very beginning of the game the player has 20 options for the first move; his partner can respond with 20 moves for each move, that is, the latter already has 400 options at his disposal just for the first move!

From India, chess penetrated into the countries of the Middle East.

This game had a pronounced military character, so it was well received in the countries of medieval Europe. Here chess became known in the 10th-11th centuries, after the Arabs conquered Spain and Sicily.

From Spain and Sicily, chess gradually penetrated into Italy, France, England, Scandinavian and other countries, despite the severe persecution of the church, which prohibited chess along with the game of dice and other “demonic obsessions.”

At the end of the 14th century Catholic Church officially lifted the ban on chess. The game was recognized as a necessary element of noble education.

The first mention of chess in Rus' dates back to the second half of the 13th century. Archaeological finds dating back to the 11th-15th centuries indicate that chess has been known and loved in our country for a long time and everywhere. Excavations in Novgorod show that chess was played by boyars and serfs, merchants, artisans and even clergy.

The Russian clergy imitated the Byzantine in their rejection of chess. But the prohibitions of the church could not kill interest in the game, which managed to win so many adherents and became part of Russian culture. Gradually, the Russian church stopped mentioning chess as a forbidden game. In the book “Life of the Russian People,” A.V. Tereshchenko notes: “When raising the grand ducal children, they taught, among other things, the game of chess, no doubt for the reason that it sharpened their mental abilities.”

When Peter I went on campaigns, he took with him not only chess, but also two permanent partners.

Catherine II was also fond of chess. In 1796, A.S. Stroganov arranged a game of live chess for Catherine II and the Swedish king Gustav IV, who were visiting his country palace. In the meadow, where a “chessboard” was laid out with green and yellow turf, servants dressed in medieval clothes moved in accordance with the moves of the chess game.

Chess was widespread among the Russian intelligentsia. In the library of A.S. Pushkin, a book published in 1824 by A.D. Petrov, who was the strongest chess player in Russia for half a century, has been preserved - “The Chess Game, Put into Systematic Order...” with the author’s dedicatory inscription; Pushkin was a subscriber to the first chess magazine “Palamed”, which began publishing in Paris in 1836.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, chess theory continued to develop.

Chess has long been one of the sports. But this does not stop millions of people from playing chess just for fun, finding joy in the game.

2.6 History of the game of billiards.

Billiards is an ancient game, but at the same time it is very extraordinary, exciting and deep. It is impossible to accurately determine the time of origin of the game. Therefore, it is not surprising that many legends, myths and disputes arise around it. One of the main billiard disputes, which has been going on for decades, was the dispute about

In what country did billiards originate? Many researchers believe that the birthplace of billiards is Asia, according to some - India, according to others -

China. However, in European countries long before the advent of billiards, there were already games that could be called prototypes of billiards.

The question of the origin of the word “billiards” also remains controversial. According to the English researcher John Wilk, the original name of the game was “ball-yerds”, composed of two words from the Old Saxon language (“ball” - ball and “yerd” - stick). Supporters of another, French version of the origin of the word, point to the French roots of the name: “bille” - ball, or “billart” - wooden stick.

The emergence of billiards would correctly be attributed to the historical period when balls began to be moved using cue-like devices on a flat surface raised above the floor or ground.

The first official source about billiards in Europe is recorded in the order of the King of France (1461-1483) Louis XI, who once ordered a billiard table to be installed in his apartment. A century later, the French king Charles IX, playing billiards on the infamous St. Bartholomew's Night on August 24, 1572, put down his cue and, taking an arquebus, began shooting directly from the windows of the palace at the fleeing Huguenots. Second historical source refers to a letter from Mary Stuart, written on February 17, 1587, on the day of her execution, to the Archbishop of Glasgow, in which the unfortunate queen asks the Archbishop to take care of her billiard table, preparing for it the most appropriate place. There is also a mention of billiards in the great Shakespeare. Thus, the kings' fashion for billiards influenced its popularity both among his vassals and in lower circles. In 1674, in Lyon, the Frenchman Etienne Liazon published the first rules for playing billiards. Subsequently, with the growing interest in billiards, this game spread throughout Europe. During the reign of the French king Louis XIV, when billiards was in the highest fashion at court, Michel Chamillard (1652 - 1721) was recognized as the best player, who made a dizzying career from a minor official to the minister of war.

In 1698 Peter I brought the first billiard tables from Holland, one of which he installed in his reception room. Gradually, following his example, many nobles began to open billiards on their estates. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna (a big fan of billiards) and Elizaveta Petrovna, billiards became most widespread in Russia.

The first pool tables had many technical imperfections. The sides were not elastic and the balls, hitting them, were not reflected; it was impossible to give the ball lateral rotation with rough club cues; the board on which the balls rolled was not very smooth and hard. The game looked very primitive. The improvement of the billiard table also affected its shape. Modern billiard tables come in extremely varied sizes, their length varies between 250 - 275 cm, and the width between the sides is 140 - 153.5 cm, and the height from the floor is up to 2.5 feet. According to the sizes, billiards are called: small, medium (office) and large.

In 1870, billiards was recognized as an independent sport. This event took place thanks to the match held for the title of world billiards champion. The game took place in San Francisco, and its participants were John Deery and Cyril Dionne. John Deery became the first world billiards champion. Since then, the development of billiards as a sport has advanced by leaps and bounds. Today we can see many billiard virtuosos at a wide variety of tournaments.

2.7 History of the game of hockey.

The term “hockey” itself is derived from the English “hockey”, or from the Old French “hoquet”, meaning “shepherd’s crook with a hook”.

Hockey is a sports team game with sticks and a puck (or ball), the content and purpose of which is using individual management and passing the ball to a partner, scoring it greatest number once into the opponent's goal.

Even before the advent of hockey in 16th century Holland, there were games with a ball and sticks on ice. Similar games then appeared in England and Scandinavia, where they later evolved into ice hockey in the 19th century.

Modern ice hockey as a sport originated in Canada. This is a country whose climate and nature (numerous bodies of water that freeze in winter and long winters) created good conditions to distribute this game. At first they played not with a puck, but with a heavy ball, and the team size reached 50 or more players on each side.

In the 1870s. Ice hockey in Canada was a compulsory game for everyone sports holidays. The first hockey rules were formulated by students at McGill University in Montreal. Classic hockey goals had not yet been invented at that time; their role was played by two posts that marked the space into which the puck should hit when hitting the goal.

In 1879 Canadian UV. Robertson formulated the rules of hockey, and at the same time a rubber puck was proposed for the game. In 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal. The first official rules of the game of ice hockey were published in 1886, which have been preserved as much as possible to this day. They made changes to the team size: the number of field players decreased from nine to seven; the conditions for finding the number of players during a game on the field changed: a goalkeeper, front and back defenders, a center and two wingers could be on the ice, and the area in front of the goal was an arena for the actions of the strongest hockey player - the rover.

In 1899, the world's first indoor hockey stadium with an artificial ice rink was built in Montreal, designed for an unprecedented number of spectators - 10,000 people. In the same year, the Canadian Amateur Hockey League was founded.

Hockey match in Montreal (Canada), early 20th century

The first professional hockey team was organized in the country where hockey originated - in Canada in 1904. After four seasons of games

This team was finally divided into professionals and amateurs. At the end of the 19th century, Canadian hockey came to Europe. In 1914, professional ice hockey clubs merged to form the National Hockey League (NHL). And in 1908, Great Britain, Bohemia, Switzerland, France and Belgium founded the International Hockey Federation (LIH, after 1979 - IIHF).

The rules of the game constantly underwent changes: for example, in 1900, a goal net was invented, which made it possible to accurately determine whether a goal was scored against a team. Later, the dimensions of the hockey rinks were established, the playing time was established (three periods of 20 minutes each), the number of players on the field was reduced to 6 people, and it became possible to replace players not only for health reasons. The Patrick brothers also left us their innovations - they introduced a system for assigning a number to each player, a new system for scoring, the court was divided into certain zones. In 1929, goalkeeper Clint Benedict put on a mask for the first time, and in 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goal to more accurately count goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). IN last years Women's teams began to appear in hockey, which were included in the Olympic Games program in 1998.

Chapter 3. History of the emergence and development of athletics.

Even in ancient times, it was necessary for a person to be able to run quickly, deftly overcome various obstacles, and throw various types of projectiles. His hunting success, and therefore his life, depended on a person’s ability to catch up and accurately hit prey, on the ability to be persistent and hardened in the fight against the mysterious forces of nature.

Athletics is one of the most popular sports, to say the least. After all, in wide circles of sports fans she bears the title – Queen of Sports.

Athletics is one of the oldest species sports 2800 years - this is the age of athletics (if we take into account I Olympic Games 776 BC).

Several centuries BC, the peoples of Asia and Africa organized competitions in running, jumping, and throwing, but this became especially widespread in Ancient Greece. Special gymnasium schools were created here, in which young men engaged in physical exercises, developed strength, speed, agility, and endurance.

The birth of modern athletics dates back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the British Isles. The running took place on large roads between cities or at hippodromes (1770 - an hour's run, the winner's result was 17,300m; 1803 - John Todd ran from Hyde Park to Oxbridge Roy in 4.10.0 (a distance of just under a mile); 1789 - jump from sixth 1.83 m; 1792 - 1 mile run (1609.3 m) with a result of 5.52.0; 1827 - running high jump (157.5 cm); 1838 - hammer throw (19.71 m); 1839 - shot put (8.61m)).

In general, the Olympic debut of the “queen of sports” was very modest in Athens. Athletes competed in only 12 events (compare: now the track and field program has 43 events). In total, less than a hundred athletes took to the start line. For example, only five people jumped high. Gymnastics and shooting competitions attracted much more participants.

The specific date of birth of modern athletics is considered to be 1837. - competition between Rugby College students in Great Britain over a distance of about 2 km.

The birth of athletics in the United States is associated with the creation in 1868. New York Athletic Club.

1870-1890 - the emergence of athletics associations in many developed countries.

In the 30s scientific and methodological foundations began to be created in the USSR modern system training of track and field athletes. With the introduction of the “Ready” complex in 1931

to Labor and Defense of the USSR" (TRP), athletics became one of the most popular sports.

In 1968, the European Athletics Association was founded. - EAA, uniting 35 national federations, including the USSR (1972), in the late 60s - early 70s. Athletics federations of Asia, Africa, Latin American countries, New Zealand and Oceania are organized.

CONCLUSION

So, we looked at the topic “Sports Games. History of origin and development." Judging by everything said above, we can conclude that since ancient times a universal and absolutely reliable way to strengthen health and increase longevity is well known - sport, a method that does not require expensive medications and technical devices, but only will and some effort on oneself.

Sports games and physical education activities are integral elements of physical culture, the purpose of which is to develop the body, motor skills, and improve physical qualities, skills and abilities.

The variety of sports games makes the definition quite difficult. In our opinion, a sports game is a voluntary activity that takes place according to certain rules and is characterized by excitement, in which the emotional side dominates over the utilitarian-practical one and which brings satisfaction and joy not only from the result, but also from the process itself, both to the direct participants of the game and its observers (spectators, fans). When defining a sports game, we cannot completely ignore the utilitarian-practical side, especially in relation to professional sports. However, even in the most seemingly far from any professionalism play activity, for example, in children's hide and seek, there is already a desire for a result - victory, success - the achievement of which is accompanied by additional joy, and failure - by grief, which does not, however, cover the emotional positive elation and satisfaction from the game process itself.

Nevertheless, it is the sports game that ennobles the participants, helps strengthen collectivist principles, especially in team sports games, and teaches chivalry and nobility. It is difficult to overestimate the role of sports games in physical development its participants, in ensuring a healthy and active lifestyle, although in modern professional sports there are costs when the loads of individual athletes go beyond acceptable limits, which can lead to poor health and even the death of an athlete during training or competition. Finally, the development of sports games realizes the task of forming patriotic principles. On the one hand, this is facilitated by the revival of folk (folklore) games, such as, for example, Russian lapta, which today is experiencing a rebirth and is even reaching the international level, acquiring an international character. On the other hand, international competitions in sports games are held under the flags of states, involve the performance of national anthems, both before the start of the game and in the procedure for awarding the winners, evoke empathy and, accordingly, a surge in the patriotic sentiments of fans (humanity has not yet matured to cosmopolitan views, the relevance of patriotism is early cancel). Healthy manifestations of national self-awareness have nothing to do with chauvinism; national pride does not at all imply disdain for other cultures and ethnic groups. In addition, Russians and especially the state-forming ethnic group, the Russians, still have to overcome their inferiority complex, which is greatly facilitated by the success of Russians in sports games in the field of big-time sports.

Sport should be the companion of every person throughout his life - only then can sport bring tangible benefits. Many physical

deficiencies and illnesses can be treated by sports. We should not forget that a person spends most of his daytime at work and, as a rule, indoors, where

the possibilities for a variety of movements are extremely limited. This causes various stagnation in the body, leads to a slowdown in blood circulation, and can cause some ailments.

It remains to be hoped that the sports game will occupy an increasingly worthy place in gaming activities modern man, and this trend requires close attention and research into the sports game as a sociocultural phenomenon.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. “Everything about everything” - a popular encyclopedia for children - 1994.

2. Kuzin V.V., Palievsky S.A., Basketball. Initial stage of training. Physical education and sports - 1999.

3. Kuramshin “Theory and methodology of physical culture”

4. Kuhn “General History of Physical Culture and Sports” - 1987.

5. Basics of volleyball O. Chekhov. Physical education and sports, 1979

6. Stolbov V.V. History of physical culture and sports - 1975.

7. Physical education and sports. Small Encyclopedia - M.: "Rainbow", 1982

Games are useful at any age, and physical activity paired with excitement gives a person true pleasure. Sport helps prevent excess weight and strengthens muscles and ligaments. Sports games are competitions in a playful form. Here are the most popular ones.

Football. This is one of the oldest sports. It was invented in England, but similar descriptions are also present in ancient Greece, and in ancient Egypt. The rules have changed significantly since then, here are the main principles of playing football: the game involves two teams of 11 people. The goal is to score the ball into the opponent's goal. Players control the ball with their feet or head, but using their hands is prohibited. The team that scores the goal large quantity once, wins. The team has a goalkeeper, four defenders, three midfielders, and three forwards. Equipment for the game: ball, goals with a net, one per team. It is recommended that players wear boots with spikes and shin guards, and the goalkeeper wears gloves. Typically, players on the same team should wear the same color. A very large number of people are attracted to this game, both adults and children play it, and also root for football players.

Basketball. Basketball is the second most popular sport after football. We know its origin for sure. American doctor, priest and trainer - James Naismith - invented it in 1890. The game spread very quickly throughout the world, although the principles have changed a little, but the basic rules of basketball have remained the same. The game involves two teams of 12 people each. There are 3-5 people on the court at the same time, who must throw the ball into the opponent’s basket and prevent it from getting into their own basket. Here, all manipulations with the ball are done by hand, moving it by hitting it on the floor. You can play both in open areas and in the gym. Typically, professional basketball players are tall, with long legs, and both men and women can play, hence the great popularity of this game of chance.

Volleyball. This sport was also invented in America. William Morgan, a Christian association coach, came up with an original combination of sports such as handball, tennis, basketball and baseball. And in 1895 she appeared in the world a new game. The rules are as follows: you need a platform with a net stretched across it and two teams of five people. Both men and women can play, the goal of this game is to prevent the ball from falling when it is in your half of the field, while touching the net is prohibited. As in basketball, players must use only their hands. Volleyball is loved not only by adults, but also by children all over the world; it develops reactions well, unites teams, and gives a feeling of joy and friendship. It does not require special preparation and can be played almost anywhere (yard, beach, hall).

From time immemorial, the most popular, most beloved and hyperactive games have been played using a ball. Sports games with a ball were depicted in ancient Egyptian monuments, depicting people chasing, passing a round object to each other. Indeed, the essence of almost any sports game using a ball - to pass, catch or hit a goal - has remained relevant to this day.

Next were the ancient Greeks and Romans. In the first, by the way, not only men but also women played with the ball. True, this innovation concerned only the progressive peoples of Sparta. And the Romans even had several categories of balls - pila, follis and paganica, each with its own purpose.

Then, over the years, ball games improved - they began to invent mittens, paddles for hitting passes, etc.

Today everything has taken an even more serious turn: ball games have mainly become team games. And they do them not only for fun, but also professionally, devoting most of their time to this activity. The reason for such popularization and universal love is not difficult to trace - such games are very exciting, which is why they encourage you to drop everything and kick the ball with the innocent smile of a child.

There are even classifications of what types of ball games there are. The division takes into account the final goal and the method of achievement.

Least famous game this list is pushball. The rules, as well as the execution itself, are quite funny - the ball must be pushed across the field through team efforts. The most amazing thing is the size of the ball - diameter 183 cm and weight 22.7 kg!

Third, here the ball is hit with a special bat, so that the one who hits has time to reach the target before the ball lands. These are baseball, cricket and rounders. The latter is an original Russian game, where a rubber ball should be hit with a wooden spatula.

The fifth category is amazing games where there are no losers or winners. Games, in fact, teach you that the main thing is not victory, but participation. These games are popular in the east - chinlon (a game from Burma) and temari (Japan).

Parents of mobile and active children often wonder what kind of ball games there are, besides the already banal yard entertainment - football, volleyball and basketball.

We offer you several innovations:

IN modern theory and the methodology of sports games, there are many definitions of the game, for example: “a historically established social phenomenon, an independent type of activity characteristic of man” (1, p. 5), which are general in nature and do not allow us to determine its place among physical exercises and other activities.
To formulate a definition of a concept, it is necessary to identify a set of distinctive features, the core of which are essential features. As a rule, there are few such signs, no more than one or two (2).
The main one, in our opinion, distinguishing feature, an essential feature of games (in general) is the presence for all competing participants of a “common, unified object of the game,” mastery and action with which is the indirect goal of the game. These can be: various types of balls, as in volleyball, football, basketball; these include tennis balls, shuttlecocks for playing badminton; puck in hockey and balls in billiards, chess in chess sports, etc. Behind certain actions(defined by the plot, rules of the game) with him (them), the participant or team is awarded points, points, goals, etc.
Others don't game types motor activity(including sports) do not have such a common subject of the game, towards which the actions of the players are directed. The actions of participants in them are aimed, for example, as in small towns, at spending the least number of attempts (their bats) when knocking out their pieces, or completing holes, as in golf, by taking the least number of hits with their ball, etc.
Other characteristics that often appear in definitions are not significant, since non-playing sports and activities also have them (4,5,6). For example, contact resistance is characterized by a group of sports defined as “martial arts,” which include various types of wrestling, boxing, fencing, etc. We also see team competition in track and field relay races, swimming relay races and other sports disciplines.
In these sports there is no rivalry - contact, limited contact or non-contact between rival participants, aimed at mastering and acting with the object of the game. In such sports, the term game (game) is rather synonymous with the term sport or activity, such as, for example, playing golf is nothing more than playing golf. The above features that are used in the definitions cannot be recognized as essential, since they are not, in a strict sense (in accordance with the requirements of classical logic), essential features characteristic only of sports games.
Based on the above, we can give the following definition of a game - it is an individual or team motor (or other form of activity) activity aimed at mastering and acting on the subject of the game common to all participants.
The next question is how to classify (divide) the generic concept of a game into types. In the modern theory of sports and outdoor games, they are divided into active and sports. This is not entirely correct, because... both are mobile in nature. It would be more accurate to define them as non-sports and sports, i.e. The classification essential sign of division is the presence or absence of a goal - achieving victory in competitive activity. IN physical education(health-prophylactic, professional-applied, therapeutic physical culture) - this is a developmental, health-prophylactic, applied, rehabilitation goal (in the absence of competitive goals), and in sports it is a competitive goal, achieving victory.
Having highlighted the content of the concept of “sports games” in the totality of games, it is necessary to try to define what “sports games” are. How to differentiate them from other sports, other types of motor activity?
There are many definitions of the concept of “sports games” For example: “A number of independent sports associated with game confrontation between teams or individual athletes. They are carried out according to certain rules” (7, p. 133) There is a logical error here, that is, the authors are trying to give “a definition of the unknown through the unknown,” to give a definition of the game through game confrontation, which itself must be defined. Different kinds and types of logical fallacies are also present in other attempts to define the concept of "sports games".
Based on the concept of “game” proposed above, it seems possible on this basis to concretize the definition of the concept of “sports games”.
Sports games are individual or team types of games in which the actions of opponents are aimed at mastering and acting (determined by the rules of the game) with the subject of the game common to all participants in order to achieve victory over the opponent.
Such a definition will correspond to the definition of the concept “type of sport” accepted in sports theory, which is understood as “... a type (variety) of competitive activity formed in the course of the development of sports, distinguished by its specific subject competitions..." (3, p. 16.)
A definition of sports games that is similar in meaning is given in the German explanatory dictionary of sports terms, where “sports games” are understood as “... social motor activity characteristic of people, in which the components of sports (competitions) and the game itself are combined.” (8, p.485-486)
The proposed formulation of the definition of sports games contains two essential features. One allows us to distinguish and distinguish sports games from other sports - this is the presence of a common subject of the game for all participants (the essence of the game), through which the points, points, goals, pucks, etc. necessary to win the competition are collected. The second is the defining essential feature of a sports game (the essence of sport), which makes it possible to distinguish from the whole mass various games, gaming activity, the presence of a specific sporting goal of the game - victory over an opponent, which corresponds to the narrow definition of sport as a competitive activity itself.
The situation is more complicated with the definition of the concept, which in our classification was defined as “non-sports games”, or what in the modern theory and methodology of outdoor and sports games is defined as outdoor games.
Home distinctive feature their goal is the goal of the game - these are actions with the subject of the game, in other words, the process of the game itself, during which the participants want to spend interesting leisure time, or get positive emotions, or compensate for the lack of physical activity(activity) in the process of professional and everyday activities, or simply communicate during gaming recreational activities with friends and acquaintances, which is a type of physical exercise and which is understood as “human motor activity, organized in accordance with the laws of physical education.”
Why can’t they be called “sports”? Because when practicing them: firstly, there is no competitive activity, no focus on achieving high sports results, as an essential classifying feature of “sport”; secondly, in this case we are not talking about a group of sports, but as a specific group of means of health-prophylactic, rehabilitation physical culture, as one of the types of physical activity, because Its main objectives are to improve health, achieve and maintain high overall performance for many years, and not achieve high athletic results. As already noted, the formulation “outdoor games” also does not meet the requirements for the separation of concepts. More precise definition A similar group of means would be “game types of physical exercise.”
In our opinion, such a definition will make it possible to clearly distinguish: if the goal of the game is competition (to achieve victory), then this is a sports game, a sport (which can be school, student, professional, commercial); if the goal is the formation, development and preservation of health or leisure, i.e. The game process is already game types of physical exercises (or game physical exercises), which can be various games - volleyball, table tennis, football, badminton, etc.
This definition of a game assumes that any game, be it what is now called outdoor games, for example, such as the games “Hunters and Ducks”, “Pioneerball”, etc., or any other game, under certain conditions of interest in it in society, can become a sports game. There is a lot of evidence of this, for example: Beach volleyball, which from a means of recreation, spending leisure time on the beach has turned into olympic event sports Such examples can be found not only for physical sports games, but the same phenomena are present in other types of games, for example, in intellectual ones: card games - “bridge”, “poker” have already become sports games, because Official competitions are held for them: championships of individual countries, Europe, the World, and corresponding federations are organized. There are also opposite examples, for example: 11x11 handball, as a sports game, ceased to exist, but as a game form of physical exercise (motor activity) continues to be used in recreational activities.
It is necessary to clearly distinguish that in physical education, health-prophylactic, vocational-applied and therapeutic physical culture, various sports games: basketball, volleyball, football and many others are used not for sporting purposes (achieving high results, winning competitions), but as a form of physical exercise, a type of physical activity, the purpose of which is the process of the game itself, obtaining the necessary physical activity, compensating for its lack in the process of professional and everyday activities caused by the development of modern civilization.
Playing these games contributes to the physical formation and development of youth (under the age of 20-25 years), or the preservation of health and slowing down the aging process of people in older age groups (aged 30-60 years and older).
The use of the proposed definitions would help to avoid many unfair judgments about the impossibility of using games as a means of health-improving physical culture in the second mature and older age, which arise due to the authors’ lack of understanding of the specifics of the methodology for using games in the practice of health-improving physical culture. The inconsistency of many such judgments is confirmed by many years of practice of playing games for people of these age groups.

Bibliographic list of references

1.Byleeva L., Yakovlev V. Outdoor games. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1965. - P.5
2. Kondakov N.I. Logical dictionary-reference book / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 2nd ed. Rev. And additional - M.: Nauka, 1985. - 721 p.
3. Matveev L.P. Fundamentals of the general theory of sports and the system of training athletes. - Kyiv: Olympic Literature, 1999. - 318 p.
4. Sports games and teaching methods: Textbook for teachers. fak. Institute of Physics cult./Ed. Yu.I. Tailors - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1986. - 320 pp., ill.
5. Sports games: Technique, tactics, teaching methods: Textbook. for students higher ped. textbook institutions /Yu.D.Zheleznyak, Yu.M.Portnov, V.P.Savin, A.V.Leksakov / Under. ed. Yu.D.Zheleznyaka, Yu.M. Portnova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2002. - 520 p.
6. Sports games: Rules, tactics, technique / Series “Higher Professional Education”. / Under the general. ed. E.V. Koneeva.- Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2004.-448 p.
7.Sports terminology: Dictionary sports terms. \Comp. F.P. Suslov, D.A. Tyshler. - M.: SportAkademPress, 2001. - 480 p.
8.Dictionary. Sport. Physical Education. Sport Science /Editors: Herbert Haag & Gerald Haag. Kiel, Institut Fur Sport und Sportwissenschaften. 2003. - 768p.

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Introduction…………………………………………………….1

Chapter 1. History of the development of sports……………………………3

Chapter 2. Sports games. History of origin and development

2.1 History of football…………………………………………..3

2.2 Ball game among ancient peoples……………………………4

2.3 History of basketball……………………………………………………….5

2.4 History of the game of volleyball…………………………………7

2.5 History of chess………………………………………………………7

2.6 History of billiards………………………………………….8

2.7 History of the game of hockey……………………………………10

Chapter 3. History of the emergence and development of athletics...11

Conclusion…………………………………………………….13

Bibliography…………………………………..15

Introduction.

Sport came to us from time immemorial. It is good for your health because it makes your whole body work. In the modern world, people move less and less while working. As a result, the body does not receive sufficient load and becomes less mobile. Fatigue sets in quickly. This is followed by constant irritability, and even various diseases can develop.

Sports are especially important for a child. It helps the development of the whole organism. If you play sports, you will always be resilient and in good physical shape.

Sports should be viewed as a game. It should be fun and not become a stupid competition for an unattainable result. In this regard, I would like to deepen my knowledge in the history of the emergence and development of sports games.

The sport was forged on the anvil of centuries from the ardent desire of people to be strong, resilient and dexterous. If a person was like this, he was proud of it and showed his superiority over his enemies and circumstances. History shows that even during the Stone Age, competitions were held in running, jumping over ditches, throwing stones, boomerangs, arrows and spears. Rock paintings and archaeological finds tell about this. In very ancient times, many peoples of the world already had games and entertainment with a competitive element.

Sport– an area of ​​activity related to identifying and demonstrating the physical capabilities of people. Sports culture is aimed at developing and expanding human capabilities, conquering new heights, and unlocking the potential of athletes.
Sport games– types of amateur and professional sports aimed at achieving a personal and team goal associated with defeating a specific goal (goal, basket, pocket, playing pieces, etc.). Sports games are played using various playing devices (ball, sticks, goals, playing field, puck, etc.). Whether team or individual, they involve the use of tactics and strategy, and not just the basic physical qualities of the athlete (strength, agility, speed, etc.). Academic definition of the term “Sports Games”. In a figurative sense, the term Sport games This is a complex of sporting events - an Olympics, a competition or a tournament. As a metaphor, sport can be thought of as an ongoing duel with the Universe, with oneself and the limitations that the world has endowed a person with. Like an attempt to fly without wings, to jump above your head. An athlete, defeating circumstances, rivals and himself, shows people that "impossible is possible" and with each victory of an individual athlete, all of humanity becomes a little stronger.

Sports games can be confidently called a universal means of physical education for all categories of the population - from preschool children to pensioners. With their help, the goal is achieved - the formation of the foundations of the physical and spiritual culture of the individual, increasing health resources as a system of values ​​that are actively and long-term implemented in a healthy lifestyle. The role of sports games in solving the problems of physical education in a wide age range is great, such as the formation of a conscious need for mastering the values ​​of health, physical culture and sports; physical improvement and health promotion as a condition for ensuring and achieving a high level of professionalism in socially significant activities; nature-appropriate and individually acceptable development of physical potential, ensuring the achievement of the necessary and sufficient level of physical qualities, a system of motor abilities and skills; general physical education aimed at mastering the intellectual, technological, moral and aesthetic values ​​of physical culture; updating knowledge at the level of skills in conducting independent studies and the ability to involve others in them. The effectiveness of sports games in promoting the harmonious development of personality is explained, firstly, by their specificity; Secondly,

deep versatile impact on the body of those involved in the development of physical qualities and the development of vital motor skills; thirdly, accessibility for people of different ages and preparedness.

Now I want to take a closer look at the emergence and history of the development of the most famous sports games.

Chapter 1. History of the development of sports

When appeared sport, what was it like sports development and what does the word mean sport for the inhabitants of our planet? Ever thought about this? Have you ever thought what it is, why it has so many faces and is so diverse??? Why sports They call both physical and mental activities, as well as activities aimed at identifying some outstanding qualities in a person? Why?

How did people come to compete with each other, identifying the strongest and, in general, why was this necessary? Let's try to understand a little about all these issues.

If we turn to numerous sources, we can find that sport originated many millennia ago and it is impossible to trace any specific birthplace of the sport. It can be assumed that it arose with the advent of community among people, with the beginning of hunting and with the appearance of some kind of logic among them. Or rather, with the advent of religion. The beginning of the sport: In their free time from hunting, gathering, fishing and other activities, ancient people performed various dances and performed numerous rituals in order to appease their gods. At first people did it out of necessity, and later for their own pleasure.

On the other hand, it can be assumed that start of the sport came with the understanding that bloody wars could be avoided by simple competition. Remember, in ancient times for a while olympiads All attempts to shed blood stopped.

Great value in development of rudimentary sports there was an appearance ball. It was a kind of explosion that changed not everything, but a lot. Until now, the most popular sports are, one way or another, connected with ball– football, tennis, basketball, volleyball, rugby, etc. ball worshiped as an idol (the ball was considered the most perfect form), it personified the sun. It is also known from ancient history that one of the first “balls” were the heads of enemies. Ball became the main entertainment in peacetime.

Chapter 2. Sports games. History of origin and development.

2.1 History of football

Football is the most popular team game in the world, where you have to fight for a small number of points. The history of the “football” goes back many centuries. Various ball games similar to football were played in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, China), in the ancient world (Greece, Rome), in France (“pas soup”), in Italy (“calcio”) and in England. The immediate predecessor of European football was, in all likelihood, the Roman “Harpastum”. In this game, which was one of the types of military training for legionnaires, the ball had to be passed between two posts. In Ancient Egypt, a game similar to football was known in 1900 BC. e. In Ancient Greece, the game of ball was popular in various forms in the 4th century. BC BC, as evidenced by the image of a young man juggling a ball on an ancient Greek amphora kept in a museum in Athens. Among the warriors of Sparta, the ball game “episkyros” was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. The Romans called this game “harpastum” (“hand ball”) and slightly modified the rules. Their game was brutal. It was thanks to the Roman conquerors of ball games in the 1st century. n. e. became famous in the British Isles, quickly gaining recognition among the native Britons and Celts. The Britons turned out to be worthy students - in 217 AD. e. in Derby they defeated a team of Roman legionnaires for the first time.

Around the 5th century. this game disappeared along with the Roman Empire, but the memory of it remained among Europeans, and especially in Italy. Even the great Leonardo da Vinci, whom his contemporaries characterized as a closed person, restrained in expressing emotions,

did not remain indifferent to her. In his “biography of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” we read: “with his desire to distinguish himself, he found himself not

exclusively in painting or sculpture, but competed in the game of football, beloved by Florentine youths.” When in the 17th century. supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they became acquainted with this game there, and after Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, they brought it to England, where it became a court game. Medieval football in England was extremely passionate and rough, and the game itself was, in essence, a wild fight in the streets. The English and Scots played for life and death. It is not surprising that the authorities waged a stubborn war on football; Even royal orders were issued banning the game. On April 13, 1314, the royal decree of Edward II was read to the residents of London, prohibiting the game in the city on pain of imprisonment... In 1365 it was the turn of Edward III to ban football, due to the fact that the troops preferred this game to improving their archery skills. Richard II, in his ban in 1389, mentioned football, dice, and tennis. The T-shirt was liked and eaten by traveling English monarchs - from Henry IV to James P.

But the popularity of football in England was so great that even royal decrees could not prevent it. It was in England that this game was called “football,” although this did not happen when the game was officially recognized, but when it was banned. At the beginning of the 19th century. In Great Britain there was a transition from “crowd football” to organized football, the first rules of which were developed in 1846 at Rugby School and two years later refined in Cambridge. And in 1857, the world's first football club was organized in Sheffield. Six years later, representatives of 7 clubs gathered in London to develop common rules of the game and organize the National Football Association.

It was formed in 1863, and the world's first official rules of the game were developed, which received universal recognition several decades later. Three of the thirteen paragraphs of these rules indicated the prohibition of playing with hands in various situations. It was not until 1871 that a goalkeeper was allowed to play with his hands. The rules strictly defined the size of the field (200x100 yards, or 180x90 m) and the yard (8 yards, or 7 m32 cm, remained unchanged). Until the end of the 19th century. The English Football Association introduced a number of other changes: the size of the ball was determined (1871); corner kick was introduced (1872); from 1878 the judge began to use a whistle; Since 1891, a net appeared on the goal and an 11-meter free kick (penalty) began to be taken. In 1875, the rope connecting the poles was replaced by a crossbar at a height of 2.44 m from the ground. And goal nets were used and patented by the Englishman Brodie from Liverpool in 1890. A referee on a football field first appeared in 1880-1881. Since 1891, referees began to enter the field with two assistants. Changes and improvements in the rules certainly influenced the tactics and technique of the game. The history of international football meetings dates back to 1873. It began with a match between the national teams of England and Scotland, which ended in a draw with a score of 0:0. Since 1884, the first official international tournaments with the participation of football players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland began to take place in the British Isles (such tournaments are still held annually).