Gospel reading:
Mk. 10:32-45
OK. 7:36-50

In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit!

There is a concept of time in this world. We adults feel it and know that something is about to happen. The Liturgy could have ended about fifteen minutes ago - at this time I usually finish the sermon. Apparently, there is very little time left for me to say anything now.

Today I wanted to talk about the Venerable Mary of Egypt. About her feat, about the labors that she endured after terrible falls and fornication. Then, after fragmentation and internal dismemberment, it reached heights. Although illiterate, she could recite the Holy Scriptures by heart. These are certain heights that we have not yet reached. Before us is an example of a stunning ascent up the ladder of virtue - from the depths of hell, from fornication in its most base impulses. Note that in the life this is described in a very dignified form. As Mary said to Elder Zosima: “I don’t want to embarrass you, father, and in my memory I don’t want to raise that abyss, stir up the past.” This is a culture of repentance, we must learn this. I wanted to talk about this today, but I’ll talk about something else.

I want to say that I am glad that here, at the Podvorye, a variety of works are carried out in their own way by a variety of people. They come here to give their strength. We have several choirs: a concert choir, a boys' choir, a choir of girls and young women, and there are also very young girls who started singing quite recently. There are women who have been singing for three years, but have never sung before. If you count everyone, you get about a hundred people. There is a saying: “I sing to my God until I am.” Today's Liturgy is priceless. Today the sacrament of heart-to-heart contact was performed. I want to put this into my soul, it is worth a lot. Therefore, I push back the boundaries of time and words, moving away from formal moments of haste.

I rejoice that the Lord gives us a treasure that is important to cherish. At the same time, it is important to be attentive to education: today I asked two youths to stay late and gave communion last. Again, nothing new: we read today in the Gospel about how the two apostles wanted to be the first. And here are two youths: which of them will approach the Chalice first? They argued so much among themselves that they saw no one around. But the apostles John and James, who wanted to be the first, are now among the saints, and our boys approached the Chalice - though they were the last.

The life of the Venerable Mary of Egypt is an example of climbing the ladder of virtue, which I would like to wish for all of you. I rejoice with you and with this I will say: “Amen!”

Archpriest Andrey Alekseev

On the splash screen V. Nepyanov. Painting by Emelyan Pugachev, oil on canvas. 1981-1993

Pugachev uprising

Pugachev's rebellion (peasant war) 1773-1775. under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev - an uprising of the Yaik Cossacks, which grew into a full-scale war.

Rationalism and disregard for tradition, so characteristic of the imperial regime, alienated the masses from it. Pugachev's rebellion was the last and most serious in a long chain of uprisings that took place on the southeastern borders of the Russian state, in that open and difficult-to-define region where Old Believers and fugitives from the imperial authorities lived side by side with non-Russian steppe tribes and where the Cossacks who defended royal fortresses, still dreamed of the return of former liberties.

Reasons for Pugachev's uprising

At the end of the 18th century, the control of official authorities in this area became more and more noticeable. In general, Pugachev's uprising can be seen as the last - but most powerful - desperate impulse of people whose way of life was incompatible with clearly expressed and clearly defined state power. The nobles received land in the Volga and Trans-Volga regions, and for many peasants who had long lived there, this meant serfdom. Peasants from other regions of the country also settled there.

Landowners, wanting to increase income and trying to take advantage of emerging opportunities in trade, increased the quitrent or replaced it with corvée. Soon after Catherine’s accession to the throne, these duties, still unusual for many, were fixed during the census and land measurement. With the advent of market relations in the Volga territories, pressure on more traditional and less productive activities increased.

A special group of the population of this region were the odnodvortsy, descendants of peasant soldiers sent to the Volga borders in the 16th–17th centuries. Most of the odnodvortsy were Old Believers. While remaining theoretically free people, they suffered greatly from economic competition from the nobles and at the same time were afraid of losing their independence and falling into the taxable class of state peasants.

How it all began

The uprising began among the Yaik Cossacks, whose situation reflected the changes associated with increasingly intrusive state intervention. They had long enjoyed relative freedom, which gave them the opportunity to mind their own affairs, elect leaders, hunt, fish and raid the areas neighboring the lower Yaik (Ural) in exchange for recognizing the power of the tsar and providing certain services if necessary.

The change in the status of the Cossacks occurred in 1748, when the government ordered the creation of the Yaik Army from 7 defense regiments of the so-called Orenburg Line, which was built in order to separate the Kazakhs from the Bashkirs. Some of the Cossack elders favorably accepted the creation of the army, hoping to secure a solid status for themselves within the “Table of Ranks,” but for the most part, ordinary Cossacks opposed joining the Russian army, considering this decision a violation of freedom and a violation of Cossack democratic traditions.

The Cossacks were also alarmed that in the army they would become ordinary soldiers. Suspicion intensified when in 1769 it was proposed to form a certain “Moscow Legion” from small Cossack troops to fight the Turks. This meant wearing a military uniform, training and - worst of all - shaving beards, which caused deep rejection on the part of the Old Believers.

The appearance of Peter III (Pugachev)

Emelyan Pugachev stood at the head of the disgruntled Yaik Cossacks. A Don Cossack by birth, Pugachev deserted the Russian army and became a fugitive; He was caught several times, but Pugachev always managed to escape. Pugachev introduced himself as Emperor Peter III, who allegedly managed to escape; he spoke out in defense of the old faith. Perhaps Pugachev took such a trick at the prompting of one of the Yaik Cossacks, but he accepted the proposed role with conviction and panache, becoming a figure not subject to anyone’s manipulation.

The appearance of Peter III revived the hopes of peasants and religious dissidents, and some measures taken by Emelyan as tsar strengthened them. Emelyan Pugachev expropriated church lands, elevating monastic and church peasants to the more preferable rank of state peasants; prohibited the purchase of peasants by non-nobles and stopped the practice of assigning them to factories and mines. He also eased the persecution of Old Believers and granted forgiveness to schismatics who voluntarily returned from abroad. The liberation of nobles from compulsory public service, which did not bring direct benefits to the serfs, nevertheless raised expectations of a similar relief for them.

Be that as it may, regardless of politics, the unexpected removal of Peter III from the throne aroused strong suspicions among the peasants, especially since his successor was a German woman, who, moreover, was not Orthodox, as many thought. Pugachev was not the first to make a reputation for himself by assuming the identity of the injured and hiding Tsar Peter, ready to lead the people to the restoration of the true faith and the return of traditional freedoms. From 1762 to 1774, about 10 such figures appeared. Pugachev became the most prominent personality, partly due to the widespread support he received, partly due to his abilities; besides, he was lucky.

Pugachev's popularity increased largely due to the fact that he appeared in the image of an innocent victim who humbly accepted removal from the throne and left the capital in order to wander among his people, experiencing their suffering and hardships. Pugachev stated that he had allegedly already visited Constantinople and Jerusalem, confirming his holiness and power with contacts with the “Second Rome” and the place of Christ’s death.

The circumstances under which Catherine came to power actually raised questions about her legitimacy. Dissatisfaction with the Empress further intensified when she reversed some of her ex-husband's popular decrees, curtailing the freedoms of the Cossacks and further reducing the already meager rights of the serfs, depriving them, for example, of the ability to submit petitions to the sovereign.

Progress of the uprising

Pugachev's uprising is usually divided into three stages.

The first stage lasted from the beginning of the uprising until the defeat at the Tatishcheva fortress and the lifting of the siege of Orenburg.

The second stage was marked by a campaign to the Urals, then to Kazan and the defeat there from Michelson’s army.

The beginning of the third stage is the crossing to the right bank of the Volga and the capture of many cities. The end of the stage is defeat at Cherny Yar.

First stage of the uprising

Pugachev's court. Painting by V.G. Perova

Pugachev approached the Yaitsky town with a detachment of 200 people; there were 923 regular troops in the fortress. The attempt to take the fortress by storm failed. Pugachev left the Yaitsky town and headed up the Yaitsky fortified line. The fortresses surrendered one by one. The advanced detachments of the Pugachevites appeared near Orenburg on October 3, 1773, but Governor Reinsdorp was ready for defense: the ramparts were repaired, the garrison of 2,900 people was put on combat readiness. One thing that the major general missed was that he did not provide the garrison and population of the city with food supplies.

A small detachment from the rear units under the command of Major General Kara was sent to suppress the uprising, while Pugachev had about 24,000 people with 20 guns near Orenburg. Kar wanted to take the Pugachevites into pincers and divided his already small detachment.

Pugachev defeated the punitive forces piece by piece. At first, the grenadier company, without offering resistance, joined the ranks of the rebels. Afterwards, on the night of November 9, Kar was attacked and fled 17 miles from the rebels. It all ended with the defeat of Colonel Chernyshev’s detachment. 32 officers led by a colonel were captured and executed.

This victory played a bad joke on Pugachev. On the one hand, he was able to strengthen his authority, and on the other, the authorities began to take him seriously and sent entire regiments to suppress the rebellion. Three regiments of the regular army under the command of Golitsyn fought in battle with the Pugachevites on March 22, 1774 in the Tatishcheva fortress. The assault lasted for six hours. Pugachev was defeated and fled to the Ural factories. On March 24, 1774, the rebel detachments that were besieging Ufa, near Chesnokovka, were defeated.

Second phase

The second stage was distinguished by some features. A significant part of the population did not support the rebels. The Pugachev detachments that arrived at the plant confiscated the factory treasury, robbed the factory population, destroyed the factory, and committed violence. The Bashkirs stood out in particular. Often factories resisted the rebels, organizing self-defense. 64 factories joined the Pugachevites, and 28 opposed him. In addition, the superiority of forces was on the side of the punitive forces.

1774, May 20 - the Pugachevites captured the Trinity fortress with 11-12,000 people and 30 cannons. The next day, General de Colong overtook Pugachev and won the battle. 4,000 were killed on the battlefield and 3,000 were captured. Pugachev himself with a small detachment headed to European Russia.

In the Kazan province he was greeted with the ringing of bells and bread and salt. The army of Emelyan Pugachev was replenished with new forces and near Kazan on July 11, 1774 it already numbered 20,000 people. Kazan was taken, only the Kremlin held out. Mikhelson hurried to the rescue of Kazan, who was able to defeat Pugachev once again. And again Pugachev fled. 1774, July 31 - his next manifesto was published. This document freed peasants from serfdom and various taxes. The peasants were called for the destruction of the landowners.

Third stage of the uprising

At the third stage, we can already talk about a peasant war that covered the vast territory of the Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces. Of the 1,425 nobles who were in the Nizhny Novgorod province, 348 people were killed. It was suffered not only by nobles and officials, but also by the clergy. In Kurmysh district, out of 72 killed, 41 were representatives of the clergy. In Yadrinsky district, 38 representatives of the clergy were executed.

The cruelty of the Pugachevites should in fact be considered bloody and monstrous, but the cruelty of the punitive forces was no less monstrous. On August 1, Pugachev was in Penza, on August 6 he occupied Saratov, on August 21 he approached Tsaritsyn, but could not take it. Attempts to raise the Don Cossacks were unsuccessful. On August 24, the last battle took place, in which Mikhelson’s troops defeated Pugachev’s army. He himself fled across the Volga with 30 Cossacks. Meanwhile, A.V. arrived at Michelson’s headquarters. Suvorov, urgently recalled from the Turkish front.

Captivity of Pugachev

On September 15, his comrades handed Pugachev over to the authorities. In the Yaitsky town, captain-lieutenant Mavrin carried out the first interrogations of the impostor, the result of which was the statement that the uprising was caused not by the evil will of Pugachev and the riot of the mob, but by the difficult living conditions of the people. At one time, wonderful words were spoken by General A.I. Bibik, who fought against Pugachev: “It’s not Pugachev that is important, it’s the general indignation that is important.”

From the town of Yaitsky, Pugachev was taken to Simbirsk. The convoy was commanded by A.V. Suvorov. On October 1st we arrived in Simbirsk. Here on October 2, the investigation was continued by P.I. Panin and P.S. Potemkin. Investigators wanted to prove that Pugachev was bribed by foreigners or the noble opposition. Pugachev’s will could not be broken; the investigation in Simbirsk did not achieve its goal.

1774, November 4 - Pugachev was taken to Moscow. Here the investigation was led by S.I. Sheshkovsky. Pugachev persistently confirmed the idea of ​​​​people's suffering as the cause of the uprising. Empress Catherine did not like this very much. She was ready to admit external interference or the existence of a noble opposition, but she was not ready to admit the mediocrity of her rule of the state.

The rebels were accused of desecrating Orthodox churches, which did not happen. On December 13, the last interrogation of Pugachev was lifted. Court hearings took place in the Throne Hall of the Kremlin Palace on December 29-31. 1775, January 10 - Pugachev was executed on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. The reaction of the common people to the execution of Pugachev is interesting: “Some Pugach was executed in Moscow, but Pyotr Fedorovich is alive.” Pugachev's relatives were placed in the Kexholm fortress. 1803 - Alexander I freed prisoners from captivity. They all died in different years without offspring. The last to die was Pugachev's daughter Agrafena in 1833.

Consequences of Pugachev's uprising

Peasant War 1773-1775 became the largest spontaneous popular uprising in Russia. Pugachev seriously frightened the Russian ruling circles. Even during the uprising, by order of the government, the house in which Pugachev lived was burned, and later his native village of Zimoveyskaya was moved to another place and renamed Potemkinskaya. The Yaik River, the first center of disobedience and the epicenter of the rebels, was renamed the Ural, and the Yaik Cossacks began to be called the Ural Cossacks. The Cossack Army that supported Pugachev was disbanded and moved to the Terek. The restless Zaporozhye Sich, given its rebellious traditions, was liquidated in 1775, without waiting for the next uprising. Catherine II ordered that the Pugachev Rebellion be forgotten forever.

Significant Events

The beginning of the uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev

Emelyan Pugachev, who took the name of Emperor Peter III, published a manifesto on September 17, 1773, in which he called the Cossacks to his loyalty and service, and to which he granted them liberties and privileges. From that day on, a peasant uprising began under his leadership.

The real Peter III Fedorovich was the husband of Catherine II, after the coup in 1762, he abdicated the throne and then died mysteriously. Few of the Cossack leaders believed in the resurrected tsar, but the man who called himself Peter III, Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev - a Don Cossack, a native of the Zimoveyskaya village, a participant in the Seven Years' War and the war with Turkey, gathered under his banner an entire army capable of equaling the government, and He led a large number of people with him.

A peasant uprising swept the lands of the Yaitsky army, Orenburg region, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria, part of Western Siberia, the Middle and Lower Volga region. During the uprising, the Cossacks were joined by Bashkirs, Tatars, Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous serfs from all the provinces where hostilities took place.

The Pugachev uprising (Pugachev rebellion) grew into a full-scale peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev and continued until mid-1775, despite the military defeat of the Cossack army and the capture of Pugachev in September 1774.

The first radio concert took place in Moscow

On September 17, 1922, the first radio concert took place in Moscow: on this day the words were heard for the first time: “Listen! Moscow speaks! The first radio concert in the history of post-revolutionary Russia was opened by singer Nadezhda Obukhova with a performance of the romance “Do not tempt me unnecessarily.” The concert was also attended by artists of the Bolshoi Academic Theater Antonina Nezhdanova, Ksenia Derzhinskaya, Vasily Kachalov and other famous performers. The broadcast was conducted from the Central Radiotelephone Station named after the Comintern on Shabolovka.

A powerful incentive was needed to speed up the start of regular broadcasting, and at the state level. Such an incentive was the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 28, 1924 “On private receiving radio stations,” according to which private users were allowed to have receiving radio devices, and radio amateurs were allowed to construct radio receivers. In addition, the decree stimulated the development of an industrial base for the production of radio broadcast receivers.

On October 12, 1924, the Bureau for the Promotion of Amateur Radio MGSPS began a systematic radio broadcasting through a leased Sokolnicheskaya radio station (station named after A. Popov). The first broadcast began at 12 noon with a report “On the role of V.I. Lenin in the development of Soviet radio technology and the tasks of working amateur radio.” Then the radio station builder A.L. Mints made a presentation about radio broadcasting technology. After the break, a concert by students of the Moscow State Conservatory took place.

From that time on, radio broadcasting was carried out regularly, according to a strict schedule, which was published in advance in newspapers.

The first LP was released at 33 and 1/3 rpm with Beethoven's 5th Symphony.

The beginning of the “liberation campaigns” of the Red Army to Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.

Our troops fought fierce battles with the enemy on the northwestern outskirts of Stalingrad and in the Mozdok region. There were no significant changes on other fronts.

Troops of the Bryansk Front successfully crossed the Desna River and, having broken the enemy’s resistance, captured the cities of Bryansk and Bezhitsa.

Our troops, advancing along the coast of the Azov Sea, captured the city and port of Osipenko (Berdyansk).

Our troops are in the Zaporozhye and Melitopol directions occupied over 60 settlements, including the large settlements of Grigoryevka, Rozhdestvenskoye, Vozdvizhenka, Verkhniy Tokmak, Alekseevka, Novo-Troitskoye, Novo-Vasilievsk, Lunacharskoye and the railway stations Mechetnaya, Gaichur, Belmanka.

In the Pavlograd direction, our troops occupied over 60 settlements, including large settlements Novaya Parafievka, Voroshilovka, Ligovka, Zhemchuzhnoe, Artelnoye, Fedorovka, Lukashevka, Novo-Alexandrovka, Kondratovka, Novaya Dacha, Ternovka, Bogdanovka, Dmitrievka, Vasilkovka and the railway stations Strastnoy, Orelki, Samoilovka .

On the Poltava and Krasnograd directions our troops occupied over 70 settlements, including the regional center of the Kharkov region Kegichevka and large settlements Pokrovka, Snezhkov Kut, Aleksandrovka, Malaya Gubshchina, Kamyshevatoe, Elenovka, Kirillovka, Berestovenka, Tsiglerovka.

In the Kiev direction, our troops occupied over 130 settlements, including the regional center of the Chernihiv region Losinivka, the regional center of the Poltava region Chernukhi and the large settlements of Likhachevo, Mrin, Monastyrische, Zaudaika, Yaroshivka, Silchenkovo, Karpilovka, Savintsy, Dashchenki, Belotserkovtsy, Yatsiny, Zhdany, Tishki.

South of Bryansk, our troops continued to conduct successful battles and occupied several settlements.

In the Roslavl direction, our troops occupied over 40 settlements.

West of the city of Jelgava (Mitava) our troops repelled attacks by large forces of enemy infantry and tanks and inflicted heavy losses in manpower and equipment.

Our troops in Northern Transylvania, acting together with Romanian troops, they fought and occupied several settlements, including Glăzheria, Gurčiu, Craciunesti, Nicolesti and the Gurčiu railway station.

In other sectors of the front there are local battles and searches for scouts.

1966

In Bryansk on Partizan Square An eternal flame of glory is lit at the monument to soldiers and partisans of the Great Patriotic War.

At the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs A statement was made to Egypt's charge d'affaires, which pointed out the absurdity of the Egyptian authorities' claims about the involvement of Soviet embassy employees in complicating the internal political situation in the country. The Soviet government declared a strong protest against the action taken by the Egyptian leadership, which made it impossible for the Soviet ambassador and some employees of Soviet institutions to stay in Egypt. The Egyptian military attache and his staff were asked to leave Moscow within 7 days.

The case against Alexander SOLZHENITSYN was dropped for lack of evidence of a crime, and the writer himself announced his intention to return to Russia.

The last title of Hero of the Soviet Union (Gold Star No. 12772) was posthumously awarded to Lieutenant of the Internal Troops of the Russian Federation Oleg Yakovlevich BABAK for courage and heroism in protecting the population in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Born on this day

Mikhail Petrovich BESTUZHEV-RYUMIN
(1688 - 8.3.1760),
Count, diplomat. He was resident in London, envoy extraordinary in Stockholm, Warsaw, Berlin, ambassador in Vienna and Paris. He played a big role in the formation of Russian-Swedish relations after the Northern War.

Sergei Petrovich BOTKIN
(1832 - 24.12.1889),
famous therapist, founder of scientific medicine in Russia.

His father, a large tea merchant, merchant of the 1st guild and hereditary honorary citizen, was married twice and had 25 children, of whom 14 survived - 9 sons and 5 daughters. Almost all of them became famous: among Sergei’s brothers there are writers, painters, the headman of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, one of his nieces was married to the poet Alexander FET, the other was married to the Moscow mayor and leader of the “Octobrist” party Nikolai GUCHKOV.

Botkin himself became the first physician among Russian doctors(previously the royal family trusted only foreigners), headed the Society of Russian Doctors. He did a lot to improve sanitary conditions and reduce mortality in Russia, organized the country’s first clinical and experimental laboratories, from which the first Russian Nobel laureate physiologist Ivan PAVLOV came out, and jaundice, the infectious nature of which is discussed in his works and methods of its treatment, so and began to be called Botkin's disease.

His sons Sergei and Evgeniy followed their father’s path, and the latter fulfilled the Hippocratic oath to the end and was shot along with the royal family near Yekaterinburg.

Fedor Mikhailovich RESHETNIKOV
(1841, Ekaterinburg - 21.3.1871, St. Petersburg),
writer.

Konstantin Eduardovich TSIOLKOVSKY
(1857 - 19.9.1935),
the man who predicted the cosmic fate of humanity.

He was born in the village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan province, into the family of a district forester. At the age of 9, due to complications caused by scarlet fever, he became deaf. Deafness was the reason that the boy was left for the second year in the second grade of the gymnasium, and then completely expelled from it. From then on, the source of all Tsiolkovsky’s knowledge was self-education. The scientist (like the inventor of the radio, Alexander POPOV) named the book that determined his path to science as “Physics” by the French professor Adolphe GANO.

At the age of 23, Tsiolkovsky received the right to teach, got married and began his first scientific works. At the age of 30, he made a report on a controlled metal balloon (airship), but was refused funding for further work. From 1892 until the end of his life he was in Kaluga.

His work “Airplane, or Bird-like (aviation) flying machine” was published here., he was one of the first to build a wind tunnel and began his revolutionary article “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments.” It was published 7 years later - in 1903, but his ideas, as unpromising, did not find a response either in power structures or in scientific circles. He had few friends, and many looked at him as if he were crazy.

In 1919, Tsiolkovsky was arrested by security officers and spent two weeks in Lubyanka. True, he was later given a lifelong pension. When the ideas of Tsiolkovsky came to the West, and Friedrich ZANDER and Sergei KOROLEV came out in support of him, the scientist was solemnly celebrated throughout the country on the occasion of his 75th birthday and awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Tsiolkovsky derived the formula for the motion of a spaceship, he owned the ideas of a space elevator, a multi-stage rocket, a space station, and closed biological systems for supporting human life in outer space. The priority of his discoveries is recognized throughout the world.

The Museum of Cosmonautics, bearing his name, was created in Kaluga, and the NASA (American Space Research Center) exhibition opens with a portrait of Tsiolkovsky. Decades before the first space flight, the scientist argued: “The earth is the cradle of the mind, but you cannot live forever in the cradle. The future of humanity is in space!”

Varvara Mikhailovna BULGAKOVA / born. Pokrovskaya, in her second marriage - Voskresenskaya /
(1869 - 1.2.1922),
mother of the writer M. A. BULGAKOV.

Mikhail was the first child, and in total she raised seven children. Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov died in 1908. In addition to her own children, she raised two more nephews and a niece and managed to educate them all. Ten years after her death, the writer stated: “Since childhood, I could not tolerate poetry (I’m not talking about Pushkin, Pushkin is not poetry!) and, if I wrote it, it was exclusively satirical, causing the disgust of my aunt and the grief of my mother, who dreamed of one thing, for her sons to become railway engineers.

I don’t know if the deceased knows that the younger one became a balalaika soloist in France, the middle one is a bacteriologist scientist, all in France, but the eldest one didn’t want to become anything...” Be that as it may, the mother was one of the first to introduce her son to writing and instilled in her children a love of theater by organizing home performances. She served as the prototype for the mother of the main characters in Bulgakov's novel The White Guard.

Mikhail Efimovich KATUKOV
(1900 - 8.6.1976),
Marshal of Armored Forces, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

Georgy Pavlovich MENGLET
(1912 - 1.5.2001),
actor of the Satire Theater, People's Artist of the USSR.

Geliy Aleksandrovich Zherebtsov
(193,
physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997).

Vladimir Valentinovich MENSHOV
(1939, Baku),
film actor and director.

Alexander Stalievich PORTNOV
(1961),
diver, 1980 Olympic champion in ski jumping.

Managed to work as a turner, a miner, a sailor, before he was accepted into the Moscow Art Theater School. He first made his mark in cinema as an actor, and the second film he directed, “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” (1980), not only became a box office leader, but, following the State Prize, brought the director an Oscar from the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts.

On this day it was gone

1816

Vladislav Alexandrovich OZEROV
(11.10.1769 - 1816),
playwright.

Nikolai Osipovich KOVALEVSKY
(20.5.1840, Kazan - 1891, ibid.),
physiologist, head of department at Kazan University.

Firs Sergeevich ZHURAVLEV
(22.12.1836 - 1901),
genre painter, participant in the “revolt of the fourteen”.

Anatoly Fedorovich KONI
(9.2.1844 - 1927),
lawyer.

His friend lawyer URUSOV spoke about him like this:“Virtuoso of virtue. For others, this goddess is boring and banal, but for Koni she is fascinating, witty and seductive, like a vice.”. The famous prosecutor and judge gained particular fame in connection with the case of Vera ZASULICH, who was accused of murdering the St. Petersburg mayor F. F. TREPOV, when the court acquitted her. After this trial, Kony was suspended from working in the criminal court for several years.

He suggested to Leo TOLSTOY the plots for “Resurrection” and “The Living Corpse”, borrowed from judicial practice. But the brilliant orator had one weakness: he stubbornly defended the norms of Russian speech that existed during his youth. For example, the word “obligatory” had, in his opinion, only one meaning - “kind”. By the end of his life, “surely” came to mean “certainly,” which infuriated Kony.

“Imagine,” he said, clutching his heart, “I’m walking along Spasskaya today and I hear: “He’ll definitely punch you in the face!” How do you like it? One person tells another that someone will kindly beat him up!

Before the revolution, Koni was an honorary academician, senator, actual state councilor, member of the State Council, holder of five orders, and then the revolution immediately deprived him of all ranks and privileges. No longer a practitioner, he became an ordinary citizen. Kony did not ask for anything from the new government, and categorically refused to go abroad. Walking the streets, Anatoly Fedorovich took crutches with him because of his sore legs and often sat down to rest, and then compassionate women tried to give him alms.

Alexander Ivanovich YUZHIN /SUMBATOV/
(16.9.1857 - 1927),
actor of the Maly Theater, playwright, theater figure, People's Artist of the Republic (1922), honorary academician (1917).

Nikolay Dmitrievich KONDRATIEV
(4.3.1892 - 193,
economist. Shot for criticizing the Bolsheviks, rehabilitated in 1987.

Natalya Vasilievna KRANDIEVSKAYA-TOLSTAYA
(2.2.1888 - 1963),
poetess, memoirist.

Lev Vladimirovich GINZBURG
(24.10.1921, Moscow - 1980, Moscow),
poet-translator, publicist.

Wilhelm Veniaminovich LEVIK
(13.1.1907, Kyiv - 1982, Moscow),
translator of European poetry.

1984

Yuri VIZBOR
(20.6.1934 - 1984),
journalist, bard, actor.

Fate brought his Lithuanian grandfather to Libau (now Liepaja). Here he studied, worked, had a son, but was soon exiled to Siberia for his active participation in the 1905 revolution. The younger VIZBORAS - Jozef (Iozas) or Joseph Ivanovich, as they began to call him in Russian - became a sailor, a Red commander, and during the years of Stalin's terror he was arrested and shot.

Then very little Yura with his mother, who decided to leave for Khabarovsk in order to survive, made her first trip - by train across the whole country. Before the war, they returned to Moscow, as a teenager Vizbor picked up a guitar for the first time, and at the age of 14, after a pioneer camp, he wrote down his first verse in a notebook with the words: “Today I miss my beloved, I remember the happiness of former days.” Having discovered them by chance, his mother put the brochure “What you need to know about syphilis” on his table.

He dreamed of becoming a football player or a pilot, I studied at the flying club for two years and suddenly unexpectedly entered the pedagogical institute. In the company of new friends, he immediately began writing songs, was assigned to a distant village in the Arkhangelsk region, where he taught almost all subjects at school, was drafted into the army and served in the Far North.

Later choosing journalism as his profession, Vizbor, as a correspondent for All-Union Radio, traveled all over the country, as a director he made documentaries, wrote several plays that were staged by Lenkom, and starred in 28 films. On his initiative, the radio station “Yunost” went on the air, and the audio magazine “Krugozor” began to be published.

But for most of us, Vizbor is primarily the author and performer of his own songs. He came in the late 1950s, before Bulat OKUDZHAVA and Vladimir VYSOTSKY, when the author's song had not yet been given any definitions. 45 years ago he wrote “You are the only one I have” and “The Story of Technologist Petukhov” with the lines quoted more than once - “but we make rockets and blocked the Yenisei, and also in the field of ballet we are ahead of the rest.” And in 1973, Vizbor wrote his best lyrical song, which became the anthem of the Grushinsky Amateur Song Festival:

My darling,
Forest sun,
Where, in what parts
Will you meet me?

He was always a romantic, and for this he was loved and loved.

Vladimir Pavlovich BASOV
(28.7.1923 - 1987),
actor and film director. As a sharp-character actor, he is remembered for his works such as the Master of the Cockroach Race in the film adaptation of Bulgakov’s “Run,” and his most popular directorial work was the four-episode “Shield and Sword.”

Fedor Fedorovich SHALYAPIN Jr.
(6.10.1905 - 1992),
son of a famous singer, film actor.

Alexey Vasilievich LOKTEV
(December 30, 1939, Orsk - 2006),
theater and film actor. His name was made famous by his participation in the film “I Walk Around Moscow,” but his cinematic career did not work out. Died in a car accident.

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The first manifesto was drawn up on September 17, 1773, when Pugachev spoke at the Yaitsky town. The author of the manifesto was the Cossack I. Pochitalin. Addressing the Egg Cossacks, Pugachev in this manifesto stated that he would grant the Cossacks a river, land, herbs, cash salaries, lead, gunpowder, bread, that is, everything that the Cossacks sought.

Pugachev granted lands and waters, grasses and forests, laws and cash salaries, arable lands and grain to Bashkirs and Kazakhs, Kalmyks and Tatars. The manifesto was translated into the Tatar language and distributed among the peoples of the Urals and Volga region.

The second manifesto was written at the end of July 1774, when many working people joined the rebels. In the second manifesto, Pugachev granted the people “liberty and freedom, and forever the Cossacks,” abolished recruitment, capitation and other monetary taxes, awarded “ownership of forest lands, hay lands and fishing grounds, and salt lakes without purchase and without quitrent” and liberation from “before the taxes and burdens imposed by the villains of the nobles and city bribe-takers-judges on the peasants and the entire people.”

On April 9, Bibikov died. His death led to a hitch in the pursuit of Pugachev. From the Sekmarsky town, Pugachev rushed to the Ural mining region, where he found extremely favorable soil among factory and mine workers.

Now the factories of the Southern Urals and Bashkiria became the strongholds of the uprising. The ranks of the rebels were constantly replenished by detachments of working people, assigned peasants and Bashkirs. However, the tsarist troops managed to take possession of several factories and Pugachev had to break through to Kazan.

Kazan was taken on July 12, however, after Pugachev, government troops of I. Michelson approached Kazan. On July 13 and 15, Colonel Michelson defeated Pugachev's army. Kazan was defended by high school students due to the absence of troops. In the city, out of 2867 houses, 2057 were destroyed, including 3 monasteries and 25 churches.

In the first battle with Mikhelson on July 13, Pugachev lost 8 thousand people. On July 15, there was a second skirmish with the colonel, and Pugachev lost another 2 thousand.

THIRD PERIOD OF UPRISING

“Pugachev fled, but his flight seemed like an invasion,” A. Pushkin later wrote. Panic gripped not only the Volga region, but also the central provinces.

Panic also reigned in Moscow. The royal court was preparing for evacuation to Riga. The ranks of the rebels on the right bank of the Volga were replenished with thousands of landowners, economic, palace and state peasants.

The uprising also spread to the Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces. It was expected that Pugachev would move to Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow, but this did not happen. In the battle of Arzamas, Mikhelson managed to cover the Moscow direction and the central regions. Kazan, Simbirsk, Penza, Saratov and part of the Nizhny Novgorod province were waiting for Pugachev’s appearance.

However, Pugachev, seeking support from the Cossacks, went south, to the Don, Yaik and Terek. The peasant detachments succeeded

delay the movement of punitive troops. Pugachev, meanwhile, was rapidly moving south. On July 23, he occupied Alatyr, on August 1, Penza, and on August 6, Saratov.

According to Anton Kersnovsky, two or three Pugachevites managed to raise a volost, a small detachment managed to raise the entire county. In the regions covered by the uprising, the nobility, landowners and service people were exterminated.

The government was preparing for a decisive battle with the Pugachevites. Catherine made peace with Turkey, and the troops quickly marched to the area of ​​​​the uprising. The Synod and the government addressed the people with exhortations. A large monetary reward was announced for the capture of Pugachev.

On the Volga, detachments of Ukrainian peasants, Haidamaks and Cossacks made their way to Pugachev, they were joined by peasant detachments of the middle Volga region, as well as Don and Volga Cossacks.

July and August, the last two months of the Pugachev era, were at the same time the most critical. Moscow was hastily strengthened, Empress Catherine intended to personally become the head of the troops.

On August 21, Pugachev approached Tsaritsyn. The city, however, did not give up. Three days later, Pugachev was defeated by Mikhelson at Cherny Yar, after which he left for the Volga.

In the last battle, Pugachev lost 6 thousand prisoners and all his artillery. Some researchers believe that Pugachev was betrayed by wealthy Yaik Cossacks who joined the uprising, but who hated the “rabble” in their hearts. Others attribute the capture of Pugachev to Count Suvorov.

However, one way or another, Pugachev was taken to Moscow and on January 10, 1775, after torture and trial, executed. The uprising was crushed.

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