The organization of construction production involves the following areas of scientific and industrial activity: construction organization, construction planning and construction management.

Construction organization is a system for forming or selecting a production enterprise (complex of enterprises) designed to complete a given task.

Planning is a system for linking ongoing construction and installation work in time and space, as well as a system for the supply and consumption of material and technical resources.

Management is a system for maintaining the established order or transferring construction production from one state to another with the aim of unconditionally completing the assigned task.

The construction of any building or structure of external water supply and sewerage networks and other engineering structures is associated with the production of a complex of construction processes by workers of various professions and different qualifications. Construction processes can be carried out continuously or with certain technological breaks. Thus, when laying external sewer networks with socket joints of individual pipelines, before hydraulic testing, a certain time is required for the cement mortar to harden in the socket joint. The hardening time of the solution in this complex process constitutes a technological break. Technological breaks determine more difficult conditions for organizing a continuous production process.

Construction processes can be started and completed at all sites simultaneously. In this case, the construction time of all objects will be equal to the construction time of one object, however, significant material and technical resources will be required. This method of conducting construction and installation work is called the parallel method.

The flow method of construction and installation work combines sequential and parallel methods, preserving the advantages of both methods and eliminating the disadvantages of each of them separately.

Depending on the configuration of construction projects and its influence on the organization of the flow method of construction, a distinction is made between flow-linear and flow-grabbing methods of work. The linear flow method is used in the construction of extended structures, which include external networks of water supply and sewerage systems. The flow-grabbing method is rational for the construction of buildings and structures for various purposes, with significant dimensions in height; are divided into single- and multi-tiered.

In construction, a complex flow is organized, consisting of specialized (private), object and complex flows. The products of the flows are: specialized - completed volumes of certain works; object - completed buildings and structures; complex - a group of buildings or structures.

Most production processes (not only construction) can be represented in the form of drawings, diagrams, graphs, tables, etc., which quite accurately reflect the reality of what is happening in these processes. These are models of the ongoing production process.

Flow organization of construction

If it is necessary to build several objects of the same type, then, depending on the adopted optimization criterion, the work can be organized by three methods - sequentially, parallelly and in-line.

The sequential method allows us to limit ourselves to the minimum number of workers, mechanisms, and the minimum rate of resource consumption, but it will ensure the maximum duration of work.

The parallel method, on the contrary, ensures the minimum duration of work, but it requires the maximum number of workers, mechanisms, and the maximum rate of resource consumption.

In practice, in most cases, both methods are undesirable: the first because of the long duration, the second because of the large number of workers and mechanisms. The first method is used only when the capabilities of a construction organization are extremely limited, for example, when there are large restrictions on the provision of investments. The second method is usually used in extreme conditions, when there are roads every day, for example, when eliminating accidents or the consequences of natural disasters. In most cases, the most effective is the third - in-line method. Objects (captures) are rhythmically included in the work and also rhythmically completed. Work at each site (capture) is divided into separate stages, performed by different teams.

The composition of the teams is selected in such a way that the duration of their work at each object (capture) is as equal as possible (failure to comply with this condition does not exclude the use of the flow method, but complicates it, which will be discussed below). Each team moves from object to object (from capture to capture), performing approximately the same work and preparing the work front for the team following it. The team's sequential passage of all objects (occupations) is called the work flow. A flow most often includes work of one type, for example, it could be a flow of excavation work, a flow of work on the construction of foundations, the construction of walls, the installation of floors, etc. However, it is also possible to design complex type flows, i.e. including a variety of work related to any structural element of a building or structure. Moreover, the products of a stream do not necessarily have to be individual structural elements; the stream can cover both a narrower and a wider range of work. This can be, for example, a separate process (installation of formwork, installation of reinforcement, concreting) and, on the contrary, it can be buildings or structures and even groups of buildings or structures (residential areas, drainage systems of individual farms, etc.).

Construction using the flow method involves sequential flows. An analogue of the flow method in construction is a conveyor system in a factory, but in a conveyor system products move, and the performer remains in place; in the flow method, on the contrary, performers move, but the products remain in place.

Design of continuous construction includes determining the rhythm and step of the flow, determining the number and size of teams, mechanisms, estimating the total duration of construction and the completion date of the first object (occupation). Currently, computer programs have been developed to automate the solution of such problems. They are usually included in computer-aided design systems in the form of specialized modules.

The simplest is to design rhythmic flows. With non-rhythmic flows, design becomes significantly more complicated, especially when the rhythms are not multiples of each other. In such cases, the rational solution is usually to increase the steps of the individual streams, which adapt to the variable rhythm. In these cases, teams do not arrive at the object (capture) immediately one after another, but with some breaks. During these breaks, no one works at the site (capture), but the teams themselves do not have breaks in their work.

The flow method is a method of organizing construction that ensures the systematic, rhythmic production of finished construction products based on the continuous and uniform work of work teams of the same composition, provided with timely and complete delivery of all necessary material and technical resources.

Conditions of use:

Quite a large amount of work

Dividing the construction process into stages of work

Purpose of a strict technological sequence

Use of highly specialized teams

Establishing a uniform rhythm in work.

All resources must be used constantly and continuously.

The composition and number of brigades should remain constant for a sufficiently long period of time

Stream parameters:

I. Timing parameters.

1) The total duration of work is T0.

2) The total duration of work on one gripper is TZAHV.

3) Duration of work of the team - TBR

4) Rhythms – ki

5) Technological breaks - tTECH

6) Organizational breaks - tORG.

II. Spatial parameters.

1) The work area is a part of the facility that is necessary and sufficient to accommodate workers with mechanisms and devices.

2) Plot – part of the work area allocated for a team or one worker.

3) A grip is a part of an object, a structural element on which performers of a private or specialized flow are occupied.

Min. the size of the grip is the shift productivity of the brigade.

4) Tier - part of the object obtained from vertical division according to the technical conditions of the work.

III. Technological parameters. (Number of private, special and object threads).

IV. Organization parameters.(1. Number of types of work 2. Number of pairs of threads)

V. Stat. options. (Scope of work – V, Labor-intensive – QCHDN, cost – C)

VI. Dynamic (number of workers – NPERSON, output of workers per day – Kvr, flow intensity in natural units of measurement – ​​J.

The flow can be represented graphically as a line graph or cyclogram.

The network model is depicted as a graph consisting of arrows and circles. The network diagram represents the network model with calculated timing parameters. The construction of a network is based on the concepts: work and event.

Work is a production process that requires time and material resources and leads to the achievement of certain results.

Waiting is a process that requires only time and does not consume any material resources.

Dependency – is introduced to reflect the technological and organizational relationship of work and does not require either time or resources.

An event is the fact of the completion of one or more tasks, which is necessary and sufficient for the start of the next ones.

A path is a continuous sequence of works in a network diagram.

The critical path is the complete path that has the greatest length of all complete paths.

5. Types of construction flows

I. By type of final product.

1) A private thread is an elementary construction thread consisting of one or more processes. performed by one team, unit or team. Products of a private flow are a separate type of work (for example, earthworks).

2) Specialized flow - consists of a number of particular ones, united by a single system of parameters, a flow diagram. The products of the flow are the structural parts of the building (underground part). The peculiarity is that various specialized teams can work on one grip.

3) Object flow – a set of specialized ones. Products – fully completed buildings or groups of buildings.

4) Complex flow - consists of object flows as part of industrial enterprises, complex development of microdistricts. Products – commissioned industrial. object, completed residential quarter, microdistrict.

28,29. Schedule plans in construction.

Calendar plans. Purpose and principles of development. Types of calendar plans as part of PIC and PPR

Schedule plans in construction include all planning documents in which, based on the scope of work, the sequence and timing of construction are determined.

In accordance with the construction calendar plans, supply calendar plans are developed - schedules of the need for labor and material and technical resources.

The schedule plan for the production of work on an object in the form of a linear or network schedule is intended to determine the sequence and timing of certain types of work; it is used to calculate the time requirement for labor and material and technical resources, as well as the delivery time of equipment.

Development order: 1) Drawing up a list of works 2) determine the volume of work 3) select methods for performing the main work and driving machines 4) calculate standard power and labor intensity 5) determine the composition of brigade units 6) identify the technological sequence of work 7) establish shifts of work 8) determine the duration of individual works and their combination with each other 9) compare the calculated productivity with the standard 10) based on the completed plan, develop schedules for the need for resources and their provision.

The initial data for the calendar plan in the PPR are: 1) calendar plans as part of the PIC 2) construction duration standards or directive assignments 3) technological maps for construction, installation and special works 4) working drawings and estimates 5) data on participating organizations.

Consists of 2 parts: the left one is calculated, the right one is graphical.

Estimated: 1) List of works 2) Scope of work 3) Labor intensity and machine time costs 4) Duration of work 5) Number of shifts 6) Number of workers per shift and crew composition 7) Calculation of crew composition

Design is carried out at the expense of customers, who enter into contracts for the implementation of design work with the general designer.

General designer is an organization that carries out the bulk of design work. Involves specialized design organizations to carry out individual parts of the project (research, special work, etc.) on a contractual basis. At the same time, she is responsible for the complexity of the project.

Scheduling and organization of construction of the underground part of the building

The leading process should be the installation of basement structures. Depending on the design and volume of work, they are divided into grips. It is advisable to have at least 2 grips. This allows you to break down the work and organize its continuous execution.

1) Selection of mounting mechanism. For the zero cycle, it is best to use rail-mounted or crawler-mounted cranes. The pit is excavated using an excavator with a bucket with a capacity of 0.33-0.65 m3.

2) Installation of a) prefabricated foundations is carried out simultaneously with manual removal of the soil b) Pile foundations (a multi-grip system should be adopted, optimally 6: (1) Striker, (2) cutting and preparing heads, (3) cleaning the base of the grillage, formwork and reinforcement work (4) Concreting (5) curing (6) stripping)

3) Installation and laying of basement walls and partitions.

4) Filling the sinuses of the pit from the inside and backfilling from the inside. This process is planned in schedule II for wall installation.

5) Installation of communications outlets and inputs (sewerage, water supply, heating networks, gas, electricity).

6) Waterproofing of walls, it can be shown in graphics outside the flow.

7) Installation of floors and welding work on them are planned after finishing the concrete floors in the basement.

8) Filling the sinuses from the outside.

10. Composition and content of the feasibility study

The main indicators characterizing the level of design of the organization of construction work include: duration of construction, level of mechanization of main types of work, unit costs of labor, machine time, energy resources and cost of work related to a unit of construction product (for example, labor intensity in man-days per square meter. m of building area, electricity costs kWh per cubic meter of concrete structure, average daily output in monetary terms).

The resulting feasibility studies are analyzed by comparison with the achieved indicators at similar facilities, with advanced domestic and foreign experience.

Construction methods:

Open method (completed zero loop method) i.e. foundations for the building frame are made simultaneously with foundations for equipment and shelves;

Closed method - installation of foundations for equipment and shelves after the construction of the above-ground part of the building under the roof;

Combined - simultaneous installation of building structures and shelves together with the supply and installation of equipment. One specialized thread;

Separate method - performing the installation of building structures in one specialized flow, and installation of equipment (rigging, installation and mechanical installation) - in a specialized flow in a fully constructed building;

Combined method - performing part of the equipment installation work separately from the installation of building structures in the constructed premises.

SEQUENCE OF WORK AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS
The sequence of work is determined by the following main factors, the phased development of which ultimately leads to the implementation of the construction process:
development area;
site preparation (work of the preparatory period);
construction of the underground part;
construction of the above-ground part;
construction of enclosing structures;
installation of engineering equipment;
interior finishing works;
installation of technological equipment;
external finishing works;
landscaping.
Selecting a development area is the very first stage of construction implementation. At this stage, based on the assigned tasks, the most optimally located land plot is determined, meeting both the requirements for a rational supply of building materials, structures and resources for the construction period, and meeting the necessary operational requirements, and geotechnical surveys are carried out. They carry out state registration (examination of buildings and structures planned for the development of a given land plot), allocation of a land plot for construction and preparation of architectural and planning assignments.
Site preparation is a mandatory stage, approximately similar in scope of work for industrial and civil construction. Basically, site preparation means carrying out engineering surveys, tying the building being constructed to the ground, demolishing old buildings, relaying networks, erecting temporary buildings and structures.
The accepted sequence of work during the construction of a separate building or a complex consisting of adjacent buildings of the same type can significantly influence the overall construction period.

Let's consider one of the methods for constructing buildings or performing interrelated work - sequential.
The sequential method provides that when constructing a separate building, a team of workers completes each subsequent work only after completing the previous one. Consequently, the total duration of construction of a building is equal to the sum of the durations of individual types of work, i.e. in this case, a small number of personnel working at one facility will be required. In the case when a number of buildings of the same type will be built one after another, each subsequent building only after the completion of the previous one, then a single team of workers will erect these buildings sequentially, moving from one completed object to the next. With this method, the total duration of construction of a complex of buildings is equal to the product of the duration of construction of one house by their number, but in the same way as in the construction of an individual building, a relatively small number of workers are required, working for a long time in one place.
Sequential methods are characterized, on the one hand, by the sequence of execution of the work of the complex, and on the other, by the absence of simultaneity in their implementation.
The need for their use is determined:
specifics of production;
design features of structures;
technology of work;
safety precautions.
Advantages of the method:
simplicity of its organization;
low sensitivity to changes and even abandonment of the rhythm of work;
a high degree of alternativeness of the chain (sequence of work), since its nature can be quite freely changed at any time (Fig. 3.).
Disadvantages of the method:
The long duration of a set of works is maximum compared to other methods with equal intensity of work;
The great need for resources is maximum compared to other methods with the same deadline for completing a set of works.
As a result of these shortcomings, sequential methods of organizing work as independent ones are used very rarely, except in cases where these methods are the only ones possible (pipes, masts, towers, cooling towers, etc.).

Work production schedule
With the sequential method, all technological cycles are carried out first on the first gripper, then on the second, etc.
The transition to the next occupation is carried out after completion of work on the previous one.
T = t × m
T is the total duration of work, t is the duration of work on one grip; m – number of grips
A team of workers will move sequentially from job to job, requiring a small number of personnel working at one site.
Q = T × n, (person days)
Q is the total labor intensity, T is the total duration, n is the number of people.
Diagram of labor movement
After constructing a calendar schedule and determining the construction period, they begin to construct a diagram of the movement of labor, which serves to determine the need for human resources and the need to provide them with the appropriate volume of household services, temporary buildings and structures, required equipment, personal protective equipment, and so on.
The diagram displays the number of workers on the construction site (vertical scale) at any point in time (horizontal scale) throughout the entire construction period.
As a rule, the resulting diagram of the movement of workers does not look entirely successful: there are peaks and valleys - sharp (by more than 30%) short-term (several days) changes in values. To ensure a more uniform workload of work crews, the diagram is optimized based on the following requirements:
1. As the scope of work unfolds, the total number of workers on the construction site should increase, then gradually decrease.
2. The value of the coefficient of uneven movement of workers (the maximum number of workers on the site, determined by the diagram, divided by the average number of workers, determined by dividing the area of ​​the diagram by the length of its base) should tend to 1.5.

Parallel-flow methods of organizing work (parallel flows) are a more general case of the formation and calculation of flows. They are usually used when individual flow methods do not give the required results (even when using the reviewed methods for optimizing them). Therefore, the formation and calculation of parallel-flow methods are carried out after the formation and calculation of individual-flow methods. This raises questions: what types of work or work should additional teams be assigned to and how to distribute work between teams of the same type?

A.V. Afanasyev proposed assigning additional teams of the same type to the longest types of work in a quantity that ensures a reduction in their duration to the required value, distributing work between teams of the same type during the flow calculation with critical work identified taking into account resource and frontal connections, distributing work in in accordance with the initial priority with priority loading (with equal opportunities) of the most powerful brigades, and with equal power of brigades - those of them that have the lowest serial number. If there are teams of the same type of different capacities, he recommends placing them on a matrix (in the ODF system) in descending order of capacity.

A number of researchers have proposed modifications of this algorithm, namely, loading brigades not in accordance with the initial order, but selectively, as fronts are released, loading brigades not in accordance with their capacity, but in accordance with the queue awaiting loading or in accordance with the possibility of an earlier completion of work. These modifications in certain cases give better results, but not always. All possibilities for the formation of parallel-flow methods, taking into account the specified modifications, as well as according to a fundamentally different (also proposed by A.V. Afanasyev) method of oriented assignment of additional teams to work that restrains the compaction of flows, are considered in a special course, and in this main course - only first method.

Let us illustrate this method of forming and calculating the parallel-flow organization of work using an example.

Let the same conditions as above be given, and a flow with critical jobs identified taking into account resource and frontal connections be formed and calculated. The resulting flow duration is 40 units. time, does not satisfy. It is necessary to reduce it to 35 units. time due to the introduction of additional teams of the same type.

Consideration of the parameters of an individual flow (initial data) shows that types of work have different durations and in order to reduce the duration of types of work “A”, “B” and “D” to the minimum corresponding to type “B”, that is, to reduce the irregular flow To achieve a harmonious look, it is necessary to introduce additional teams, one for types of work “A” and “D”, and two teams for types of work “B”. The involvement of such additional brigades turned out to be possible, but additional A 2, B 2, B 3 had less power than A 1 and B 1, and brigade G 2 had equal power with G 1 (A 2 = 0.5 A 1; B 2 = 0.5 V 1; V 3 = 0.3 V 1; G 2 = G 1).

We will carry out the formation and calculation of a parallel-flow method of organizing work.

Rice. 34. Matrix with the results of the formation and calculation of a parallel flow with the CR at early deadlines for completing work.

Consideration of the calculation results shows that the inclusion of three additional teams in the flow (no work was found for team G 2) did not produce any positive effect. This happened because brigades A 2, B 2 and B 3 had little power.

Indeed, if, instead of these brigades, brigade B 2 with the capacity of brigade B 1 is included in the flow, then the required reduction in duration will be achieved.

Rice. 35. Parallel flow with the Kyrgyz Republic when work is completed early.

Based on this, formed as a rational structure of a parallel flow with critical works identified taking into account resource and frontal connections, parallel flows with research work and with the NOF can be calculated.

Rice. 36. Parallel flow with research

Rice. 37. Parallel flow with NOF

It is of undoubted interest to compare the varieties of parallel flow.

Table 2

Parameters of work organization options

A formal summation of the parameters for each method shows that the most preferable is a parallel flow with critical work identified taking into account resource and frontal connections (with early deadlines for completing work).

However, this approach does not take into account the economic side of the matter, that is, the costs of increasing the duration of each type of work and each frontal set of works and the entire parallel flow as a whole are not taken into account. All this must be taken into account in real conditions.

In conclusion, considering the issue of forming and calculating parallel flows, it should be noted that their duration depends on the sequence of development of work fronts. Therefore, a search must be made for optimal queues that provide the minimum duration. Corresponding directed search algorithms have been developed and are discussed in a special course.

LECTURE No. 8

COMPARISON OF WORK ORGANIZATION OPTIONS.

A modern approach to organizing work requires the development of all competitive options.

Complex flows can be formed:

In the form of combined streams with full preservation of the structure of previously developed object streams;

In the form of aggregated flows, which ensure the immediate start of work by teams in the subsequent object flow after completion of work in the previous one, but at the same time the structure of the object flows changes;

In the form of compacted ones, which ensure the minimum duration of the entire complex stream, but at the same time the structure of the original object streams changes.

The initial data when forming complex flows are presented in the form of parameters of independently generated object flows, presented on matrices in the ODF system. Complex combined flows (CFC) are formed by identifying possible periods of displacement of the subsequent object flow relative to the previous one, based on the interests of the continuous work of each team. In this case, the maximum is taken as the calculated one, eliminating the need for additional teams of the same type. The total duration of the PDA is defined as the sum of all calculated offsets between adjacent object streams and the duration of the last object stream.

A complex aggregated flow (CAF) is formed by identifying the estimated periods for the deployment of types of work, taking into account the parameters of all object flows. In this case, the structure of object streams is destroyed. The total duration of the CPA is determined as the sum of the deployment periods of types of work and the duration of all works of the last type as part of a complex flow.

A complex compacted flow (CPF) is formed by preserving the structure of the first object flow in the queue and ensuring the continuous execution of all work of the first type as part of the complex flow. The timing of other types of work of object flows as part of a complex flow is determined by the availability of resources and work areas. They can be early or late. In this case, if the early and late deadlines coincide, the corresponding type of work of the object flow is critical. The sum of critical jobs that make up one chain (single-critical path) determines the duration of the CPU.

Let us illustrate the application of this method for calculating complex flows with an example.

Initial data in the form of timing of work types of object flows, duration of work types (t ij) and possible combination of adjacent types (tc) are presented on the M-1 matrix (in the ODF system). Strictly speaking, this information is redundant, since the object flow unambiguously determines either the timing of types of work, or their duration and combination, but when calculating complex flows without a computer, it is convenient to use one in one case, and another in another case.