You need to be able to do this!

Actions in case of a minor fire (fire)

If the source of fire (fire) is insignificant and it is visible (smoke is insignificant), before calling the fire department or simultaneously with the call, it is necessary to take measures to extinguish it with improvised means (water, blanket, rough cloth, etc.) or primary fire extinguishing means (fire extinguisher ).

Wherein:

· it is necessary to assess the possibility of a safe approach to the site of a fire without respiratory protection within the distance of extinguishing operations or the extinguishing jet of a fire extinguisher;

· do not open (close) windows and doors in the place of fire, since the influx of fresh air contributes to the development of combustion;

· It is prohibited to extinguish vegetable or animal oils burning on a kitchen stove with water, as this leads to the release of burning liquid and the spread of flame throughout the room and the clothing of the person extinguishing the fire. The burning of oils (flammable liquids) is eliminated by turning off the gas burner (electric stove) and throwing a damp cloth over the fire (ideally using a powder fire extinguisher);

· It is prohibited to extinguish electrical appliances connected to the network with water. An electrical appliance that has caught fire must be disconnected from the network (unplug the plug from the socket, turn off the electric meter fuse).

You need to be able to do this!

Actions in the event of a fire outbreak

If the source of the fire is not visible due to heavy smoke in the room, do not try to fight the fire yourself.

In this case it is necessary:

· isolate the room where the ignition (fire) occurred by closing door and window openings from the flow of fresh air to the source of combustion;

· urgently remove children and the elderly from the premises to the lower floors of the building (to the next entrance) or outside (in winter, warm clothes or blankets must be worn);

· report a fire and take action to call the fire department;

· de-energize the fire site by turning off the fuses in the electric meter, as well as gas appliances by turning off the tap on the gas communications;

· take documents and valuables, close the windows tightly and entrance doors into rooms and apartments (the apartment door should not be locked for free access of fire departments to the fire);

· notify the residents of the upper floors about the fire in order to prevent their death from smoke and fire penetrating from below and, accordingly, criminal prosecution of those responsible for the fire (Article 215 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);

· open the windows on the staircase (in high-rise buildings, turn on smoke ventilation in the fire hydrant cabinet);

· evacuation should be carried out only along flights of stairs, including between balconies, external stationary, extension and retractable stairs. Go down drainpipes and boners using tied sheets is extremely dangerous, and these techniques are possible only in exceptional cases. It is unacceptable to jump from the windows of a building, starting from the third floor, as injuries incompatible with life are inevitable;

· in all cases it is prohibited to use elevators;

· meet the arriving fire departments, indicate the location of the fire and report the presence of remaining people at the fire site, as well as: whether the electricity and gas are turned off, whether fire protection equipment is activated.

Note

1. All actions to evacuate a burning room (apartment) and carry out emergency measures, as well as notify residents of apartments above, should take no more than 2 minutes, since smoke spreads at a speed of 6 m/min horizontally and 20 m/min vertically .

2. In case of a fire, smoke and toxic substances accumulate in the upper part of the room, so in case of heavy smoke, you need to move crouched down to the floor, tightly cover your nose and mouth with a wet handkerchief or towel, and hold your hand to the wall so as not to lose the direction of movement towards the exit.

3. Residents of the upper floors, if the stairs are cut off by fire or heavily smoked, should remain in their apartments until firefighters arrive. At the same time, close the windows and doors of your apartments on the fire side, go out onto the balcony or go to the window and attract the attention of passers-by or firefighters.

Call the fire department

In the event of a fire, all actions should be aimed at avoiding panic, at taking the fastest and most rational actions in the current situation. In all cases, after taking initial steps to ensure personal safety, the occurrence of a fire must be immediately reported to the fire department by calling “01” or asking neighbors about it. If there is no telephone in the house and the escape routes from the building or apartment are cut off by fire and smoke, it is necessary to seal the doorways, open a window or go out onto the balcony and, calling for help by shouting “Fire!”, attract the attention of passers-by.

Note

The requirement to immediately call the fire department is due to the dynamics of fire development: in the first 10 minutes, the fire spreads linearly along flammable substances and materials and does not take on the volumetric form of development that occurs when an average volumetric temperature of 3000 °C accumulates inside the room. Fire departments are deployed in the protected area in such a way as to arrive at the farthest point in the first 10 minutes after reporting a fire, i.e. before the onset of the volumetric phase of fire development.

When calling firefighters, you must be prepared to inform the service dispatcher “01”:

Name of the administrative district and district government;

Street name, house number and floor where the fire occurred;

Location of the fire (apartment, attic, basement, corridor, etc.);

Whoever is calling, give your phone number.

Note

In the first seconds of the message from the service dispatcher, “01” sends a fire signal to the fire station closest to the fire site. Fire departments along the route receive additional information via radio communications.

Action plan in the event of a threat or occurrence emergency situations

When evacuating you should:

1. Turn off household electrical appliances:

TV;

Radio;

Kettle;

Iron;

Heater;

Washing machine.

2. Take the necessary things.

3.Close the water taps.

4.Turn off the gas stove.

5.Close the windows.

6.Close the front door.

7.Inform your neighbors about the information received.

8.If your neighbors are elderly, assist them in carrying out the listed activities.

Remember!

After an emergency exit, your stay in a temporary accommodation center can last from several hours to several days. Medical care, drinking water and food will be provided at temporary accommodation centers.

When evacuating, you should take with you:

1. Identity documents:
passport;

Birth certificate;

Driver license;

Medical policy;

Insurance policy.

2. Warm and waterproof clothes.

Notification in the event of a threat or emergency

You need to know this!

IN municipal area A centralized public warning system has been created and is in constant readiness, managed by specialists from the district’s unified dispatch service

Remember!

Sirens and intermittent beeps from businesses or vehicles indicate the signal “Attention everyone!” When you hear it, immediately turn on the loudspeaker, radio or TV, listen to an information message about the emergency situation, the rules of conduct and your actions.

Information about what happened will be repeated many times and updated as events develop.

The population living near potentially dangerous enterprises will be notified by the enterprise personnel on duty via the local warning networks of these enterprises.

Man-made emergencies

Chemical accident

A chemical accident is understood as a violation of technological processes in production, damage to pipelines, tanks, storage facilities, vehicles during transportation, etc., leading to the release of hazardous chemical substances (AHCS) into the atmosphere in quantities that pose a danger of mass injury to people and animals .

You need to know this!

What chemically hazardous facility is located in your area of ​​residence?

How dangerous chemical substances he uses

What protection methods are most effective?

DAMAGED FACTORS

In the event of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, several damaging factors may act (fires, explosions, chemical contamination of the area and air, etc.), and outside the facility - contamination environment. The most likely poisoning is ammonia and its derivative compounds.

Ammonia - a colorless gas with the smell of ammonia, lighter than air, soluble in water. When liquid ammonia and its solutions come into contact with the skin, frostbite occurs and a burn with blisters is possible.

Signs of ammonia poisoning:

increased heart rate and pulse, agitation, possible convulsions, choking, pain in the eyes, lacrimation, runny nose, cough, redness and itching of the skin. Under certain conditions, poisoning can result in death.

This must be remembered!

If there is a danger of poisoning with hazardous substances, you must:

Quickly leave the poisoned area; take shelter in a protected structure (ammonia);

Seal the room;

Use gas masks of all types; if they are not available, use cotton-gauze bandages moistened with water or, preferably, 2-5% acetic or citric acid;

If there is a danger of poisoning on the street, you must quickly leave the area of ​​infection, use materials moistened with water, and, if possible, take refuge in protective structures;

If you are at home, you need to close windows and doors tightly, turn off heating appliances and gas;

Use pieces of cloth soaked in saline solution to seal windows and doors, move away and wait for messages about further actions;

If an accident report finds you in public place(theater, store, stadium, etc.), then you must listen to the administration’s instructions on the procedure for behavior. If such instructions are not followed, moisten any material (shawl, scarf, etc.) with water, protect your respiratory system, go outside, determine the direction of the wind and walk perpendicular to the direction of the wind.

You need to be able to do this!

Providing first medical care for ammonia poisoning

The victim must be immediately taken to Fresh air.

Must be transported to supine position. Provide warmth and rest, provide humidified oxygen.

If you have pulmonary edema, artificial respiration cannot be performed.

Radiation accident or radioactive contamination of the area

You need to know this!

Radiation accident is a violation of the limits of safe operation of a nuclear power plant, equipment or device, in which there is a release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the limits of their safe operation provided for by the design, leading to irradiation of the population and environmental pollution.

Damaging factors

Influenced ionizing radiation In the human body, biological processes arise that lead to disruption of the vital functions of various organs (mainly the hematopoietic organs, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, etc.) and to the development of radiation sickness.

A person located in a contaminated area is exposed to:

External irradiation from a passing radioactive cloud and radioactive substances deposited on the ground;

Contact irradiation of the skin when radioactive substances come into contact with them;

Internal exposure due to breathing contaminated air and consuming contaminated food and water.

Precautions:

Timely notification of the population about a threat or a radiation accident that has already occurred;

Evacuation or sheltering of the population;

Avoiding consumption of contaminated food and water;

Prohibition of access to the contaminated area.

You need to be able to do this!

Quickly protect the respiratory system with personal protective equipment: a gas mask, a respirator, and in their absence - a cotton-gauze bandage, scarf, handkerchief, towel, etc., moistened with water. Close windows and doors, turn off ventilation, take a place away from windows, verandas, balconies, turn on the radio, TV and wait for instructions on further actions.

Appendix No. 4

APPROVED

By order 1137 dated “17” 03. 2010

INSTRUCTIONS ON PROCEDURES FOR EMPLOYEES

TOLYATTI STATE UNIVERSITY

IN EMERGENCIES

This instruction defines the actions of employees in the event of emergencies of a natural and man-made nature, as well as other situations that may pose a threat to the life and health of employees, on the territory of the university and beyond. According to the Instructions, university employees are trained to act in case of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters, industrial and domestic injuries, as well as natural and man-made emergencies.

1. General Provisions

1.1. The instructions were developed based on the requirements of the Rules fire safety in the Russian Federation and methodological recommendations for the elimination of emergency situations of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

1.2. Employees of the organization are required to know and comply with the provisions of this Instruction so that in an emergency situation they can assess the need to promptly inform management and immediately take measures to eliminate the consequences of the incident. Employees must be aware that they are personally responsible for taking timely measures to prevent emergency situations.

1.3. After providing first aid, the victim, eyewitness or participant in the incident immediately, using all available means of communication, notifies the manager (head of the department) about each accident or emergency situation at the university.

Failure to comply with this requirement may lead to a deterioration in the victim’s health due to the lack of qualified medical care, and may also cause untimely adoption of prompt measures to control the situation, i.e. to minimize its consequences.

1.4. An emergency situation is a situation in a certain territory that has arisen as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may result or has resulted in human casualties, damage to human health, the natural environment, and disruption of people’s living conditions (clause 2.1.1 GOST R 22.0.02-96).

The result of emergency situations is the harm (damage) they cause due to the impact of damaging and other factors accompanying the disaster on people, industrial facilities, social sphere, the natural environment.

1.5. Emergency situations vary by the nature of the source: man-made, natural and others. This Instruction covers situations of a man-made and natural nature, as the most possible on the territory of the organization, as well as situations the occurrence of which may pose a threat to the life and health of workers.

1.6. Providing first aid to victims is carried out in accordance with the internal instructions of the organization “Providing first aid in emergency situations.”

2. Actions of employees in case of occurrence

man-made emergencies

2.1 Actions in case of fire or explosion

Fire is an uncontrolled combustion that causes material damage, harm to the life and health of citizens, and the interests of society and the state.

The main causes of fire: malfunctions in electrical installations and networks, violation of the requirements of technological regulations for hot work, non-compliance with fire safety measures (smoking, lighting an open fire, using faulty equipment, etc.), careless handling of fire.

The main dangerous factors of fire: thermal radiation, high temperature, toxic effects of combustion products (carbon monoxide, etc.), decreased visibility due to smoke.

Explosion is combustion accompanied by liberation large quantity energy in a limited amount in a short period of time. An explosion leads to the formation and propagation of a shock wave with excess pressure, which has a mechanical effect on surrounding objects.

The main damaging factors of the explosion: air shock wave and fragmentation fields formed by flying debris of destroyed objects, technological equipment, and explosive devices.

2.1.1. If there is a threat of explosion, you should lie on your stomach, protecting your head with your hands, away from windows, glass doors, passages, and stairs.

2.1.2. If an explosion occurs, take measures to prevent fire and panic; provide first aid to victims.

Each employee upon detection of a source of fire or signs

combustion (smoke, burning smell, increase in temperature, etc.) should:

report this immediately by phone "01" or "112"(For

mobile communications). At the same time, name the name of the object, place

fire, as well as your last name;

take measures to evacuate people, extinguish fires and preserve material assets.

2.1.4. Persons authorized to own, use or dispose of property, managers and officials of the university, as well as persons appointed in accordance with the established procedure as responsible for ensuring fire safety, upon arrival at the scene of the fire must:

duplicate the message about a fire over the phone "01" or "112"(for mobile communications), promptly notify the management and duty services of the university;

in the event of a threat to people’s lives, immediately organize their rescue using available forces and means;

check the activation of automatic fire protection systems (notifying people about a fire, fire extinguishing, smoke protection);

if necessary, turn off the electricity (with the exception of fire protection systems), stop the operation of ventilation systems in emergency rooms adjacent to it; take other measures to help prevent the development and smoke pollution of premises;

stop all work in the building, except for work related to fire extinguishing measures;

remove workers not involved in fire extinguishing outside the danger zone. Evacuation should be carried out in accordance with evacuation plans and instructions for evacuating people from the building;

provide general guidance on extinguishing a fire before the arrival of fire departments;

ensure compliance with safety requirements by workers taking part in fire extinguishing;

simultaneously with extinguishing the fire, organize the evacuation and protection of material assets;

organize a meeting of fire departments and provide assistance in choosing the shortest route to the fire;

inform the fire departments involved in extinguishing fires and carrying out related priority rescue operations with information about dangerous, explosive, and highly toxic substances stored at the facility.

2.1.5. When evacuating burning rooms and smoke-filled areas, move quickly, hold your breath, and protect your nose and mouth with a damp, thick cloth. In a heavily smoky room, crawl or crouch to move; in the space adjacent to the floor, the air stays clean longer.

2.1.6. If a person's clothing catches fire, you need to help throw it off or put it out: throw on any blanket and press it tightly. If air access is limited, combustion will quickly stop. Do not allow a person with burning clothes to run.

2.1.7. After the fire department arrives, the head of the university or his deputy:

informs the fire extinguishing manager about the design and technological features of the facility, adjacent buildings and structures;

provides information necessary to extinguish the fire;

organizes the involvement of forces and means to carry out activities related to extinguishing the fire and preventing its development;

after extinguishing the fire, makes a decision on the further operation of the premises and brings the information to the attention of evacuated workers and students.

Requirements for the use of primary fire extinguishing agents:

Foam fire extinguishers (OVP-10, OVP-50, OVP-100) and UVP-250 are designed for extinguishing various substances and materials (wood, paper, paints and fuels and lubricants), with the exception of electrical installations under voltage. The fire extinguishing agent is a foaming agent solution.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers (OU-2, OU-3, OU-5, OU-6, OU-7, etc.) are designed to extinguish fires of various flammable substances, with the exception of those that burn without air access, and are also used for extinguishing electrical installations under voltage up to 1000V. The extinguishing agent is carbon dioxide.

To activate carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, you need to point the bell at the burning object, break the seal, pull out the pin, press the lever (or turn the valve handwheel to the left as far as it will go), and direct the jet towards the flame. Keep the fire extinguisher upright; there is no need to turn it over.

To avoid frostbite, do not touch the metal part of the socket with bare parts of your body. When extinguishing electrical installations that are under voltage, it is not allowed to bring the socket closer than 1 m to them.

Powder fire extinguishers (OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, OP-5, etc.) are intended for extinguishing oil products and fires in motor vehicles.

To activate a powder fire extinguisher, break the seal, pull out the pin, press the trigger lever and direct a stream of powder at the source of combustion through the nozzle.

Internal fire valves (FPVs) are designed to supply water when extinguishing solid combustible materials and flammable liquids. The internal PC is put into operation by two workers: one lays the hose and holds the fire hose ready to supply water to the combustion source, the second checks the connection of the fire hose of the PC and opens the valve to allow water to flow in.

Asbestos fabric and felt (felt) are used to extinguish small fires of any substances and materials, the combustion of which cannot occur without air access. The source of fire is covered with asbestos or felt cloth to stop the air.

Sand is used to mechanically knock down flames and isolate burning or smoldering material from air access. Apply to the fire with a shovel or scoop.

The result of emergency situations is the harm they cause (damage) due to the impact of damaging and other factors accompanying the disaster on people, industrial facilities, the social sphere, and the natural environment.

1.5. Emergency situations vary by the nature of the source: man-made, natural and others. This Instruction covers situations of man-made and natural character, as the most possible on the territory of the institution, as well as situations the occurrence of which could pose a threat to the life and health of workers.

1.6. Providing first aid to victims is carried out in accordance with the internal instructions of the institution “Providing first aid in emergency situations.”
2. ACTIONS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE CASE OF MAN-MADE EMERGENCIES

Actions in case of fire or explosion

Fire is an uncontrolled combustion that causes material damage, harm to the life and health of citizens, and the interests of society and the state.

The main causes of fire: malfunctions in electrical installations and networks, violation of the requirements of technological regulations for hot work, non-compliance with fire safety measures (smoking, lighting an open fire, using faulty equipment, etc.), careless handling of fire.

The main dangerous factors of fire: thermal radiation, high temperature, toxic effects of combustion products (carbon monoxide, etc.), decreased visibility due to smoke.

An explosion is a combustion accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy in a limited volume in a short period of time. An explosion leads to the formation and propagation of a shock wave with excess pressure (more than 5 kPa), which has a mechanical effect on surrounding objects.

The main damaging factors of the explosion: air shock wave and fragmentation fields formed by flying debris of destroyed objects, technological equipment, and explosive devices.

1. 
   If there is a threat of explosion, you should lie on your stomach, protecting your head with your hands, away from windows, glass doors, passages, and stairs.
2. 
   If an explosion occurs, take measures to prevent fire and panic; provide first aid to victims.
3. 
   Each worker, when detecting a fire or signs of combustion (smoke, burning smell, increased temperature, etc.) must:

mobile communications). At the same time, give the name of the object, the location of the fire, as well as your last name;

When automatic fire alarm systems are triggered, take measures to evacuate people, extinguish the fire and preserve material assets.

ACTIONS OF PERSONNEL WHEN EVACUATING PEOPLE

Facility personnel are responsible for the safe and quick evacuation of people in case of fire. It operates in accordance with the Fire Evacuation Plan and taking into account the specifics of the facility.

• 
  stop all work in the building (if this is unacceptable due to the production process) except for work related to fire extinguishing measures;
• 
  remove workers not involved in fire extinguishing outside the danger zone;
• 
  provide general guidance on fire extinguishing (taking into account specific features object) until the arrival of fire departments;
• 
  ensure compliance with safety requirements by workers involved in firefighting;
• 
  inform the fire departments involved in extinguishing fires and carrying out emergency rescue operations related to them, information about hazardous (explosive), explosive, and highly toxic substances being processed or stored at the facility.

2.1.4. When evacuating burning rooms and smoke-filled areas, move quickly, hold your breath, and protect your nose and mouth with a damp, thick cloth. In a heavily smoky room, move by crawling or crouching: in the space adjacent to the floor, the air stays clean longer.

2.1.5. If a person's clothing catches fire, you need to help throw it off or put it out: throw on any blanket and press tightly. If air access is limited, combustion will quickly stop. Do not allow a person with burning clothes to run.

2.1.6. After the fire department arrives, the head of the facility or a substitute person:

• 
  informs the fire extinguishing manager about constructive and technological features the facility, adjacent buildings and structures, as well as the quantity and fire hazardous properties of substances, materials, products that are stored or used in this production;
• 
  provides information necessary to extinguish the fire;
• 
  organizes the involvement of forces and means to carry out activities related to extinguishing the fire and preventing its development;
• 
  after extinguishing the fire, makes a decision on the further operation of the production facility and brings the information to the attention of evacuated workers.

1. 
   Actions in case of collapse of buildings and structures

The cause of a building collapse can often be an explosion resulting from a terrorist act, improper operation of gas consuming units, gas pipelines, careless handling of fire, or storage of flammable and explosive substances in buildings.

The sudden collapse of a building leads to a fire, destruction of utility and energy networks, the formation of rubble, injury and death.

2.2.1. If you hear an explosion or discover that the building is losing its stability, leave it immediately.

2.2.2. When leaving the premises, go down the stairs, not the elevator: it can stop at any time.

2.2.3. Do not panic, do not crowd the doors during evacuation. Stop those who are going to jump from balconies (floors above the first) and through glass windows.

2.2.4. If it is not possible to leave the building, take a safe place: openings of the main internal walls, corners formed by the main internal walls, under the frame beams (they protect against falling objects and debris). Open the door from the room to provide exit.

2.2.5. Don't panic and stay calm. Stay away from windows and electrical appliances.

2.2.6. If a fire occurs, immediately try to put it out.

2.2.7. Use the telephone only to call representatives of law enforcement agencies, fire departments, doctors, and rescuers.

2.2.8. Do not use matches: there is a risk of explosion due to gas leakage.

2.2.9. Once outside, do not stand near a building. Move to an open space.
2.3. Actions in case of being under a rubble

2.3.1. Breathe deeply, do not panic, do not lose heart. Focus on what's most important. Believe: help will definitely come.

2.3.2. If possible, provide yourself with first aid.

2.3.3. Adapt to the situation and look around, look for a way out. Try to determine where you are and whether there are other people nearby: listen, raise your voice.

2.3.4. It should be remembered: a person is able to withstand thirst and hunger for a long time if he does not waste energy.

2.3.5. Look in your pockets or nearby for objects to give off light or sound signals: a flashlight or metal objects that can be used to knock on a pipe or wall (to attract the attention of rescuers).

2.3.6. If the only way out is a narrow hole, squeeze through it. To do this, relax your muscles and move with your elbows close to your body.
2.4. Actions in case of a chemical accident

A chemical accident is a disruption of technological processes in production, damage to pipelines, tanks, storage facilities, vehicles, leading to the release of emergency chemically hazardous substances (hereinafter referred to as hazardous substances) into the atmosphere in quantities that pose a danger to the life and health of people and the functioning of the biosphere.

The danger of a chemical accident for people and animals is the disruption of the normal functioning of the body and the possibility of long-term genetic consequences, and under certain circumstances - fatal outcome when hazardous substances enter the body through the respiratory system, skin, mucous membranes, wounds and with food

2.4.1. When receiving a signal about a chemical accident, turn on the radio to receive reliable information about the accident and recommended actions.

2.4.2. Close windows, turn off electrical appliances.

2.4.3. To protect the respiratory system, use a cotton gauze bandage or improvised fabric products soaked in water, 2-5% solution baking soda(for protection against chlorine), 2% solution of citric or acetic acid (for protection against ammonia).

2.4.4. If it is impossible to leave the contaminated area, tightly close doors, windows, ventilation openings and chimneys; Seal the cracks in them with paper or tape.

2.4.5. Do not take shelter on the first floors of buildings, in basements and semi-basements.

2.4.6. On railways and highways associated with the transportation of hazardous substances, a danger zone is established within a radius of 200 m from the accident site. It is prohibited to enter the danger zone.

2.4.7. If you suspect damage to hazardous substances, exclude any physical exercise, drink plenty of fluids (milk, tea) and consult a doctor immediately.

2.4.8. Entry into buildings is permitted only after a control check of the contents of hazardous substances in them.

2.4.9. Refrain from drinking tap water until there is an official conclusion about its safety.

2.4.10. In contaminated areas, move quickly, but do not run, raising dust, do not touch surrounding objects, and do not step on spilled liquid or powdery deposits of unknown substances.

2.4.11. If you find drops of unknown substances on the skin, clothing, shoes and personal protective equipment, remove them with a paper swab, rag or handkerchief.

2.3.12. After leaving the infected area, remove outer clothing and leave it outside, take a shower (undergo sanitary treatment), thoroughly rinse your eyes and rinse your mouth. Wash contaminated clothing (if impossible, dispose of it). Carry out a thorough wet cleaning of the room.
3.ACTIONS IN CASE OF NATURAL EMERGENCIES.

3.1.Actions during snow drifts and blizzards

Snow drift is a disaster associated with heavy snowfall lasting more than 12 hours, with wind speeds exceeding 15 m/s.

A blizzard is the transfer of snow by wind in the surface layer of air. There are drifting snow, blowing snow and general snowstorm. During drifting snow and blowing snow, a redistribution of previously fallen snow occurs; during a general snowstorm, precipitation also occurs.

Blizzards and snow drifts typical for many regions of Russia. Roads, individual buildings and settlements are covered with snow; the height of drifts can reach 2 m. Visibility on the roads is reduced to 20-50 m. Partial destruction of light buildings and roofs, breakage of overhead power and communication lines is possible.

3.1.1. Having received a warning about a severe snowstorm, move from light buildings to durable buildings; Close windows, doors, attic hatches and vents tightly.

3.1.2. Prepare for possible power outages.

3.1.3. Prepare snow removal tools, warm clothes and shoes.

3.1.4. During a severe snowstorm, leave the building only in exceptional cases.

3.1.5. By car you can only drive on main roads and highways. When getting out of the car, do not move away from it out of sight. When stopped on the road, sound an alarm signal with intermittent beeps, raise the hood or hang a bright cloth on the antenna. Wait for help in the car, while leaving the engine running with the window cracked to provide ventilation and prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.
3. 2. Actions during icy conditions (icy conditions)

Ice is a layer of dense ice formed on the surface of the earth, sidewalks, roadways and objects (trees, wires, etc.) when supercooled rain and drizzle (fog) freeze. It is observed at air temperatures below 0 C. The crust of frozen ice can reach several centimeters.

Glaze is a thin layer of ice on the surface of the earth that forms after a thaw or rain as a result of a sharp cold snap.

3.2.1. If the weather forecast warns of ice or icy conditions, take steps to reduce the likelihood of injury:

* prepare non-slip shoes, attach metal heels or foam rubber to the heels, and stick an adhesive plaster, insulating tape or moisture-resistant sandpaper on the dry sole;

* move carefully, slowly, stepping on the entire sole, while the legs should be slightly relaxed, hands free;

* move along sidewalks sprinkled with sand.

3.2.2. Having slipped, crouch down to reduce the height of the fall. At the moment of the fall, try to group yourself and, by rolling, soften the blow.

3.2.3. Icing of wires is often accompanied by their breakage. In this case Special attention should be applied to the wires of power lines and contact networks of electric transport. If you see broken wires, report this to management.

3.2.4. If injured, go to a medical unit or emergency room.
3.3. Actions during extreme heat, drought

Extreme heat is characterized by exceeding the average above-zero ambient air temperature by 10 degrees or more for several days.

Drought is a prolonged and significant lack of precipitation, often at elevated temperatures and low air humidity.

The danger lies in overheating of the human body, i.e. the threat of an increase in body temperature above 37.1 C, or heat disturbance - the temperature approaching 38.8 C.

A critical condition occurs with prolonged and/or severe overheating, which can lead to heat stroke and cardiac dysfunction.

Symptoms of overheating are: redness of the skin, dry mucous membranes, severe thirst. Possible loss of consciousness, cardiac and respiratory arrest.

3.3.1. To reduce the risk of heat stroke, stock up on extra containers of water.

3.3.2. Move slowly, try to be in the shade more often.

3.3.3. Prepare electrical appliances (fans, air conditioners).

3.3.4. Wear light, breathable clothing (preferably cotton) and a hat. Remember: burned skin stops producing sweat and cooling.

3.3.5. Do not drink beer and other alcoholic drinks: this leads to deterioration general condition body.

3.3.6. Check with your doctor to see if you need additional salt intake during hot weather.

3.3.7. In case of heat injury, move to the shade, into the wind or take a shower, and slowly drink a lot of water. Try to cool your body to avoid heatstroke.

3.3.8. If anyone around you loses consciousness, carry out resuscitation measures (perform chest compressions and artificial respiration).

3.3.9. Remember: during droughts, the likelihood of fires will increase.
3.4. Actions during a thunderstorm

Lightning is a giant electrical spark discharge. Accompanied by a blinding flash and thunder.

The temperature of a lightning discharge reaches 300,000 degrees. When struck by lightning, a tree splits and can catch fire due to an internal explosion due to the instantaneous evaporation of all the moisture in the wood.

A direct hit by lightning on a person is usually fatal.

The discharge of electricity follows the path of least resistance. Therefore, lightning will first strike a tall object: a mast, a tree, etc.

To reduce the risk of lightning damage to industrial facilities, buildings and structures, lightning protection is installed in the form of grounded metal masts and wires stretched high above the facility’s structures.

3.4.1. Lightning is dangerous when the flash is followed by a clap of thunder. In this case, urgently take precautions: close windows, doors, chimneys and ventilation openings.

3.4.2. During a thunderstorm, do not come close to electrical wiring, lightning rods, roof gutters, antennas, or stand near a window. If possible, turn off electrical appliances.

3.4.3. When in an open area, take shelter in an area with low-growing vegetation; do not take shelter near tall trees. Descend from a high place to a low place.

3.4.4. In an open area, in the absence of shelter (building), do not lie on the ground, exposing electric current your entire body, squat down, clasping your legs with your arms.

3.4.5. During a thunderstorm, immediately stop outdoor work. Place metal objects (tools, devices, mechanisms, etc.) to the side and move away from them at a distance of 20-30 m.

3.4.6. If you are in a car during a thunderstorm, do not leave it. Close the windows and lower the radio antenna.

3.5. Actions in case of hurricane, storm, storm warning

A hurricane is a large atmospheric vortex with a wind speed of up to 120 km/h, and in the surface layer – up to 200 km/h.

A storm is a long-lasting, very strong wind with a speed of more than 20 m/s. It is observed during the passage of a cyclone and is accompanied by strong waves at sea and destruction on land.

A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that arises in a thundercloud and spreads down, often to the surface of the Earth in the form of a dark cloud arm or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. It does not exist for long, moving along with the cloud.

Danger to people with particularly hazardous natural phenomena consists of the destruction of road and bridge surfaces, structures, overhead power and communication lines, ground pipelines, as well as injuring people with fragments of structures, glass fragments flying at high speed. People can also be killed and injured if buildings completely collapse.

During dust storms, dust accumulations (“black storms”) in fields, roads and populated areas, as well as water pollution, are dangerous.

The main signs of the occurrence of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes are: increased wind speed and a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure; heavy rains and storm surge; rapid fall of ground dust.

3.5.1. After receiving a storm warning:

* close windows in rooms;

* free the window sills from foreign objects;

* move from light buildings to durable buildings or structures;

* while in a building, move away from the windows and take a safe place near the walls of the interior, in the corridor.

3.5.2. In the dark, if there is no electricity, use autonomous flashlights, lamps, and candles.

3.5.3. While being in an open area or on the streets of a populated area during a hurricane, storm or tornado:

* to protect against flying debris and glass fragments, use sheets of plywood, cardboard and plastic boxes, boards and other available means;

* do not enter damaged buildings: they may collapse with new gusts of wind. Take shelter at the bottom of a road ditch, in holes, ditches, narrow ravines, pressing tightly to the ground, covering your head with clothes or tree branches;

* do not stay in the car, get out of it and take cover as indicated above;

3.5.4. During a dust storm, cover your face with a gauze bandage, a scarf, or a piece of cloth, and cover your eyes with glasses.

4. ACTIONS IN THE EVENT OF VARIOUS EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

4.1. Actions in the event of a terrorist act (explosion)

4.1.1. Immediately leave the scene, as there may be additional explosive devices nearby. Leave the building outside or hide in a shelter, if available.

4.1.3. If law enforcement officers are nearby, follow their instructions.

4.1.4. If law enforcement has not yet arrived, call them immediately. Do not create a crowd or join one.

4.1.5. With information that could help apprehend suspects and locate the vehicle involved in terrorist act, promptly report this to law enforcement agencies.
4.2. Actions to take when receiving a threat over the phone.

4.2.1.Do not ignore any such call.

4.2.2. Transfer the information received to law enforcement agencies and the management of the institution.

4.2.3. Remember the gender, age of the caller and the characteristics of his speech:

* rate of speech: fast (slow);

* pronunciation: distinct, distorted, stuttering, lisping, with an accent or dialect;

* manner of speech: cheeky, mocking, with obscene expressions.

4.2.4. Try to note the sound background (the noise of cars or railway transport, the sound of television and radio equipment, voices, etc.).

4.2.5. Determine the nature of the call: local or long-distance.

4.2.6. Record the start time of the conversation and its duration.

4.2.7. During the conversation, try to get answers to the following questions:

* where, to whom, what phone number is this person calling;

* what specific requirements does it put forward;

* makes demands personally, acts as a mediator or represents a group of people;

* how and when you can contact him;

* to whom you can or should report this call.

4.2.8. Try to get the caller to give the caller the maximum amount of time to bring his demands to the attention of officials or for management to make a decision;

4.2.9. During the conversation, try to inform your immediate supervisor, the management of the institute, about the call. If this was not possible, report the call immediately after the end of the conversation;

4.2.10. Do not disseminate information about the fact of the threat received among employees of the institution;

4.2.11. If you have an automatic identification device, write down the number on paper.

4.3. Actions upon receiving a threat in written or electronic form

4.3.1. Take measures to ensure the safety and prompt transfer of the letter (note, disk, etc.) to law enforcement agencies and the management of the institution.

4.3.2. If possible, place the letter (note, disk, etc.) in a clean plastic bag.

4.3.3. Do not leave your fingerprints on the document.

4.3.4. If the document is in an envelope, open it from the left or right side, cutting off the edges with scissors.

4.3.6. Do not introduce the contents of the letter (note, disk, etc.) to other persons.

4.3.7. Remember the circumstances of receiving or discovering a letter (note, disk, etc.).

4.3.8. On anonymous materials, do not make inscriptions, underline, circle certain places in the text, write resolutions and instructions, do not bend, wrinkle, stitch, or glue them.

4.3.9. Send anonymous materials to law enforcement agencies with a covering letter, which indicates the type, quantity, in what way and on what they were executed, with what words the text begins and ends, the presence of a signature, etc.), as well as the circumstances of discovery or receiving.

4.4.Actions when taking hostages

4.4.1. Immediately report the current situation to law enforcement agencies and the management of the institution.

4.4.2. Do not enter into negotiations with terrorists on your own initiative.

4.4.3. Take measures to ensure unhindered access to the site for law enforcement officers and ambulances of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

4.4.4. Provide assistance to employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB in obtaining the information they are interested in.

4.4.5. Comply with the demands of terrorists, unless this involves causing damage to the life and health of people. Do not contradict terrorists, do not risk the lives of others and your own.

4.4.6. Avoid actions that could provoke terrorists to use weapons and lead to casualties.
4.5. Actions to take when explosive devices or suspicious objects are detected

4.5.1. If suspicious objects are found in a building (premises), on the territory of the institution, promptly report the find to law enforcement agencies and management.

4.5.2. Do not touch, open or move the find. Record the time of its discovery. Remember: appearance an object may hide its true purpose. Conventional bombs are used as camouflage for explosive devices. household items: bags, packages, packages, boxes, toys, etc.

4.5.3. Do not take any action on your own with objects that are suspected of containing an explosive device: this can lead to an explosion, numerous casualties and destruction.

4.5.4. Do not approach explosive devices and suspicious objects closer than the distance specified in the table.

4.5.6. Be sure to wait for law enforcement officers to arrive. Remember that you are an important witness.

4.5.7. Ensure the possibility of unimpeded access for law enforcement vehicles, ambulances, and civil defense and emergency management bodies to the place where explosive devices were discovered.

4.5.8. Remain at the workplace until the arrival of the operational investigation team to record data on the circumstances of the discovery of the object.

4.5.9. If necessary, ensure the evacuation of people.

1. 
   Actions in case of accidents on utility systems

Accidents on electrical power systems can lead to long-term interruptions in the power supply to consumers, as well as electric shock to people.

Accidents in sewer systems contribute to the massive release of pollutants and the deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation.

Accidents in water supply systems disrupt the supply of water to the population or make water unfit for drinking.

Accidents on heating networks in the winter lead to the inability of the population to live in unheated premises and their forced evacuation.

4.6.1. Report any accident on utility systems to the institution on duty (call the emergency service), the head of the department.

4.6.2. If there is a power surge or shutdown, immediately turn off all electrical appliances and unplug them from the sockets so that a fire does not occur when the electricity suddenly turns on while you are away.

4.6.3. Do not get closer than 5-8 m to broken or sagging wires and do not touch them.

4.6.4. If a current-carrying wire breaks and falls nearby, exit the electric shock zone in small steps or jumps (keeping your feet together) to avoid being struck by step voltage.

4.6.5. If water disappears from the water supply system, close all previously open taps.

4.6.6. For use, use commercially available drinking water

4.6.7. If the central heating is turned off, use only factory-made electric heaters (not homemade) to heat the room. Otherwise, there is a high probability of fire or failure of the power supply system.

4.6.8. To keep the room warm, seal the cracks in the windows. Wear warm clothes and take preventative medications for colds.

4.6.9. If the central heating pipelines break, turn off electrical appliances (if possible, turn off the power supply to the room at the distribution board), inform the head of the department, collect Required documents that may become unusable from contact with water, and leave the premises before emergency workers arrive.
4.7.Actions in case of a gas leak accident

4.7.1. If you smell gas in the room (building), immediately notify the institution on duty and the manager.

4.7.2. At the same time, do not smoke, do not light matches, do not turn on or off lights and electrical appliances: a spark can ignite the gas accumulated in the room and cause an explosion.

4.7.3. Ventilate the room by opening all doors and windows.

4.7.4. Leave the room and do not enter it until the smell of gas disappears.

4.7.5. If others show signs of gas poisoning, take them out into fresh air and place them so that their head is higher than their feet. Notify the organization's medical unit or call " ambulance».
4.8.Actions in case of an accident l by rail transport when traveling to a business trip

The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport are malfunction of the track, rolling stock, signaling and blocking equipment, as well as dispatcher errors, inattention and negligence of drivers.

Most often, rolling stock derails, collisions, collisions with obstacles at crossings, fires and explosions directly in the cars.

4.8.1. When braking in an emergency, secure yourself so as not to fall: grab the handrails and rest your feet on the wall or seat. The safest thing to do is get down on the floor.

4.8.2. After the first blow, do not relax and keep all muscles tense until it becomes completely clear: there will be no more movement.

4.8.3. Get out of the car through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation): high probability of fire. If necessary, break the window with heavy objects.

4.8.4. After leaving the carriage, get out of the railway track, taking with you documents, money, clothes and blankets.

4.8.5. Before leaving the compartment into the corridor, prepare respiratory protection: hats, scarves, pieces of fabric moistened with water. Remember: in the event of a fire, the material that lined the walls of the carriages - malminite - releases toxic gas that is dangerous to life.

4.8.6. Once outside, participate in rescue operations: help passengers in other compartments break windows, evacuate victims, etc.

4.8.7. If fuel spills during an accident, move away from the train to a safe distance: a fire and explosion are possible.

4.8.8. If a current-carrying wire is broken and touches the ground, move away from it by jumping or taking small steps to protect yourself from being hit by step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads along the ground can be from two (dry ground) to 30 m (wet).
4.9. Actions in case of a car accident

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to drivers violating the Traffic Rules of the Russian Federation. Most dangerous species violations: speeding, ignoring the requirements of road signs and markings, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated.

Poor road conditions and vehicle malfunctions often lead to accidents: brakes come first, steering comes second, wheels and tires come third. The peculiarity of car accidents is that 80% of the injured die in the first three hours (due to blood loss).

4.9.1. If a collision is inevitable, you should maintain composure: this

Allows you to control the car up to last chance. Tighten all your muscles to the limit and do not relax - until you stop completely.

4.9.2. Do everything to avoid an oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush or a tree - better than a car moving towards you. Remember: when colliding with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right fender is worse than the impact of the entire bumper.

4.9.3. If a blow is inevitable, protect your head. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seats and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km/h and the seat belt is not fastened, press your chest against the steering column.

4.9.4. While in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and fall onto your side.

4.9.5. While sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor.

4.9.6. After the accident, determine where in the car and what position you are in, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when it rolls over).

4.9.7. If the doors are jammed, leave the cabin through the windows by opening them or breaking them.

4.9.8. After getting out of the car, move as far away from it as possible: an explosion is possible.

4.9.9. In a trolleybus (bus), in the absence free seats for the seat, stand in the center of the cabin, holding the handrail for greater stability, Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.

4.9.10. In the event of an accident, panic and crowding at the exits are possible. In this case, you should use the emergency exit by pulling out the special cord and pushing out the glass.

4.9.11. In the event of a fire in the cabin, inform the driver, open the doors (using emergency release), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to extinguish the fire. Protect your respiratory system from smoke (with a scarf, scarf, etc.)

4.9.12. If there is a strong fire, move as far as possible from the vehicle: the fuel tank may explode.

4.9.13. Report the fire to the fire department using all possible means of communication.
4.10. Actions in case of breakage of mercury-filled devices

4.10.1. If, due to careless handling of devices (lamps, thermometers, etc.), mercury is spilled on the equipment or on the floor of the room, or mercury is found in scrap metal, immediately stop work and report the incident to management.

4.10.2. Parts of broken objects and the floor of the room must be subjected to demercurization by those responsible for the collection, storage and accounting of waste mercury-containing lamps in the department.

4.10.3. Demercurization includes three mandatory stages:

* mechanical cleaning of the room, equipment, instruments, floor of the room by collecting it with scoops or a blower with a fine tip;

* chemical treatment of surfaces contaminated with mercury;

* wet cleaning of the premises.

4.10.4. Demercusators include:

* 20% water solution ferric chloride (the solution is prepared in the cold);

* soap-soda solution (4% soap solution in 5% aqueous soda solution);

* 0.2% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, acidified with hydrochloric acid (5 ml of acid, specific gravity - 1.19 per 1 liter of potassium permanganate solution);

4.10.5. The mercury collected during demercurization is handed over to a special temporary storage location with subsequent delivery to a specialized enterprise for disposal. Mercury should be stored in thick glass containers with tightly ground conical stoppers to prevent the entry of mercury vapor into the room.

4.10.6. Demercurized parts of mercury-containing lamps are disposed of with household waste. Broken lamps contaminate the outer surfaces of whole lamps and personnel clothing, so they are not allowed to be stored together or collected in the same package.