In the novel “Fathers and Sons” by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, it is written about the conflict of different generations.

Main character Evgeny Bazarov is a very hardworking person. He likes exact sciences, he conducts research and experiments. Bazarov tries in every possible way to benefit his homeland and society as a whole. He doesn't like to talk about feelings and denies any expression of them. For him, creativity and poetry have absolutely no meaning.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov becomes his opponent - it is he who enters into an argument with Bazarov. Kirsanov Sr. does not understand why the young man Evgeniy treats art with such disdain.

Every day these two treat each other more and more with hatred and anger. It comes to the point that they start a secret duel in which Bazarov wins. Evgeniy’s victory is just a lucky chance and it could also have turned up against Pavel Petrovich.

After the duel, passions in the Kirsanovs' house, where Bazarov was invited, subsided a little. However better friend They did not treat each other.

Arkady, who will invite his friend to stay in his parental home, also notices that Bazarov is not so good man and in fact they don't have as much in common as he previously thought. Arkady and Evgeny considered themselves to be members of the nihilistic society.

The Kirsanovs are wealthy nobles, they have their own estate, a little dilapidated, but large. Kirsanov Sr. has a good education and is very intelligent and well-mannered person. Arkady Kirsanov was receiving his education and met Evgeny Bazarov. It was Bazarov who led Arkady to the nihilists. Evgeniy has very few friends, or rather, practically none. All his friends and acquaintances at first eagerly accepted his ideas of nihilism, but then everyone quickly dispersed. Everyone went their separate ways, some got married and took care of their families, and some found things more interesting.

Arkady was very sympathetic to Bazarov and tried to support him in everything. Over time, Kirsanov realizes that it is better for them to stop communicating with Bazarov. Kirsanov has loving family father and uncle. A little time will pass and Arkady will marry a wonderful girl, Katerina, whom he fell in love with very much. Kirsanov believes that he should put his family at the head and abandon Bazarov’s obsessions.

Evgeny Bazarov has none of this. His parents, of course, love him madly, but they cannot show their feelings fully so as not to frighten their son. Evgeniy does not love anyone and believes that all people are no match for him. In order to satisfy his physiological needs, he does not need to love anyone. It is enough for the girl to be pretty. The only person he considered his equal was Anna Sergeevna Odintsova’s girl. Bazarov fell in love for the first time and wanted to own this woman. Anna Sergeevna refused him.

Bazarov will die trying to prove to everyone that he is right and that the manifestation of feelings is complete nonsense. He did not want to choose a family home and a loving family. I couldn’t even convey my knowledge of nihilism to Bazarov. Evgeny Bazarov died alone.

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For example, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” written in the 60s of the 19th century.

The novel is considered significant for that time, and the image of the main character Evgeny Bazarov was perceived by young people as an example to follow of uncompromisingness, admiration for authorities and old truths. Bazarov is a “nihilist commoner” and in his reasoning the priority of the “useful” over the “beautiful” prevails, when in everything there is a certain touch of denial inherent in early atheism. Now it would be more correct to call such a person a demagogue, but this is no longer important.

Important in this case is the conflict between fathers and sons described by Ivan Turgenev using the example of Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov, who came to Maryino and spent some time staying with the Kirsanovs (Arkady’s father and uncle). Tensions with the elder Kirsanovs force Bazarov to leave Maryino and go to the provincial town, where he meets the rich widow Odintsova. By the end of the novel, Bazarov’s skepticism was lost due to various life circumstances.

Nihilism of the mid-19th century was based on denial and skepticism of love, art, generally accepted morality and religion. A nihilist is a revolutionary democrat who denies the conservatism of the state's public policy. The women's emancipation movement complemented nihilism in Russia and contributed to change public consciousness after the “Declaration of the Rights of Woman” was published in 1789, demanding the political rights of women on an equal basis with men.

In this case, the conflict between fathers and children is shown on the example of the middle age level, when the role of children is played by already established individuals who are capable of having their own children. Therefore, it would be correct to call this conflict the conflict of “Fathers and Grandfathers”, fathers are the middle, and grandfathers are the outgoing generation in system construction life path humanity. Fathers in this case are an age limit that determines the period of children’s release from subordination to the father’s will.

The situation of conflict between relatives arises against the background of their legal property rights, when until the 20th century all property rights of the family were on the side of the father and were supported by existing legislation. Article 1534 of the Penal Code prosecuted for inflicting personal offense on a father or mother through any offensive action. Thus, the law protected the right of the head of the family to raise family members and dispose family life.

The nihilists fought against such conservatism, which consolidated the advantages of the “Fathers.” In this case, family members did not have the right to demand any part of the property, and there was an “allocation” when the father separated his son to run the household independently, transferring to him parts of the family property at his own discretion. It is difficult to say whether such relations of forced respect for elders and the assignment of property rights to them have been preserved in today’s society. Although there is a legal right of parents to receive alimony from their children for their maintenance.

Logically building what we know historical events, we come to the conclusion that the generational conflict noted by Ivan Turgenev exists as a kind of natural given that distinguishes a person in his development. The triune principle in this case is manifested in the system construction living space person: past – present – ​​future, when this relationship at the everyday level will look like grandfathers – fathers – grandchildren.

It turns out that the conflict of generations is laid down by nature itself for evolutionary transformations in the surrounding world. This conflict is manifested in the process of raising children, when parents are forced in some cases to suppress the child’s psyche by subordinating and forcing him to fulfill any requirements for the child’s successful adaptation in society. Until the 20th century, as already mentioned, children were subordinate to their parents and financially dependent on them.

IN modern society the child is forced to obey his parents until he reaches adulthood. At this time, children are often aggressive towards their parents, who, fulfilling the social requirements of society, must prepare a new member of society and teach him all the requirements of existing morality. At this moment, both sides of the conflict, both parents and their children, may have feelings of acute hostility towards each other.

Thus, each person goes through all stages of his development from the moment of his birth, the birth and upbringing of his children, until the moment of his departure from the earthly plane. And every time he faces the problem of self-affirmation when his own interests collide with the interests of his parents, and then with the interests of his children. These features of human behavior in different transformations are interpreted differently in esoteric and religious teachings.

These teachings explain at the level of knowledge of a person and his “ego”, which has its own personal “soul,” that fathers and children are different people, having a blood relationship, but each with their own psyche. This psyche or “ego”, when determining its place in the community and asserting “selfhood,” builds conflicting relationships with the outside world.

The heroes of Turgenev's novels often became representatives of the new generation. This writer showed an amazing sensitivity to major social and political changes. However, this feature of Turgenev’s style even today does not deprive his book of its relevance. After all, history, as we know, repeats itself. And the conflict between fathers and children is relevant at all times.

Nihilist ideas

In April 1860, Turgenev once again left for France. In the small town of Soden, he studied the works of materialist philosophers. In the sixties, many young people showed interest in the natural sciences. Turgenev was offended by Dobrolyubov’s article, in which the author expressed extremely nihilistic views.

Young people are smarter than old people - this is precisely the idea that was visible between the lines in the work of the young critic. A furious dispute developed in the correspondence between Dobrolyubov and Turgenev. Moreover, the discussion concerned primarily the basic categories of human existence - love and death.

The idea of ​​the novel

There is no love, but there is physical attraction. There is no beauty of nature, but there is an eternal cycle of chemical processes. There is no spiritual pleasure in art, but only physiological irritation of the nerves. Young people immediately reject the ancient ideals of their fathers. Matter and force are the only things that cannot be doubted. But for some reason no one is mentally healthy man does not dream of death, and everyone strives to love and be loved. Such thoughts haunted the writer, and it was from them that the novel was born, in which, like no other, the theme of the conflict between fathers and children is revealed.

From the history of creation

The writer thought a lot about the relationship between youth and old age. What is the connection between them? Turgenev analyzed the conflict between fathers and sons based on his own experience. Disputes similar to those depicted in the novel increasingly arose between him and his grown-up daughter Polina.

In 1866, Turgenev met with Herzen in London. The conversation between old friends was mainly about the Sovremennik magazine. And first of all, about the intolerant attitude of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov towards the people of the forties. These conversations became the final impetus for the creation of a novel about the conflict between fathers and children. Turgenev touched on this topic in more early works, namely in " Noble nest" In "Fathers and Sons" he created an image that had not previously been found in literature.

New hero

In 1860, Turgenev began working on a new novel. During the first days, the image of a hero vaguely appeared in his thoughts, convinced that natural scientific discoveries could explain everything in man. The prose writer imagined a gloomy, significant, strong, evil figure, but at the same time pure and sincere. And doomed to death.

Turgenev created a character who stands on the threshold of the future, but is in constant confrontation with the present. At the same time, he turns out to be too weak to realize his ideas and bring them to life. The conflict between fathers and sons, humanists and nihilists, representatives of the Russian nobility and commoners - all this inspired the writer to create the novel.

Features of Turgenev's prose

This prose writer influenced both the form and content foreign literature. The opinion that he was addicted to European culture, incorrect. Rather, French prose writers of the 20th century wrote under the influence of Turgenev's work. The novel “Fathers and Sons” also became popular in Europe. The conflict of this work, however, can only be fully understood by those who grew up in Russia.

Turgenev's novels are characterized by the absence of verbose moralizing, which cannot be said about the books of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. Author's voice in “Fathers and Sons”, “On the Eve”, “Ace”, “ Spring Waters"does not take first place. The writer never imposed his opinion on the reader. Another feature of Turgenev’s manner is the presence of subtext.

And finally, he always wrote about the most current problems contemporary society. Thus, in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” the conflict is born from contradictions that arose between adherents of different points of view. And it has a direct bearing on the social and political transformations in Russia in the mid-19th century.

Human nature is unchanged

What political events took place during the years when Turgenev was working on his novel? The Decembrists were returned from Siberia. Reforms have begun. Liberal views are progressing in society. Turgenev quickly realized that everything that was happening was superficial. These are just conversations with nothing to follow. Turgenev, unlike Nekrasov, had no illusions.

The writer never relied on progress great hopes. He understood that human nature is unchangeable. The main character of the novel, Evgeny Bazarov, is a man completely free from liberal illusions. Empty conversations that Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov passionately conducts are alien to him. Bazarov doesn’t believe in anything, doesn’t want anything. This is a deeply disappointed man.

Image of Bazarov

The main character of this work is the first convincing commoner in Russian literature. This is the first character who proudly says about himself: “My grandfather dug the earth.” Turgenev wrote almost every novel for the sake of something new. literary image. “Fathers and Sons” was created for the sake of Bazarov. This character is a manifestation of a new type of consciousness.

In “Fathers and Sons” the writer created, as already mentioned, a fundamentally new hero. There is an opinion that Dostoevsky partially borrowed the image of Raskolnikov from his colleague.

What is Turgenev's novel about?

The political meaning of the novel “Fathers and Sons” somewhat overshadows the author’s main idea, characteristic feature which was humanity. This writer did not demand moral feats from his heroes. "Fathers and Sons" is a novel with a very deep human meaning, which is quite obvious, but is obscured by the titanic figure of Yevgeny Bazarov.

The main character is straightforward, he is smarter than most of his interlocutors, therefore he is not interested in communicating with them. It's very difficult for him to live. Evgeniy loves his father, but cannot build a dialogue with him. He is attached to Arkady, but he annoys him. Bazarov completely lacks the ability to establish contact with others. The main character of Turgenev's novel denies everything, and above all conventions. He does not understand love metaphors and romantic relationships, and this becomes his main tragedy.

In what main idea novel? Perhaps the fact is that happy is the one who knows how to forgive and love. The landscape depicted in the final scene illustrates main idea author: nature conquers everything. Let us recall the contents of the book, namely its ending.

Two couples are getting married in the church: Nikolai Petrovich and Fenechka, Arkady and Katya. There is happiness in the lives of these characters, although it is somewhat feigned. Pavel Petrovich is still lonely, looks like a gentleman. But his life is empty. Sitnikov and Kukshina continue to put on a show, posing as representatives of new views.

The nihilist hero is the least fortunate. All that remains of his ideas is a gravestone, to which decrepit old men regularly come, cry and pray for the repose of their son’s soul. This fate awaits everyone. But Bazarov did not have time to truly fall in love or know his father’s happiness. Charged with the ideas of materialist philosophers, he was above this.

The ideal of a person according to Turgenev

The conflict of generations in “Fathers and Sons” is expressed in the form of dialogues. Throughout the entire story, the characters engage in endless discussions, trying to defend their own point of view and prove to each other that they are right. Who wins this argument? Having finished reading Turgenev's novel, the reader does not see a resolution to the conflict. But one of the characters - a representative of the older generation - still wins the argument. Although he did not enter into controversy.

Pavel Petrovich does not inspire respect from the author. This is a man crushed by a woman's love. The writer does not mention the name of Kirsanov’s former lover. However, there is an opinion that Princess R is a symbol pointing to Russia. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is a man without a future, without prospects. Although this hero is only 44 years old. Main conflict in the novel it is expressed primarily in the dialogues of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov. They represent opposing views. As we know from the ending of the novel, there is no winner in their intellectual dispute.

The ideal person for Turgenev is by no means Bazarov. The most charming and sweet character in the novel is Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. He has a beloved son, a beloved woman. He reads poetry and plays the cello. Nikolai Petrovich knows how to live. And he is the most humane of all the heroes of Turgenev’s novel. He is one of the few who finds happiness at the conclusion of this whole story.

Russia's eternal problem

The author of the novel “Fathers and Sons” was not the first to write about the conflict of generations. Lermontov already spoke about this earlier. Moreover, the conflict between fathers and children (the main theme of Turgenev's novel) is a problem that has been relevant in Russia for a long time. Turgenev's compatriots were always alien to both English continuity and Eastern respect for the elderly.

In Russia, it is somehow not customary to support the ideas of ancestors. Perhaps this is where revolutionary events of varying scales, occurring from time to time over the past two centuries.

The problem of relationships between generations is very acute. Almost every schoolchild, if asked about this, will say that in his family there is some kind of misunderstanding between adults and children. It’s good when mothers and fathers try to respect the child’s opinion, and the child himself does not once again provoke adults into a scandal. But there are often cases when pride on both sides forces members of the same family to enter into serious conflict with each other. Parents do not hear their children, children do not want to understand their parents. What are the causes of conflict between representatives of different generations?

There are many reasons why the problem of “fathers and sons” arises. I believe that the main one is different views on life. Indeed, each generation has its own principles and ideals. This is understandable. Each era leaves its mark on those living in this particular time. Therefore, those fashion trends that were observed fifty years ago will be ridiculous in the eyes of the current generation. Many books have even been written about this. Among them, a special place is occupied by the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

It is in this work that there is a conflict between fathers and children based on different judgments about the world and views on life. and his friend Arkady Kirsanov - representatives younger generation. They pursue the ideas of nihilism, a popular trend among the youth of Turgenev's era. Nihilism implies the denial of higher values: love, friendship, art, the power of nature, the sense of beauty. Of course, the older generation, represented by the aristocrats, the Kirsanov brothers, will not understand these newfangled ideas of the youth. Conflict is inevitable, as each of the heroes defends their point of view and view of the world.

A similar situation is observed in the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Here the reader gets acquainted with the past century, that is, with the Famusov society, led by the unenlightened Famusov, and the present century, with a young and educated man. Older generation raised in such a way that their highest values ​​are advancement career ladder, obtaining a good rank and accumulating wealth. The most interesting thing is that each of Famusovsky Society sees this as the purpose of life, but does not want to seriously work on it. They are not interested in books and education, and the work itself is not interesting.

They prefer to discard the book as unnecessary thing, and avoid work as much as possible. Chatsky is a supporter of other ideas and rules. He is happy to serve, but does not want to do it in the way that is customary for the older generation. Chatsky is educated, not stupid, and continues to develop further, finding great value in this. Different views of the world and place in it play out the conflict between representatives of different generations. But Chatsky is alone against the whole society. He will not win this battle of opinions.

Thus, main reason conflict between fathers and children are different views on life and values. Each generation has its own reasoning, thoughts and opinions. It is because of this that the conflict between elders and younger ones is inevitable and will be repeated with each new generation.

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