1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past).

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in the poem by A.A. Akhmatova "Requiem". A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story "One Day in Ivan Denisovich"

2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and respect for them.

The problem of respect for cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. The Tula people are also distinguished by the care for the monuments of antiquity: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the churches and the Kremlin are preserved.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of their historical memory.

3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (AS Pushkin). A person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called a mankurt ( "Buranny half-station"). Mankurt is a person who is forcibly deprived of his memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.

Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were interviewed on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the beginning of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...

The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, does not respect his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"

4) The problem of a false goal in life.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a manor, but the entire globe. All nature, where in the open space he could manifest all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry"... His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches her, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance ("stout, flabby ... - just look, he grunts into the blanket"). A false goal, obsession with the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...

I. Bunin in the story "Mister from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died, and did not know what life is.

5) The meaning of human life. Finding the path of life.

The image of Oblomov (I.A.Goncharov) is the image of a person who wanted to achieve a lot in life ---. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the flophouse and ends there.

N. Gogol, the denouncer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Portraying Plyushkin, who has become a "hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, entering adulthood, to take with him all "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.

Life is movement along an endless road. Some travel along it "with the official need", asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others get scared of this road, run to their wide sofa, for “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them, Pierre Bezukhov, is the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to gross flattery, the reason for which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helene, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well?

What to love and what to hate? Why live and what am I? " - these questions are scrolled countless times in my head until a sober comprehension of life comes. On the way to it and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the popular philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.

6) Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, the former siege soldier recalls that an elderly neighbor who brought a can of canned meat sent by his son from the front, saved his life during a terrible famine as a dying teenager. "I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live," the man said. He soon died, and the boy he saved for the rest of his life retained a grateful memory of him.

The tragedy took place in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire broke out in the nursing home where the sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burnt alive was the 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them to escape. But she didn't save herself - she didn't have time.

U. M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This step says that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate. Sonya Marmeladova.

7) The problem of indifference. Callous and callous attitude towards a person.

"Satisfied people", accustomed to comfort, people with small-property interests are the same heroes Chekhov, “People in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and teacher Belikov in "The Man in the Case"... Let us recall how the plump, red, three-piece with bells rides, Dmitry Ionych Startsev, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep right!” “Keep the truth” - after all, this is aloofness from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their safe path of life. And in Belikov's “whatever happens,” we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - the bourgeoisie, the townsfolk, who imagined themselves to be "masters of life."

8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.

Frontline service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the heroes exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...” both the anti-aircraft gunners and the captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel "The Living and the Dead," Captain Sintsov takes out a wounded comrade from the battlefield.

9) The problem of scientific progress.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be conquered completely. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy, on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this devil-death turn out for a person?

10) The problem of the patriarchal rural way of life. The problem of the charm and beauty of a morally healthy village life.

In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his cabinet. ON THE. In his poem and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. Much has been said about the originality of the farm structure in Sholokhov's epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin's story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with a historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.

11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment of meaningful activity.

The topic of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by IAGoncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she refers to work as an integral part of existence.

12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.

Chekhov's essay "My" She "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people. Goncharov "Oblomov" (the image of Oblomov). The image of Manilov (Gogol "Dead Souls")

13) The problem of the future of Russia.

Many poets and writers touched upon the topic of the future of Russia. For example, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, in his lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls", compares Russia with "a brisk, unattainable troika." "Russia, where are you rushing?" he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so indestructible forever. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! ”. He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop her.

14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.

Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system, on the tonus of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleans the thoughts and feelings of a person from negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

The Seventh Symphony by Dmitry Shostakovich has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city were greatly influenced by the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. (compare with the attitude to Bazarov's art - "Fathers and Sons").

Nekrasov "To whom in Russia ..." (Ch. Rural Fair ")

15) The problem of anti-culture.

This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Another example is literature. The topic of “de-culture” is well disclosed in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. Employees of MASSOLIT write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have summer cottages. They are admired and their literature is revered.

16) The problem of modern television.

For a long time in Moscow, a gang operated, which was distinguished by its particular cruelty. When the criminals were arrested, they confessed that the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day, had a tremendous influence on their behavior, on their attitude to the world. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.

Many modern athletes, when they were children, watched TV and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through TV broadcasts, they got to know the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person acquired an addiction to television, and he had to be treated in special clinics.

17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.

I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into the Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word - condensation. "

Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who held the post of Minister of Education for some time, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym he invented - a water cannon. Exercising in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested talking instead of an alley - a drawdown, billiards - a ball-roll, he replaced a cue with a ball, and called the library a scribe. To replace the word galoshes that he did not like, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.

18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.

If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov, back in the 70s, in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamer") started talking about this problem. He showed the destructiveness, hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The writer continues the same theme in his subsequent works: "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Storm stop"), "Ploha", "Brand of Cassandra".

The novel "Plakha" produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wild nature from human economic activities. And how scary it becomes when you see that when compared with humans, the predators look more humane and "human" than the "crown of creation." So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?

19) Imposing your opinion on others.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. "Lake, cloud, tower ..." The main character - Vasily Ivanovich - a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.

20) The theme of war in literature.

Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to undergo the ordeal of war. War! These five letters bring with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. Always the hearts of people were overwhelmed with the pain of loss. Wherever there is a war, we can hear the groans of mothers, the cry of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.

A lot of war trials befell our country. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. Leo Tolstoy showed the patriotic spirit of the Russian people in his epic novel War and Peace. Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy narrates that for many, the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield.

An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigned to it. Sevastopol was such a city in 1855. Leo Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his "Sevastopol Tales". The events taking place are especially reliably described here, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked.

And here everyone is simply amazed at the courage of their spirit, willpower, tremendous patriotism. Their wives, mothers and children lived with them in this city. They became so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought meals to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy an entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows ... occupied by the bed, on which, with open eyes and saying, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform ”.

For Tolstoy, war is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly it is to defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.

In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that in the ranks of the Red Army, women fought on an equal basis with men. And even the fact that they are the fairer sex did not stop them. They fought with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...”.

Five girls and their military commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhin ridge with sixteen fascists, who are heading for the railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the course of their operation. Our soldiers found themselves in a difficult situation: you cannot retreat, but stay, so the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war ?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Airplanes, tanks, cannons, shots, shouts, groans ... But they did not break down and gave up the most precious thing they had for victory - life. They gave their lives for their homeland.

But on earth there is a civil war in which a person can give his life without knowing why. The year is 1918. Russia. A brother kills a brother, a father kills a son, a son kills a father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the extreme rate! For the third year already Abel fights with Cain ...

People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives - forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.

I. Babel served in the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work "Cavalry". The stories of the Cavalry tell about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories, we do not feel the victorious spirit.

We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, more horribly, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He reserves the right to speculate for his reader.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is harsh everyday life, filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on the earth, when our land will meet a day without war!

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to rip a bone from a skeleton and go to a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The solidarity of the people in the “time of grief”, their steadfastness, courage, and daily heroism — this is the true reason for the victory. In the novel Yu. Bondareva "Hot Snow" reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when the brutal tanks of Manstein rush to the grouping surrounded in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, with inhuman efforts are holding back the onslaught of the fascists.

The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned underfoot, but the Russian soldier held out - did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” - he says bitterly, going up to the next soldier. The general could, but the power? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments in history?

1) "Although the war sets, perhaps, the goal of peace, but it is undoubtedly evil." (Lao Tzu)

2) “War is a disease. Like typhus. " (Saint-Exupery A.)

3) “To be created in order to create, love and conquer means to be created in order to live in the world. But war teaches us to lose everything and become what we were not. " (Camus A.)

4) "The greatest evil that the enemy can do to us is to accustom our hearts to hatred." (F. La Rochefoucauld)

5) “War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and one must understand this and not play war. This dire necessity must be taken strictly and seriously. This is all: throw away the lie, and the war is so war, not a toy. " (Leo Tolstoy)

6) “There was no one between the squadron and the enemies, except for small patrols. An empty space, three hundred yards, separated them from him. The enemy stopped shooting, and the more clearly that strict, formidable, impregnable and elusive line was felt that separates the two enemy troops ... "

“One step beyond this line, reminiscent of the line separating the living from the dead, and - the unknown of suffering and death. And what's there? who's there? there, behind this field, and the tree, and the roof, illuminated by the sun? Nobody knows, and one wants to know; and it is scary to cross this line, and I want to cross it; and you know that sooner or later you will have to cross it and find out what is there, on the other side of the line, as well as inevitably find out what is there, on the other side of death. And he himself is strong, healthy, cheerful and irritated and surrounded by such healthy and irritated-lively people. " If he does not think so, then every person who is in sight of the enemy feels, and this feeling gives a special brilliance and joyful sharpness of impressions to everything that happens in these minutes. " (Leo Tolstoy)

Argumentation:

1. "The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu" (trans. DS Likhachev)

“And on the sixth day, early in the morning, the nasty went to the city - some with lights, others with battering guns, and still others with countless ladders - and took the city of Ryazan in the month of December on 21 days. And they came to the cathedral church of the Most Holy Theotokos, and the Grand Duchess Agrippina, the mother of the Grand Duke, with her daughters-in-law, and other princesses, they slashed with swords, and they betrayed the bishop and priests to fire - they burned them in the holy church, and many others fell from weapons. And in the city of many people, and wives, and children they whipped with swords, and others drowned in the river, but they whipped the priests and monks without a trace, and burned the whole city, and all the glorious beauty, and the wealth of Ryazan, and relatives of the Ryazan princes - the princes of Kiev and Chernihiv - captured. And the temples of God were destroyed and a lot of blood was shed in the holy altars. And not a single living thing remained in the city: all the same they died and drank the single cup of death. There was no moaning or crying - no father and mother about children, no children about father and mother, no brother about brother, no relatives about relatives, but they all lay dead together. And it was all for our sins. "
The author of "Tale ..", describing the battlefield, recreating to the reader a picture of the devastation and burning of a Russian city, remembers the feelings of his readers and expresses what he saw using traditional formulas.
“And Prince Ingvar Ingvarevich went to the place where his brothers were beaten by the impious Tsar Batu: Grand Duke Yuri Ingvarevich of Ryazansky, his brother Prince Davyd Ingvarevich, his brother Vsevolod Ingvarevich, and many local princes, and boyars, and governors, and all the army, and daredevils, and rezvetsy, patterned Ryazan. They all lay on the devastated ground, on the grass with feather grass, frozen by snow and ice, untouched by anyone. The beasts of their body ate, and many birds devoured them. All lay, all died together, drank a single cup of death. "
Death in the "Tale ..." is poeticized: people lie on the ground "devastated", "frozen by snow and ice", they "drank the cup of death." Remembering the historical time, we can assume how ugly and severe the wounds of the participants in the battle were, how terrible the picture of the city destroyed by Batu's troops was, and this is not conveyed in the text. But this does not indicate the powerlessness of a work of art in recreating reality. This speaks of the wisdom of the creator of the "Tale", of the humanity of ancient Russian literature.

2. "Valerik" (M.Yu. Lermontov)

• As soon as the train got out
• It was a terrible silence
• It did not last long
• But in this strange anticipation
• Not one heart beat.
• Suddenly a volley ... we look: they lie in rows,
• What needs? local shelves
• A tried and tested people ... with bayonets,
• Amicable! echoed behind us.
• Blood ignited in my chest!
• All the officers are in front ...
• Riding on horseback into the rubble
• Who did not have time to jump off the horse ...
• Hurray - and fell silent. - There are daggers,
• Into the butts! - and the massacre began.
• And two hours in streams
• The fight lasted. Cut brutally
• Like animals, silently, with a breast,
• The stream was blocked up with bodies.
• I wanted to scoop up water ...
• (And the heat and the battle weary
• me), but a muddy wave
• It was warm, it was red.

M.Yu. Lermontov, who considered war as the destruction of the beauty of the world, the unity of man and nature, accurately expresses this idea in the episode of the poem "Valerik". Showing the madness of what is happening, Lermontov likens people to wild beasts and calls the battle "massacre." The stream is filled with corpses, its waters, poisoned by death, turn red. Just a few touches - and the horror of what happened is conveyed to the reader. The emotionality of the hero's monologue enhances the impression:

• I thought: a pitiful man
• What does he want! ... the sky is clear,
• There is a lot of place under the sky for everyone
• But ceaselessly and in vain
• One is at enmity - why?

3. "War and Peace" (Leo Tolstoy)

L.N. Tolstoy shows the Borodino field after the battle. In order to express disgust, horror, pain, suffering from what he saw, Tolstoy makes the silent Nature "speak". The rain falling “on the dead, on the wounded, and on the exhausted people” seems to say: “Enough, enough, people. Stop ... Come to your senses. What are you doing?"

4. "Quiet Don" (Sholokhov M. A.)

The picture of the battlefield that took place between the Russians and the Germans during the First World War near the village of Svinyukhi made even Cossacks, accustomed to the horrors of war, shudder. The corpses were lying on the ground, in "obscene and terrible" positions, the ground was blown up, the grass crushed by the wheels of the carriage resembles scars. There is a "sweetish, heavy" smell of carrion in the air. Kazakov was struck by the sight of the young lieutenant, who even after his death continued to remain handsome; they are shocked by the sight of a dead soldier, still a boy, who was overtaken by an enemy bullet. The witnesses of this sight are distressed, looking at the boy: he must not have had a chance to recognize the sweetness of a girl's kiss. “Where did they heap up like that?” - ask themselves those who just as mercilessly dealt with the enemy. Apparently, there is no limit to human cruelty.

• Updated: May 31, 2016
• By: Mironova Marina Viktorovna

In his autobiographical poem, the author recalls the past, in which, during collectivization, his father was repressed like a fist - a peasant who worked from dawn to dusk, with his hands that he could not help unbending, clenching into a fist “... there were no separate corns - solid ... Truly a fist! " The pain of injustice has been stored in the author's heart for decades. He was branded as the son of an "enemy of the people", and everything came from the desire of the "father of nations" to bring him to his knees, to subjugate the entire population of his multinational country to his will. The author writes about the amazing peculiarity of Stalin to transfer to someone's account "any of his miscalculations a heap", to someone's "enemy's distortion", to someone's "dizziness from his predicted victories." Here the poet refers to an article by the head of the party, which was called "Vertigo from success."

Memory keeps these events in the life of both an individual and the whole country. A. Tvardovsky speaks about this by the right of memory, by the right of a person who survived the horror of repression together with his people.

2. V.F. Tendryakov "Bread for a Dog"

The main character is a high school student. But he is not an ordinary Soviet citizen, his father is a responsible worker, the family has everything, even during the period of general hunger, when people really had nothing to eat, when the people were dying of starvation in millions, there was borscht in their house, even with meat, pies with delicious fillings, kvass, real, bread, butter, milk - everything that the people were deprived of. The boy, seeing the hunger of the people around him, and especially the "elephants" and "shkilets" dying in the station square, felt remorse. He is looking for a way to share with those in need, trying to carry bread and leftover food to the chosen beggar. But people, having learned about the compassionate boy, overpowered him with their begging. As a result, he chooses a wounded dog, frightened by people who apparently wanted to eat it sometime. And his conscience is slowly dying down. No, not really, but not life-threatening. The head of the station, in which these disadvantaged people lived, could not resist and shot himself. Years later, V. Tendryakov talks about what is still haunted.

3. A. Akhmatova "Requiem"

The entire poem is a memory of the terrible years of repression, when millions of people stood in lines with parcels for those millions of people who were in the dungeons of the NKVD. A.A. Akhmatova literally demands to remember this terrible episode in the history of the country, no one should ever forget it, even "... if my exhausted mouth is clamped," the poet writes, "to whom the people of one hundred million are shouting," the memory will remain.

4. V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

Childhood memories play a very important role in the fates of the main characters of the story. A fisherman once saved a horse, little sister, her girlfriend, hay. As a boy, he showed courage, courage and was able to get out of the situation with honor. This fact played a cruel joke on him. Once captured by the Nazis, he hopes that he can wriggle out of the terrible situation, and, saving his life, gives out the detachment, its location and weapons. The next day, after the execution of Sotnikov, he realizes that there is no way back. Sotnikov in his childhood experienced an absolutely opposite situation. He lied to his father. The lie was not so serious, but the cowardice with which he said all this left a deep imprint on the boy's memory. Throughout his life, he remembered the pangs of conscience, the suffering that tears the soul apart. He does not hide behind the backs of his comrades, he takes a blow on himself in order to save others. Withstands torture, ascends the scaffold and dies with dignity. So childhood memories led the heroes to their life finale: one - to a heroic deed, the other - to betrayal.

5. V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

Decades later, the author recalls the teacher who played a decisive role in his difficult life. Lydia Mikhailovna, a young teacher who wants to help an intelligent student of her class. She sees how the child's desire to learn breaks down on the callousness of the people among whom he is forced to live. She tries different options for help, but only one succeeds: gambling. He needs these pennies to buy milk. The director catches the teacher for a crime, she is fired. But the boy remains in school, finishes it and, becoming a writer, writes a book, dedicating it to the teacher.

It is in the past that a person finds a source for the formation of consciousness, the search for his place in the world around him and in society. With memory loss, all social connections are lost. It is a certain life experience, awareness of the events experienced.

What is historical memory

It presupposes the preservation of historical and social experience. It is on how carefully the family, city, country treat traditions that directly depends on the composition of this problem is often found in the tests on literature in the 11th grade. We will also pay a little attention to this issue.

The sequence of the formation of historical memory

Historical memory has several stages of formation. After a while, people forget about the events that happened. Life constantly presents new episodes filled with emotions and unusual impressions. In addition, the events of past years are often distorted in articles and fiction, the authors not only change their meaning, but also make changes in the course of the battle, the disposition of forces. The problem of historical memory appears. Each author gives his own arguments from life, taking into account his personal vision of the described historical past. Due to the different interpretation of one event, ordinary people have the opportunity to draw their own conclusions. Of course, arguments are needed to substantiate your thought. The problem of historical memory exists in a society deprived of freedom of speech. Total censorship leads to a distortion of real events, presenting them to wide layers of the population only in the right perspective. True memory can live and develop only in a democratic society. In order for information to pass to future generations without visible distortions, it is important to be able to compare events that occur in real time with facts from a past life.

Conditions for the formation of historical memory

Arguments on the topic "The problem of historical memory" can be found in many works of the classics. In order for a society to develop, it is important to analyze the experience of ancestors, to do “work on mistakes”, to use the rational grain that previous generations had.

"Black boards" by V. Soloukhin

What is the main problem with historical memory? Let us consider the arguments from the literature using this work as an example. The author tells about the plundering of the church in his native village. Unique books are handed over as waste paper, boxes are made of priceless icons. A carpentry workshop is being organized right in the church in Stavrovo. In another, a machine and tractor station is being opened. Trucks, caterpillar tractors come here, store barrels of fuel. The author bitterly says that neither a cowshed nor a crane can replace the Moscow Kremlin. It is impossible to locate a rest house in a monastery building where the graves of Pushkin's and Tolstoy's relatives are located. The work raises the problem of preserving historical memory. The arguments given by the author are indisputable. Not those who died, lie under the gravestones, need a memory, but the living!

Article by D. S. Likhachev

In his article "Love, Respect, Knowledge" the academician raises the topic of desecration of a national shrine, namely, he talks about the explosion of the monument to Bagration, the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Likhachev raises the problem of the historical memory of the people. The arguments given by the author relate to vandalism in relation to this work of art. After all, the monument was the gratitude of the people to their Georgian brother, who bravely fought for the independence of Russia. Who could destroy the cast iron monument? Only those who have no idea about the history of their country, do not love their Motherland, are not proud of their Fatherland.

Views on patriotism

What other arguments can you make? The problem of historical memory is raised in Letters from the Russian Museum, authored by V. Soloukhin. He says that by chopping off his own roots, trying to absorb a foreign, alien culture, a person loses his individuality. This Russian argument of problems of historical memory is supported by other patriots of Russia. Likhachev developed the "Declaration of Culture", in which the author calls for the protection and support of cultural traditions at the international level. The scientist emphasizes that without citizens' knowledge of the culture of the past, the present, the state will have no future. It is in the "spiritual security" of the nation that the nationwide existence lies. There should be interaction between external and internal culture, only in this case society will rise along the stages of historical development.

The problem of historical memory in the literature of the 20th century

In the literature of the last century, the issue of responsibility for the terrible consequences of the past occupied a central place; the problem of historical memory was present in the works of many authors. Arguments from the literature serve as direct evidence of this. For example, AT Tvardovsky called in his poem "By the Right of Memory" to rethink the sad experience of totalitarianism. Anna Akhmatova did not pass by this problem in the famous "Requiem". She reveals all the injustice, lawlessness that reigned in society at that time, gives weighty arguments. The problem of historical memory can also be traced in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. His story "One Day in Ivan Denisovich" contains a verdict to the state system of that time, in which lies and injustice became priorities.

Respect for cultural heritage

The focus of everyone's attention is issues related to the preservation of ancient monuments. In the harsh post-revolutionary period, characterized by a change in the political system, there was a widespread destruction of former values. Russian intellectuals tried by any means to preserve the cultural relics of the country. DS Likhachev opposed the development of standard multi-storey buildings on Nevsky Prospekt. What other arguments can you make? The problem of historical memory was also touched upon by Russian filmmakers. With the funds raised by them, they managed to restore Kuskovo. What is the problem of the historical memory of the war? Arguments from the literature indicate that this issue has been relevant at all times. A.S. Pushkin said that "disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality."

War theme in historical memory

What is historical memory? An essay on this topic can be written on the basis of the work of Chingiz Aitmatov "Storm station". His hero mankurt is a man who was forcibly deprived of his memory. He became a slave who has no past. Mankurt does not remember either the name or the parents, that is, it is difficult for him to be aware of himself as a person. The writer warns that such a creature is dangerous to social society.

Before the Victory Day, among the young people were held Questions related to the date of the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, important battles, military leaders. The responses received were disappointing. Many guys have no idea about the date of the beginning of the war, or about the enemy of the USSR, they have never heard of G.K. Zhukov, the Battle of Stalingrad. The poll showed how urgent the problem of the historical memory of the war is. The arguments put forward by the "reformers" of the history course curriculum at school, which reduced the number of hours devoted to studying the Great Patriotic War, are associated with an overload of students.

This approach has led to the fact that the modern generation forgets the past, therefore, important dates in the history of the country will not be passed on to the next generation. If you do not respect your history, do not honor your own ancestors, historical memory is lost. The essay for the successful passing of the exam can be argued with the words of the Russian classic A.P. Chekhov. He noted that for freedom a person needs the entire globe. But without a purpose, its existence will be absolutely meaningless. Considering the arguments for the problem of historical memory (USE), it is important to note that there are false goals that do not create, but destroy. For example, the hero of the story "Gooseberry" dreamed of buying his own estate, planting gooseberries there. The goal was completely absorbed by him. But upon reaching it, he lost his human form. The author notes that his hero "got stout, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt into the blanket."

The story of I. Bunin "The gentleman from San Francisco" shows the fate of a man who served false values. The hero worshiped wealth as a god. After the death of the American millionaire, it turned out that real happiness passed him by.

The search for the meaning of life, awareness of the connection with ancestors managed to show I.A.Goncharov in the image of Oblomov. He dreamed of making his life different, but his desires were not embodied in reality, he did not have enough strength.

When writing an essay on the Unified State Exam on the topic "The problem of the historical memory of war", arguments can be cited from the work of Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad". The author shows the real life of "penalties" who are ready to defend the independence of the Fatherland at the cost of their lives.

Arguments for composing the exam in the Russian language

In order to get a good score for an essay, a graduate must argue his position using literary works. In M. Gorky's play “At the Bottom”, the author demonstrated the problem of “former” people who have lost the strength to fight for their own interests. They realize that it is impossible to live like they are, and it is necessary to change something, only they do not plan to do anything for this. The action of this work begins in a flophouse, and ends there. There is no question of any memory, pride in their ancestors, the heroes of the play do not even think about it.

Some are trying, lying on the couch, to talk about patriotism, others, sparing no effort and time, bring real benefits to their country. It is impossible to ignore, arguing about historical memory, the amazing story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of an ordinary soldier who lost his relatives during the war. Having met an orphan boy, he calls himself his father. What does this act indicate? An ordinary person who has gone through the pain of loss is trying to resist fate. Love has not died out in him, and he wants to give it to a little boy. It is the desire to do good that gives the soldier the strength to live, no matter what. The hero of Chekhov's story "A Man in a Case" tells about "people who are satisfied with themselves." Having small-property interests, trying to distance themselves from other people's troubles, they are absolutely indifferent to the problems of other people. The author notes the spiritual impoverishment of the heroes who imagined themselves to be "masters of life", but in reality are ordinary bourgeoisie. They do not have real friends, they are only interested in their own well-being. Mutual assistance, responsibility for another person is clearly expressed in the work of B. Vasiliev "The dawns here are quiet ...". All the wards of Captain Vaskov not only fight together for the freedom of the Motherland, they live according to human laws. In Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Sintsov carries his comrade out of the battlefield. All the arguments given from different ones help to understand the essence of historical memory, the importance of the possibility of preserving it, passing it on to other generations.

Conclusion

When congratulating on any holiday, wishes for a peaceful sky overhead sound. What does this testify to? The fact that the historical memory of the hard trials of the war is passed on from generation to generation. War! There are only five letters in this word, but immediately there is an association with suffering, tears, a sea of ​​blood, the death of relatives and friends. Unfortunately, there have always been wars on the planet. The groans of women, the crying of children, the echoes of the war should be familiar to the younger generation from feature films, literary works. We must not forget about those terrible ordeals that befell the Russian people. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia took part in the Patriotic War of 1812. To keep the historical memory of those events alive, Russian writers in their works tried to convey the features of that era. In his novel War and Peace, Tolstoy showed the patriotism of the people, their readiness to give their lives for the Fatherland. Reading poems, stories, novels about the Guerrilla War, young Russians get the opportunity to "visit the battlefields", to feel the atmosphere that prevailed in that historical period. In "Sevastopol Tales" Tolstoy talks about the heroism of Sevastopol, shown in 1855. The events are described by the author so reliably that one gets the impression that he himself was an eyewitness to that battle. Courage, unique willpower, amazing patriotism of the city's inhabitants are worthy of memory. Tolstoy associates war with violence, pain, dirt, suffering, death. Describing the heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, he emphasizes the strength of the spirit of the Russian people. B. Vasiliev, K. Simonov, M. Sholokhov and other Soviet writers devoted many of their works to the battles of the Great Patriotic War. During this difficult period for the country, women worked and fought on an equal basis with men, even children did everything in their power.

At the cost of their lives, they tried to bring the Victory closer, to preserve the country's independence. Historical memory helps to preserve in the smallest detail information about the heroic deeds of all soldiers and civilians. If the connection with the past is lost, the country will lose its independence. This must not be allowed!

Argumentation

Problem

Historical memory

A. Chekhov. "The Cherry Orchard". The haughty lackey Yasha from the play by A. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness. I. S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons". Bazarov, who scornfully refers to the "old people", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifle scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people.

Love to motherland

Yu. G. Oksman "The Capture of Lieutenant Sukhinov". The famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from the police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally got to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, forest, sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor. A.S. Pushkin "To Chaadaev". In the friendly message "To Chaadaev", the poet's fiery appeal to the Fatherland to devote "beautiful impulses" is heard. "A word about Igor's regiment." The author's love for his native Russian land is clearly expressed. He was worried about the future. He proudly told us about the defender of the homeland. Described nature beautifully. Solar eclipse. It was the Russian land that became the main character of his work. Poems by Yesenin, Blok, Lermontov.

Scientific progress and moral

Human qualities

A.S. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"

M. Bulgakov. "Heart of a Dog" Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

Human responsibility

Surrounding

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".

Images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without lofty phrases. A. Kuprin. "Wonderful Doctor". A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate person, and from that moment on his life and the life of his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks volumes about the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

Fathers and Sons

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons". A classic that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger and an older Kirsanov, and his parents. And, although, by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief. L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth". Striving to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, realizes that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of elders, sometimes offends them (chapters "Classes", "Natalia Savishna") KG Paustovsky "Telegram". Girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it is too late: the mother is gone ...

Role of example.

Raising a person

V.P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of a Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandmother and grandfather. V. G Rasputin "French Lessons". Formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years. The role of the teacher, her spiritual generosity in the boy's life. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story.

Self sacrifice

In the name of love for a loved one

B. Vasiliev "My Horses Are Flying". Dr. Jansen died saving children who fell into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime, was buried by the whole city. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". Self-sacrifice of Margarita for the sake of her beloved.

Compassion, sensitivity and mercy

Astafyev "Lyudochka" In the episode with a dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth. M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man". The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate. V. Hugo "Les Miserables". The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole a silver dish from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Man and power

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince". There is an example of just power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders." If I tell my general to turn into a sea gull, - he used to say, - and if the general does not obey the order, it will not be his fault, but mine. " ...

Man and art.

Art exposure

Per person

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet". The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and leaves. Only music and love affirm the true values ​​on earth. Fonvizin "Minor". They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the idler Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons of the fatherland.

Man and history.

The role of personality in history

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".

One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no kindness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the mood and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only of his own greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat. I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter".

People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A wide movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"

After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter lot of a soldier, made society look differently at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

Platonov. "Pit".

Man and cognition. Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness.

Shukshin "Chudik" - an absent-minded person, may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. Chudik reflects on the problems of concern to humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What are good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe Goncharov. Oblomov's image. This is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams. M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom". He showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the flophouse and ends there. False Values ​​I. Bunin in the story "Master from San Francisco". Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is. Yesenin. "Black man". The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person. Mayakovsky. "Listen." The inner conviction of the correctness of their moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul. Zamyatin "The Cave". (). Martina Martinych The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. values ​​He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

Human and nature

Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Turgenev "Bezhin meadow". Nature coincides with the feelings of the heroes. M. Bulgakov. "Fatal eggs". Professor Persikov accidentally brings out giant reptiles, which threaten civilization, instead of large chickens. M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart". Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain to Sharik's dog, turning a quite cute dog into a disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can't mindlessly interfere with nature! M. Prishvin. "Pantry of the sun"

Callous and soulless attitude towards a person

"Matryonin Dvor" by Solzhenitsyn. A closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We". 2) The appearance and principles of the One State. 3) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 4) "Resistance of human nature". In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who undergoes the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the personality and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force behind any dystopia, making it possible to identify dystopian features in the most diverse at first glance works ... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped in its development, plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

Honor and dishonor

The poet John Brown received the Enlightenment project from the Russian Empress Catherine, but he could not come because he fell ill. However, he had already received money from her, therefore, saving his honor, he committed suicide. N.V. Gogol in his comedy "The Inspector General". The officials of the district town mistakenly take Khlestakov for a real auditor, in every possible way try to please him, do not pay attention to his stupidity at all. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Death of an Official", The author showed the problem from a moral point of view. Chervyakov, asking for forgiveness, humiliated himself before the general not by the nature of service or position (after all, it was not even his boss), but by his human nature.