Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 1 in Pristen"

Pristensky district, Kursk region

Students' Scientific Society

Historical section

Stakhanov movement

Performed:

Bocharova Yulia Vladimirovna

Supervisor:

Chernukha Elena Viktorovna

a history teacher

Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 1 p. Pristen"

p. Pristen

Introduction

In all processes, events and phenomena of our history, the activity of people was manifested, who in one way or another influenced its course, whose destinies turned out to be inextricably linked with the common fate of our Motherland. One of these people was A.G. Stakhanov is the founder of a mass movement of innovators, which in a short time covered all sectors of industry, transport, construction, agriculture, and spread throughout Soviet Union. The Stakhanov movement means organizing labor in a new way, rationalizing technological processes, correct division of labor in production, freeing skilled workers from secondary preparatory work, the best organization workplace, ensuring rapid growth in labor productivity, ensuring a significant increase in wages of workers and employees.

I believe that in Modern Russia there are not enough people like Stakhanov, which in turn affects the Russian Federation’s lag behind the West in the economic and social spheres. So the Stakhanovites were true patriots who sought to increase labor productivity using innovative methods, which for our country modern stage its existence is extremely necessary in all spheres of life. Therefore, the topic of the Stakhanov movement is no less relevant today than in Soviet times.

The purpose of my research is to study the history of the Stakhanov movement. The goal is achieved through the following tasks:

Consider the concept of “Stakhanov movement”

Find out the reasons for the emergence of the Stakhanov movement

Get acquainted with the biography of the founder of the movement - Stakhanov

Identify the influence of the Stakhanov movement on the working class

Consider the results of the movement

When writing the work, monographs, reference books and Internet materials were used

What is the Stakhanov movement?

The Stakhanov movement, a mass movement of innovators of socialist production in the USSR - advanced workers, collective farmers, engineering and technical workers for increasing labor productivity based on the development of new technology. It arose in the 2nd Five-Year Plan, in 1935, as a new stage in socialist competition. The Stakhanov movement was prepared by the entire course of socialist construction, the success of the country's industrialization, the growth of the cultural and technical level and material well-being of the working people. Most of the Stakhanovites came from among the shock workers . The "Stakhanov" movement is named after its founder - the miner of the "Central - Irmino" mine (Donbass) A.G. Stakhanov, who mined 102 T coal at a rate of 7 T. Stakhanov's record was soon blocked by his followers. The highest production in the Donbass was achieved by N.A. Izotov, who produced 607 on February 1, 1936 at mine No. 1 "Kochegarka" (Gorlovka). T coal per shift. The Stakhanov movement, supported and led by the Communist Party, in a short time covered all sectors of industry, transport, construction, agriculture and spread throughout the Soviet Union. The founders of the Stakhanov movement were A.Kh. in the automobile industry. Busygin, in the shoe store - N.S. Smetanin, in textile - E.V. and M.I. Vinogradovs, in the machine tool industry - I.I. Gudov, in the forest - V.S. Musinsky, on railway transport - P. F. Krivonos, in agriculture- P.N. Angelina, K.A. Borin, M.S. Demchenko and others. On November 14-17, 1935, the First All-Union Meeting of Stakhanovites took place in the Kremlin, which emphasized the outstanding role of the Stakhanov movement in socialist construction. In December 1935, the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) specifically discussed the development of industry and transport in connection with the Stakhanov movement. The resolution of the plenum emphasized: “The Stakhanov movement means organizing labor in a new way, rationalizing technological processes, correct division of labor in production, liberating skilled workers from secondary jobs.” preparatory work, better organization of the workplace, ensuring rapid growth in labor productivity, ensuring a significant increase in wages of workers and employees." In accordance with the decisions of the December Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a wide network of production and technical training was organized, and courses for masters of socialist labor were created for advanced workers. Industry production and technical conferences held in 1936 revised the design capacities of enterprises, and production standards were increased. In 1936, Stakhanov’s five-day, ten-day, and monthly events were held on the scale of entire enterprises. Stakhanov brigades, sections, and workshops were created that achieved sustainable high collective output. The unfolding Stakhanov movement contributed to a significant increase in labor productivity. So, if during the years of the 1st Five-Year Plan (1929-1932) labor productivity in industry of the USSR increased by 41%, then during the years of the 2nd Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) by 82%. The creative initiative of innovators manifested itself with renewed vigor during the 5th years of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Stakhanov's methods were used, such as multi-machine service, combination of professions, and high-speed production and construction technology. The Stakhanovites took the initiative of the movement of the “two hundred men” (two norms or more per shift), and then the “thousand men” (1000% of the norm), the creation of “front-line brigades”.

The experience of the Stakhanov movement retained its significance in the post-war period, when, in conditions of continuous economic and cultural growth, new forms of socialist competition arose. Characteristic of a developed socialist society in the USSR, the movement for a communist attitude to work uses the methods of highly productive labor of the Stakhanovites in order to increase the efficiency of socialist production.

Why did the Stakhanov movement arise?

Why did the Stakhanov movement “suddenly” arise at the end of 1935? What gave him the impetus? Why didn't it arise, say, a year or two ago, when advanced technology was already available? In his exceptionally flat speech to the Stakhanovites, Stalin gave the following explanation for this phenomenon. “Life has become better, life has become more fun. And when life is fun, work gets done” (“Pravda”, November 22, 1935). The matter turns out to be very simple: the Soviet worker increases his labor productivity from the “gaiety” with which, of course, Stalin made him happy. Molotov, who questioned almost every speaker about why he was working with Stakhanovite methods, why now, and not before, gave a more realistic assessment: “In many places, the immediate impetus for the high productivity of Stakhanovites is a simple interest in increasing their earnings” (“ Pravda", November 19, 1935). America, which Stalin was not destined to discover, was bashfully discovered by Molotov. According to all newspaper reports, in all the speeches of the Stakhanovites, a red thread runs through: personal material interest. This is the main stimulus of the Stakhanov movement, and it is this, and only this, that ensures its undoubted growth in the near future. These conditions of self-interest were created only at the very Lately , in connection with the course towards stabilizing the ruble, the elimination of the card system and rationing supplies in general. Just a few months ago, monetary earnings did not play a relatively large role in the worker’s budget, which was largely built on closed distributors, the factory canteen, etc. More or less earnings in rubles did not matter much under these conditions. In the new conditions, when the ruble again becomes the “universal equivalent” of goods, of course, extremely imperfect and still fragile, but still an “equivalent”, the Soviet workers, in the struggle for higher wages, had an incentive to increase labor productivity, because piecework, piecework , introduced everywhere in the USSR, automatically expresses in rubles the increase in labor productivity of each individual worker. Piece wages, which began to be introduced long ago, became the dominant form of wages in industry and transport, even in those sectors where this caused difficulties due to the collective “team” nature of labor. In the coal industry, for example, although piecework already existed, partly the so-called brigade piecework, i.e. a team of workers received a salary for the team, in accordance with the products produced by it - the team -; within the team, the salary was divided approximately equally. The conversion is now beginning - and it will undoubtedly be quickly completed where this has not yet been done - to differential piecework, i.e. each worker individually will earn in accordance with the products he produces. To the extent that new technology created the preconditions for the Stakhanov movement, piece payment under the conditions of monetary reform brought this movement to life. And in the contradictory Soviet economy with elements of socialism and capitalism, the Stakhanov movement became not only economically necessary, but to a certain extent - an increase in labor productivity - and progressive. Of course, not as “preparing conditions for the transition from socialism to communism” (Stalin, Pravda, November 22, 1935), but precisely within the framework of the existing transitional and contradictory economy, as preparing, by capitalist methods, the elementary prerequisites for a socialist society. Money and piece wages in the pre-Stalin era were never considered categories not only of communism, but also of socialism. Marx defined piece wages “as the most appropriate to the capitalist mode of production” (“Capital”). And only a bureaucrat who has lost his last Marxist shame can portray this forced retreat from supposedly already realized “socialism” to money and piecemeal payment, and, consequently, to increased inequality, to overexertion of the labor force and to a lengthening of the working day, as “preparation for the transition to communism.” ".

Founder of the Stakhanov movement

Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov (1905, Lugovaya village, Oryol province - 1977, Chistyakov, Donetsk region) - the founder of the Stakhanov movement. Born into a poor peasant family. He worked as a laborer and was a shepherd. For three winters he studied at a rural school, from which he did not graduate (in the questionnaire, in the “education” column, he wrote about himself as “illiterate”). Unable to escape poverty, in 1927 he came to work in the city of Kadievka at the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine, dreaming of earning money for a horse. In 1935, the party organizer of the mine K.G. Petrov suggested that Stakhanov celebrate International Youth Day with a production record. On the night of 30 to 31 August. Stakhanov extracted 102 tons of coal with a jackhammer per shift, exceeding the production rate by 14 times, earning 200 rubles. instead of 25 - 30. This became possible due to preliminary preparation (the fox hounds were instructed to go down into the mine earlier in order to provide a forest of bonfires that strengthened the lava. The horse hounds were called in for the uninterrupted removal of coal) and the correct organization of labor; Stakhanov worked with a jackhammer for the entire shift , two miners secured the ledge behind him, and previously this work was done by one person. However, the mine party committee, having generously rewarded Stakhanov, considered it necessary to “indicate and warn in advance all those who will try to slander comrade Stakhanov and his record as an accident, fictitious, etc., that the party committee will regard them as the worst enemies opposing the best people mines, our country, giving everything to fulfill the instructions of the leader of our party, Comrade Stalin, “on the full use of technology” 1.

In conditions of unscientific planning, constant storming, imbalances and irregular production, the emphasis was on “labor heroism.” Following Stakhanov, the Stakhanov movement developed in various industries. Stakhanov was awarded the Order of Lenin; in 1936, by decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Stakhanov was accepted as a member of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks without candidate experience. Appointed as an instructor at the Sergougol trust, he attended numerous rallies, meetings, and congresses, sitting on the honorary presidium. In 1936 he was admitted to the Industrial Academy and elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He was provided with an apartment in the famous “House on the Embankment”, security, and company cars. Stakhanov was friends with the son of the leader of all nations, Vasily Stalin... In 1937, Stakhanov’s book “The Story of My Life” was published. In 1941 he was appointed head of the mine in Karaganda. In 1942 he became head of the socialist competition sector at the People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry in Moscow. In 1957 he returned to the Donetsk region, worked as deputy manager of a coal trust; then assistant to the chief engineer of the mine administration. In 1970 he was awarded the second Order of Lenin and awarded the title of Hero of Social Labor. In 1977, Kadievka was renamed the city of Stakhanov. On September 19, the city of Stakhanov set a new record, producing 227 tons of coal per shift. Stakhanov’s labor feat simply could not go unnoticed; a real record mania began in the country, capturing all spheres of the country’s life. The Stakhanov movement expanded and sometimes reached oddities.

Stakhanov movement and differentiation in the working class

The introduction of piecework wages inevitably introduces deep stratification among the Soviet working class itself. If this stratification was restrained until recently by rationing supplies - food cards, factory distributors and canteens - then in the conditions of the transition to a money economy, the widest scope is open to it. It is unlikely that such a situation occurs in any of the advanced capitalist countries. deep difference in the wages of workers, as now in the USSR. A miner-miner, a non-Stakhanovite, earns 400-500 rubles a month. maximum, Stakhanovite more than 1,600 rubles. An auxiliary horse driver receives only 170 rubles. (not a Stakhanovite) and 400 - a Stakhanovite (Pravda, November 16, 1935), i.e. one worker earns approximately ten times more than another. Meanwhile, 170 rubles is not the lowest salary at all, but the average according to Soviet statistics. There are workers who earn 150, 120 and even 100 rubles. Marker Kozlov (Machine Tool Plant, Gorky) earned 950 rubles in the first half of October (Pravda, November 26, 1935), i.e. more than eleven times more than a horse-trading worker and 16 times more than a worker earning 120 rubles. Stakhanovka weavers earn 500 or more rubles, non-Stakhanovka weavers earn 150 or less (Pravda, November 18, 1935). The examples we have given do not indicate extreme boundaries in either direction. It would be easy to show that the wages of the privileged strata of the working class (the labor aristocracy in the real sense of the word) are related as 20:1, and perhaps more, to the wages of its low-paid strata 1 . And to this we must also add other everyday privileges of the Stakhanovites: preferential service with vouchers to rest homes and sanatoriums; renovation of apartments; free places for children in kindergartens (Trud, October 23, 1935); free movie tickets; Stakhanovites are shaved free of charge and out of turn (Donbass, Trud, November 1, 1935); free home teachers for Stakhanovites and their families (Trud, November 2, 1935), etc., the right to free calls to a doctor day and night, etc.

There is an opinion that the Stalinist leadership places the Stakhanovites in a very privileged position, not only in order to encourage them to increase labor productivity, but also consciously promotes the differentiation of the working class, with the political goal of relying on an albeit narrower, but also more reliable base: the labor aristocracy. The increasing differentiation in the working class, the separation from it of a privileged elite, the labor aristocracy, extremely aggravate the internal antagonisms within the working class itself. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Stakhanov movement was met with hostility by the working masses. Even the Soviet press is unable to hide this.

If we take the salaries of specialists, the picture of inequality becomes downright ominous. The chief engineer of a mine (a random mine that performs tasks well), Ostroglyadov, earns 8,600 rubles per month; and this is an ordinary person, not a major specialist, and his earnings, therefore, cannot be considered exceptional. Thus, specialists often earn 80-100 times more than unskilled workers, and such inequality has been achieved now, 18 years after the October Revolution, almost on the eve - according to Stalin - of the “transition from socialism to communism”!

Hostility takes over different shapes: from jokes, bullying to murders, and communist workers and even low-level officials of the party and trade unions participate in bullying Stakhanovites (Trud, November 3, 1935). Leaders call for a fight against “pests.”

Stalin's chairman of Ukraine, Postyshev, declares: “The fight against saboteurs and resisters of the Stakhanov movement... is now one of the most important areas of the class struggle” (Pravda, November 13, 1935). Stalin’s governor in Leningrad, Zhdanov, says the same thing: “At some enterprises, the Stakhanov movement met resistance, including from backward workers.

The party will stop at nothing to sweep away all those who resist it from the path of victory of the Stakhanov movement" (Pravda, November 18, 1935). Will these threats have an effect on the workers? From the excerpts below, in any case, we will see that workers are not inclined to give in without a fight where their vital interests are at stake." Trud, November 18, 1935, reports that "at mine No. 5, miner Kirillov beat the site manager, who demanded that he correctly attach the Stakhanovite Zamsteev to the miner." The fact is that the use of Stakhanov's methods in coal mines led to a significant reduction in miners (for example, in Stakhanov's own mine, their number was reduced from 36 to 24). Although they are not threatened by unemployment, some of them were transferred to auxiliary work as a fixer, significantly worse paid. This was the situation in which the slaughterer Kirillov found himself. The same issue of Trud tells how two workers “conducted malicious agitation against Stakhanov’s methods. Dyagtirev persuaded the foreman of the Stakhanovist brigade, Kurlichev, not to work. As a result, work on the site was disrupted." Stakhanovites complain that only when "there is supervision, work goes on" (Trud, September 24, 1935). In Odessa, at a heavy engineering plant, turner Polyakov attacked the Stakhanovite Korenny with an iron bar. Polyakov expelled from the union, expelled from work, a show trial is expected to be held against him (Trud, October 23, 1935).In Mariupol, at the Azovstal plant, two workers, Chistyakov and Khomenko, were sentenced to 4 and 2 years in prison for threatening , kill a Stakhanovite foreman. At the Krasny Shtampovshchik plant, a Stakhanovite worker found on her machine a dirty broom with a note attached: “Comrade Belaya is presented with a bouquet of flowers for fulfilling three standards” (Trud, November 1, 1935). Six days was needed to identify the “culprits”. Among them was trade union organizer Muravyov. They were removed from work. The top management demands that the case be transferred to the court. “Trud” of November 12, 1935 reports that “textile workers who switched to compact work were met and encounter great obstacles. The class struggle reminds itself at every step." A small example: "They opened the windows and let out all the moisture, the room was polluted to the limit." At another factory, "the shuttle boxes of dozens of machines were smeared with soap. Behind all this we see sabotage actions. At the Bolshevik factory, worker Odintsova, working on 144 automated machines, is under the influence of an insolent enemy (i.e., the same worker. - M.N.) mocked in the most open way." A Stakhanovite worker tells how they bully her: "They came up to me with the following words: How thin you have become and how pale you have become, don't you feel sorry for your life." "Izvestia" of October 28 they tell how in barracks No. 25 of the Cardboard Factory in Moscow, the workers Kholmogorovs, father and son, “reproached the Stakhanovite Solovin that with his work he would eventually achieve a reduction in prices... The Kholmogorovs persuaded the workers Naumov and Nepekin who lived with them and They set fire to paper at the feet of the sleeping Solovin. As a result of this brutal crime, Solovin received serious burns. The criminals have been arrested." At the Aviakhim plant, worker Krykov systematically exceeded the quota, while higher-level workers produced less than him. "On October 14, everything became clear. Karpov gave Krykov the following note: Comrade Krykov, don’t drive so hard and don’t exceed the norm, but ask for more prices...” Krykov complained to the administration and the worker Karpov was first fired and, after repentance, reinstated with a severe reprimand (Pravda, 31 October 1935). In the same issue of Pravda it is reported that in Smolensk “backward workers began to persecute the Stakhanovite turner Likhoradov... Things got to the point that a certain Sviridov broke a gear and broke the belts on the Likhoradov machine.” Likhoradov himself says ("Pravda", November 17, 1935): "When I made 7 pieces of bandages (i.e., I significantly exceeded the norm.) such a story arose in the workshop, hostile elements were ready to simply eat me. " Workers resisting the Stakhanov movement Soviet newspapers are called “accident workers” who contribute to accidents and breakdowns of mechanisms: “accidents and breakdowns of mechanisms are a favorite means of fighting against the Stakhanov movement” (“Trud”).

Pravda of November 3, 1935 reports that in Tambov, four Stakhanovite workers “arrived at work and discovered that their tool boxes had been broken into and their tools stolen.” The severity of the struggle is also indicated by the fact that in some, fortunately rare, cases, it takes on the character of terrorist acts. “On the evening of October 25, the best drummer, a mechanic at the Trud plant, I. Shmyrev, was killed... The criminals were arrested” (Pravda, October 29, 1935). A few weeks later, Pravda reported that “a military tribunal sentenced the murderers of Stakhanovite Shmyrev to death.” At the Ivan mine in Makeevugol, the best Stakhanovite Nikolai Tsekhnov was killed “to disrupt the transfer of the site to the Stakhanov system... The criminals were arrested” (Izvestia, October 30 and November 2, 1935). We have already mentioned that Stakhanovites often work at the expense of their worker neighbors. "Trud" of October 23, 1935 reports: "The Stakhanovite is busy with work, and his neighbor is idle." And in another place: “The successes of the Stakhanovites required the reduction of workers in some areas, a new struggle began” 1. Shura Dmitrieva, a Stakhanovite, directly stated to the chairman of the factory committee: “I don’t like it. Either get work for everyone, or get layoffs, otherwise I’ll stop working like this” 2 . It is not difficult to imagine the mood in the factories under these conditions. The foreman of the 1st May factory (Leningrad) Soldatov says: “When there were no Stakhanovites, there was no downtime, but with the Stakhanovites there was downtime” (Trud, October 24). We have cited so many newspaper excerpts to show the severity of the struggle within the working class around the Stakhanov movement. If the Stakhanov movement does not yet threaten the Soviet worker with unemployment - the rapidly growing industry is still able to absorb all the freed up labor - then it threatens him with downtime, transfer to helpers, physical overexertion, reduced wages, etc., etc. Further stratification of the working class means increasing economic inequality and strife. It would be absurd to think that the majority or even a significant part of the working class could become Stakhanovites. The increase in wages of Stakhanovites is already, undoubtedly, an object of concern for the bureaucracy. Busy with stabilizing the Soviet currency, it cannot “throw around” the ruble. Stalin openly proclaimed that it was necessary to reconsider the current technical standards “as not corresponding to reality, they have lagged behind and turned into a brake... They must be replaced with new, higher technical standards,” which “are also needed in order to pull the lagging masses to the advanced ones.” ".

Clear enough. According to Stalin, these new norms should “take place somewhere in the middle between the current technical norms and the norms that the Stakhanovs and Busygins achieved” (Pravda, November 22). And the rise in technical standards will undoubtedly soon be followed by a reduction in prices, i.e. hit to wages. At a number of enterprises, prices were reduced by directors immediately after the first records of the Stakhanovites. The Soviet worker senses this, it worries him, and he looks for ways to self-defense and protests in his own way, as we have seen from the facts presented above. It is very likely that we stand in the USSR on the eve of serious economic defensive battles of the working class. This struggle will inevitably have, at least at the beginning, a partisan and fragmented character. The working class in the Soviet Union does not have its own trade unions, does not have a party. That completely degenerate bureaucratic organization, which is called trade unions, is recognized by the bureaucrats themselves (from other departments) as a completely bankrupt appendage to economic organizations. This admission is now made openly in the Soviet press. The issues of protecting the professional interests of the working class will acquire enormous importance in the USSR in the very near future. Workers will inevitably strive to create their own organizations, albeit extremely primitive and artisanal, but still capable of defending the direct interests of workers in the field of working hours, rest, vacations and wages and putting a barrier to the pressure of the bureaucracy along the line of intensification under the flag of the Stakhanov movement and under other flags . The task of the Bolsheviks-Leninists is to help the working class of the USSR in this struggle against monstrous bureaucratic perversions in the field of increasing labor productivity. It is necessary, in particular, to help the advanced Soviet worker - on the basis active participation in increasing the economic power of the country - to correctly formulate, put forward and popularize among the masses the basic demands-slogans, a kind of minimum program to protect the interests of the working class from the bureaucracy, its arbitrariness, violence, privileges and corruption. It is very likely that on the basis of industrial success and a certain increase in the standard of living of the masses, at least their upper strata - an increase that is extremely lagging behind industrial growth - the Soviet worker is precisely from this end, i.e. from protecting their elementary economic interests, will join the political struggle again. Then before October Revolution the prospect of revival will open. Another very significant reason for records should be sought in the fact that we are not dealing with an average day in ordinary production conditions, but with completely special training, often over a fairly long period of time, and that the record holder works under monstrous tension, under which he, of course, unable to hold out for any length of time

Results of the Stakhanov movement

The Stakhanov movement made it possible in many cases to improve the situation in production. However, many problems arose during the campaign. The country's leadership decided that the new movement indicated the possibility of another “great leap” - a sharp simultaneous increase in labor productivity. Enterprises began to demand that the achievements of individual lighthouse workers become the norm for entire teams. The spurring of “complete Stakhanovization” gave rise to mass storming and disorganization, the pursuit of records to the detriment of the quality of work, and in some cases, the collapse of production. As a result, another wave of repression swept across the country. This time, Stalin made the “scapegoats” of “saboteurs” and “conservatives” from among the economic leaders who allegedly did not change their ways and interfered with the work of the Stakhanovites. Technical and organizational problems were assessed as political. “Comrade Stalin,” explained the magazine “Soviet Justice” (1936. No. 1. P. 3), “said that the Stakhanov movement is fundamentally deeply revolutionary, and therefore the Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic believes that the deliberate disruption of the Stakhanov movement is a counter-revolutionary action.” .

“Stakhanovization” penetrated into all spheres of the country’s life, often taking the wildest forms.

An eloquent example of this is the order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Kirghiz SSR “On the results of socialist competition of the 3rd and 4th departments of the UGB NKVD of the Republic for February 1938.” 1, which, in particular, said: “The 4th department exceeded the number of arrests per month by one and a half times compared to the 3rd department and exposed spies, participants in the radical revolution. (counter-revolutionary. - Comp.) organizations have 13 more people than the 3rd department... however, the 3rd department transferred 20 cases to the Military College and 11 cases to the special board, which the 4th department does not have, but the 4th the department exceeded the number of cases completed by its apparatus (not counting the periphery) considered by the troika by almost a hundred people” (Izvestia of the Central Committee of the CPSU. 1989. No. 5. P. 74-75). Stalin also announced that the further development of the movement depended on the decisiveness of the fight against enemies. They were looked for everywhere: among workers, and especially among engineering and technical workers. The reason for persecution could be a careless word addressed to the Stakhanovites, production problems, or failure to fulfill the plan.

The Politburo’s view of the Stakhanov movement can be judged by the following statement by Zhdanov on April 5, 1936 at the Stakhanovite-ITR Leningrad conference: “We must... firmly remember the instructions of our leader, who said that we must develop the Stakhanov movement in breadth... with on the other hand, as Comrade Stalin said, give a light punch in the teeth to all those who stand in the way of the Stakhanov movement.”

Evstafiev G. N. [electronic resource]. - http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00074/51300.htm

It is not without interest to note that in the Stakhanov brigade a special function has been created of a worker replacing the tired, a function that, in fact, involves a special overstrain of the workforce.

In August 1935, Donetsk miner Alexei Stakhanov laid the foundation for the most remarkable movement of our time - the Stakhanov movement, the movement of the broad masses of the working class and working people of our country for high socialist labor productivity. The Stakhanov movement, which originated in the Donbass, soon covered all sectors of industry, transport, agriculture, trade and “... spread across the entire face of our Union, not gradually, but with some unprecedented speed, like a hurricane” [Stalin, Questions of Leninism, ed. 11th, p. 498].

The Stakhanov movement was prepared by all the previous successes of socialist construction in our country. It was the result of the successful implementation of the party's policy in the field of socialist reconstruction National economy. In his speech at a meeting of Stakhanovites, Comrade Stalin pointed to four sources of the emergence and rapid development of the Stakhanov movement: 1) a radical improvement in the financial situation of the workers, 2) the absence of exploitation, 3) the restructuring of the national economy on the basis of new technology, 4) the creation of personnel who have mastered the new technology .

The creation of a new, powerful, technically advanced industry set the country the task of mastering new technology, the task of training new personnel who could master it in the shortest possible time. To solve this problem, the party widely launched work on training personnel through universities, technical schools, and factory departments, organized mass technical training for workers on-the-job in the form of a network of production and technical courses, technical minimum clubs, production instruction, organized the deployment social forms technical studies created by the initiative of the masses. In the struggle to master new technology, the Izot movement arose, the patronage of old personnel officers over newcomers, public technical examinations and many other forms of organizing the production activity of the masses that were unprecedented and impossible under capitalism.

Comrade Stalin’s speech at the graduation of Red Army academicians in May 1935 was of great importance for the accelerated cultivation of new personnel, in which he formulated a new slogan, focusing attention on the problem of personnel. This speech was the impetus for intensive development of technology. New cadres of male and female workers, who mastered new technology, served as the force that formalized and moved forward the Stakhanov movement. In a speech at the first All-Union Conference of Stakhanovites, Comrade Stalin said: “Two years ago the party said that by building new plants and factories and giving our enterprises new equipment, we have only done half the job. The party said then that the enthusiasm for building new factories must be complemented by the enthusiasm for their development, that only in this way can the matter be completed. It is obvious that during these two years the development of this new technology and the emergence of new personnel took place. It is now clear that we already have such personnel. It is clear that without such personnel, without these new people, we would not have any Stakhanov movement. Thus, new people from working men and women, who mastered the new technology, served as the force that formed and moved forward the Stakhanov movement" [Stalin, Questions of Leninism, ed. 11th, pp. 500 - 501.].

The Stakhanov movement is the highest level of socialist competition and shock movement. Explaining this, Comrade Stalin, in his speech at the first meeting of the Stakhanovites, pointed out that the Stakhanov movement, unlike the first stage of socialist competition, is associated with new technology and would be unthinkable without it. Stakhanovites are people of high consciousness, they are the forefront of socialist labor, showing examples of the socialist attitude to work. Stakhanovites are not just shock workers. Stakhanovites are new people who “... completely mastered the technique of their work, saddled it and drove forward” [Ibid., p. 493].

Under capitalism there can be no talk of workers fully mastering technology. In The German Ideology, Marx and Engels pointed out that in order for a producer to fully develop the totality of his abilities, this requires his appropriation of the entire totality of productive forces, i.e., the transfer of the means of production into the hands of society. “The very appropriation of these forces,” they wrote, “is already nothing more than the development of individual abilities corresponding to the material instruments of production” [Marx and Engels, Works, vol. IV, p. 57.]. The transition of the means of production into public ownership in the USSR is the basis for the free development of the personality of the producer, the successful, complete, unprecedented mastery of the latest tools of labor under capitalism.

Socialism creates the widest scope for personal development. A characteristic feature of the working people of the Land of Soviets is the continuous improvement of their cultural and technical level. A striking illustration of this is the biographies of our Stakhanovites.

The Stakhanovites are advanced representatives of the working class of the USSR, who, guided by the interests of the socialist homeland and based on the masterful development of new technology, broke routine work methods and showed examples of truly socialist labor productivity. Comrade Stakhanov, at a meeting of Stakhanovites, said that Comrade Stalin’s historical speech at the graduation of academicians of the Red Army made him “... think hard about what needs to be done to increase labor productivity, to fully utilize all equipment” [“The First All-Union Conference of Workers and Workers- Stakhanovites", 1935, p. 12]. In his book he writes: “May, June, July, August - during these months we often repeated the words of Comrade Stalin and fought for their implementation” [Stakhanov, The Story of My Life, Sotsekgiz, 1937, p. 20.]. The result of a persistent search for new ways to increase labor productivity was Comrade Stakhanov’s world-famous first record on August 30, 1935, when he cut down 102 tons of coal per shift, exceeding the norm existing at that time by 14 times.

This record deeply shook the working class and working people of our country. Workers in other industries followed Stakhanov's example.

Busygin - in the automotive industry, Gudov - in the machine tool industry, Musinsky - in the forestry industry, M. and E. Vinogradov - in the textile industry, Smetanin - in the shoe industry, Krivonos - in railway transport, Maria Demchenko, Marina Gnatenko, P. Angelina, Polagutin, Kolesov , Borin, Kovardak - in agriculture - these are the founders of the Stakhanov movement. Other Stakhanovites followed them, blocking the labor productivity of the pioneers.

The basis for Stakhanov’s high labor productivity is a creative change in the methods and system of production work based on the high mastery of new technology. Not limiting themselves to excellent performance of their work according to the methods provided for in projects and instructions, Stakhanovites creatively change these methods, while solving a number of complex organizational and technical problems that move science and technology forward.

New technology in the coal Donbass also required a new organization of work for miners. Before the Stakhanov movement, the jackhammer was used barely half the working day, and during the rest of the time it was inactive due to the fact that the miner performed two different functions - both slaughtering and fastening; and the length of the ledges did not give the miner the opportunity to turn around.

Comrade Stalin's speech in May 1935 was the impetus for Comrade Stakhanov and many other best people in industry who had mastered the new technology to critically reconsider the organization of labor from the point of view of making full use of the new technology. The conclusion that Comrade Stakhanov came to as a result of this was briefly formulated by him in his speech at a meeting of Stakhanovites as follows: “It is only necessary to strictly specialize the labor of workers: the miner must cut, and the rigger must strengthen, the ledges must be increased” [“First All-Union Conference of Workers and Stakhanovite workers”, 1935, p. 13.]. The use of this method of organizing labor in the face made it possible to increase the load of the jackhammer by 2 - 3 times and, on this basis, achieve unprecedented productivity records.

The blacksmith of the Gorky Automobile Plant, Comrade Busygin, a pioneer of the Stakhanov movement in mechanical engineering, achieved his first records in forging crankshafts as a result of the correct placement of people within the team, their specialization in performing certain operations, good preparation of production, and also saving time on individual operations.

The struggle to save seconds, to make full use of the machine, is also characteristic of the first Stakhanovite in the shoe industry - Comrade Smetanin. Comrade Smetanin mainly achieved this through better organization of the workplace, careful analysis of hand movements, reduction of unnecessary movements, increased tempo, accuracy and rhythm in work. Comrade Smetanin, a worker at the Leningrad Skorokhod factory, worked on a sock reupholstery on a Regina-type machine from Menus. The operation he performed was to give the correct position to the workpiece on the last, evenly cover the sock and attach it to the insole with five special nails (tex). Comrade Smetanin carried out the re-threading of the sock in seven steps, and according to the old norm, 36 seconds were required per pair. On September 21, 1935, T. Smetanin doubled the processing norm, producing 1,400 pairs of men's boots, and on October 6, he already processed 1,860 pairs, reducing the actual time spent per pair to 13.44 seconds. Comrade Smetanin achieved this record by dramatically reducing the time spent on manual operations. Under the old methods of work, legalized in "technically sound standards", out of 36 seconds, work on a machine took 10 seconds, or only 27.8% of the time, and 26 seconds, or 72.2% of the time, were spent on manual work. Smetanin radically changed this ratio in time of various types of work per unit of production: out of the 13.44 seconds he spent on a pair of shoes, manual work began to take only 3.44 seconds, or 25.6%, and machine work - 10 seconds, or 74.4%. The clean operation time of the machine during the working day increased by more than 2 1/2 times.

In mechanical engineering and metalworking, the Stakhanovites primarily sought to increase the operating time of the machine: this was achieved by reducing downtime due to untimely supply of tools and workpieces, by reducing changeover time, etc. At a number of factories, at the suggestion of the Stakhanovites, special material carriers were introduced and tools, which relieved machine operators from wasting time walking around for tools and increased the operating time of the machine. Proper organization of the machine operator's workplace, well-established maintenance of the machine and its timely repair also contributed to an increase in the operating time of the machine. It was with these events that the Stakhanovites began in the mechanical shops of machine-building plants. However, it should be noted that the bulk of the time for processing a part in most machine tools is the so-called machine time. Therefore, the thought of Stakhanovite machine operators begins to work on the issue of reducing the time of machine processing of a part, i.e., on the issue of intensifying the work of the machine. The Stakhanovite machine operators achieved this by changing the cutting mode - increasing the cutting speed and feed rate. Comrade I.I. Gudov, achieving his first records, increased the cutting mode by 4 - 5 times. As a result of this change in the cutting mode, the Stakhanovite machine operators achieved a significant reduction in machine time per unit of production and an increase in labor productivity. The Stakhanovite machine operators destroyed the old ideas about the maximum capabilities of using a machine and had their say on the issue of cutting modes.

The Stakhanovites - the new cadres of socialism, who perfectly mastered technology, showed examples of the use of technology unprecedented under capitalism, destroying not only the norms in force in our country, but also the norms of advanced capitalist countries. Comrade Stakhanov, at the time of his first record, gave, in terms of one worker, twice the output compared to the shift productivity of a worker in the best mines of the Ruhr Basin. Comrade Busygin, even with his first records for stamping crankshafts, exceeded the Ford plant standard twice. Comrade Smetanin, who processed 1860 pairs of shoes on October 6, 1935, significantly exceeded best performance Thomas Bati's shoe factory, whose highest output at that time was 1,125 pairs of shoes per shift per worker. With their work, the Stakhanovites smashed the extreme “theories” of conservative elements from among engineering and technical workers and scientists. The Stakhanovites showed that the standards for the use of equipment in capitalist countries cannot in any way serve as a model for the country of socialism, that socialism and the new people of socialism ensure the full use of technology, which capitalism could never know.

The work of the Stakhanovites, who boldly destroyed the old ideas about technology and broke the old technical norms, raised the question of revising the norms. Based on the instructions of Comrade Stalin and the December (1935) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, work was being launched in industry to revise the standards, and as the Stakhanov movement developed, more and more new reserves were opened in this direction. The utilization rate of blast furnaces (based on nominal operating time) has improved. In 1937, this coefficient was 1.11 versus 1.75 in 1932. Steel removal from square meter The open hearth furnace hearth rose during the same time from 2.12 tons to 4.35 tons (in calendar time). The same sharp increase in the use of technology occurred in all other industries. This increase in the standards for the use of equipment determined a significant increase in the production capacity of our factories.

The Stakhanov movement in all sectors revealed huge new reserves of production capacity.

At the beginning of 1936, production standards were revised and a significant increase was made. This increase varied across different industries and enterprises within very wide limits. On average, for individual industries, an increase in production standards was planned by industry conferences in approximately the following amounts: in the coal industry by 22 - 27.5%, in ferrous metallurgy by 13 - 20, in mechanical engineering as a whole by 30 - 40, in non-ferrous metallurgy by 30 - 35, in the oil industry by 27 - 29, in chemistry by 34%, etc.

But even these new, increased standards were already significantly exceeded throughout 1936 by our glorious Stakhanovites and shock workers. So, for example, according to a sample survey of TsUNKhU, at the end of 1936 the average percentage of compliance with standards was 133.8 in the iron ore industry, 133.3 in ferrous metallurgy, 136.7 in electrical power engineering, etc.

In the spring of 1937, when the new standards were well mastered by almost all workers, on the special instructions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, an additional revision of the standards for individual industries was carried out and they were slightly increased. So, for example, in the main chemical industry in the spring of 1937, standards were increased by 14.7%, in mining engineering - by 18.1%, etc.

The Stakhanovites are exceeding the new standards through better use of technology, improved skills of workers and skillful use of new opportunities in increasing labor productivity. Analyzing his record, achieved on June 22, 1936, the distinguished milling machine operator T.I.I. Gudov quite rightly noted that after the introduction of new standards, the Stakhanovites were already required to look for deeper reserves. If in the first steps of the Stakhanov movement, an increase in productivity was achieved mainly due to better organization of labor, the workplace and the intensification of machine work (in particular in machine tools by increasing the cutting speed), then in the future the achievement of new productivity records was increasingly based on the revision technological processes and improvement of tools. Having mastered the technology, the Stakhanovites came close to the task of creatively changing and improving it. “When I mastered the technology, I began to change the technological process in the direction of increasing productivity and improving quality” [Izvestia, December 29, 1937, article by I. Gudov “Inexhaustible reserves.”], writes Comrade Gudov. All further work of Comrade Gudov followed the line of a bold revision and change in the technological process of processing parts - the use of simultaneous processing of several parts, the use of a number of new devices, the replacement of processing by gouging - milling, etc. Comrade. Gudov showed with a number of brilliant records how effective the rationalization of the technological process is.

The work of Comrade Gudov on the rationalization of technological processes raised the question of revising the entire technology of mechanical engineering before Soviet technical thought. This work revealed, as Comrade Goodov himself writes about it, that technology is one of the most backward areas of mechanical engineering, that “the basis of the technologist’s creativity lies only in bare practical experience and personal ingenuity, but no solid scientific principles, no criteria for evaluating the work there are no technologists” [“Mechanical Engineering” dated June 14, 1938, article by I. Gudov “Bringing order to mechanical engineering technology.”]. Comrade Gudov set before scientists, in particular the Academy of Sciences, the task of putting mechanical engineering technology in order, typifying technological processes on a solid scientific basis, and developing the scientific foundations of mechanical engineering technology.

The mechanic of the Kyiv machine tool plant named after. A. M. Gorky Stakhanovite Comrade Shvinenko, who replaced traditional manual metalwork (scraping) with mechanical processing using a prefabricated broach designed by him. When processing the grooves of clamping chucks for semi-automatic lathes, Comrade Shvinenko completed 500 standards in 2 hours and 4 minutes using his device. The work that previously took 26 hours and 30 minutes is completed by Comrade Shvinenko in 3.1 minutes. Comrade Shvinenko’s method means a genuine revolution in one of the most labor-intensive areas - in the plumbing area. This method can be applied to all machine-building plants without exception and will give a huge increase in productivity.

It is known that capitalist machinery was created in the brutal class struggle of capital with the workers, as an instrument of exploitation and class oppression of the working class. Marx points out in Capital that “one could write a whole history of such inventions since 1830, which were brought into existence solely as capital’s means of combat against the rebellions of the workers” [Marx, Capital, vol. I, 1935, p. 335 .]. Technological progress under capitalism was a force hostile to the worker. The working class acted in the process of technical progress not at all as a subject, but exclusively as its object. Of course, even in the conditions of capitalism, individual individuals, talented inventors, at the cost of the greatest hardships, sometimes managed to escape from among the working classes and make their way “to the people.” The talents of the masses of working people, as Lenin pointed out, were crushed, crushed, and strangled by capitalism in the thousands and millions. And it is not surprising that with the advent of machines “... for the first time, the worker’s severe indignation against the means of labor appears” [Ibid., p. 331.], which at first, when the workers have not yet learned to distinguish the machine from its capitalist use, pours out in the form of mass destruction of machines. The entire 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century were filled with an intense struggle of workers against machines (the Luddite movement). In such conditions the machine technology of capitalism arose.

Socialism called upon millions of working people to work in the field of technology. The new technology of socialism is being created by the hands of the masses and in the interests of the masses. From an object of exploitation, workers turned into conscious creators, true masters of new technology. The Stakhanov movement is an indicator of this creativity of the masses.

The development of the Stakhanov movement goes not only in depth, along the line of using new reserves of labor productivity, but also in breadth, along the line of growth in the number of Stakhanovites. Data from sample surveys of TsUNKHU, carried out in November 1935 and August 1936, show that during this time the number of Stakhanovites increased by 2.5 times at power plants, in ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - almost 4 times, in oil refining - 5 times, in the meat industry - almost 6 times and in the confectionery industry - more than 6.5 times.

The expansion of the Stakhanovist movement in breadth and depth made enormous demands on economic and technical leadership. The plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in December 1935 set the production commanders the task of leading the Stakhanov movement.

Engineers and business executives must lead the initiative of the Stakhanovites in overcoming old, outdated norms and traditions, they must ensure an organization of production that would enable every worker to achieve Stakhanovist productivity. In a speech at the first All-Union Meeting of Stakhanovites, Comrade Molotov pointed out that the Stakhanov movement requires a restructuring of the organization of not only an individual workplace, but also workshops and enterprises as a whole. The Stakhanov movement “...demands a new, higher organization and real rhythm in all the work of the enterprise” [“The First All-Union Meeting of Stakhanovite Workers and Workers,” 1935, p. 281]. High skill, complete mastery of technology by an individual worker is the basis of Stakhanov’s productivity. But for the successful development of the Stakhanov movement, an organization of production is also required that would provide the mass of workers with the opportunity to grow, rise to the level of advanced workers and produce high productivity. The Stakhanov movement demanded that production commanders innovate, boldly seek new organizational norms, and work in close contact with the working masses, with progressive people - the Stakhanovites. The Stakhanov movement demanded a new level, a new style of economic and technical leadership. And many production commanders were not up to these requirements. They did not understand their tasks in the new conditions, failed to restructure themselves and become the head of the masses, and thereby delayed the development of the Stakhanov movement. But besides this, there was a group of conservative-minded elements among engineering, technical and economic leaders who were direct defenders of the old canons in the field of the use of technology and the organization of labor and production and who opposed the Stakhanov movement and hampered its development.

The worst enemies of the Stakhanov movement were the vile Trotskyist-Bukharin bandits. To disrupt the Stakhanov movement, the enemies of the people caused accidents, disabling the equipment of our enterprises, disrupted the application of Stakhanov's methods, confused the wage system, destroyed the normal organization of production and sought to create a situation in the enterprise in which work in spurts and endless downtime would become part of the system . The enemies of the people did not even stop at killing the best people of the working class.

The defeat of the sabotage gang and the elimination of the consequences of sabotage were an indispensable condition for the development of the Stakhanov movement. The glorious Soviet intelligence, under the leadership of the party, with the assistance of the best people in the country, exposed and destroyed the hornet's nests of sabotage gangs and thereby cleared the way for the Stakhanov movement. After the exposure of the saboteurs in 1936, some would-be theorists came up with the rotten theory that the Stakhanovites themselves would “cover up” the consequences of the sabotage with their heroic work. Comrade Stalin at the February-March (1937) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks exposed all the rottenness and hostility of this theory. Comrade Stalin pointed out on this matter:

“This theory was invented in order to deflect the blow from the saboteurs under the guise of chatter about the Stakhanovites and the Stakhanov movement... What can only the Stakhanovites do if the sabotage conduct of capital construction, say, in the Donbass has led to a gap between the preparatory work for coal mining, which are lagging behind the pace, and all other work? Isn’t it clear that the Stakhanov movement itself needs real help on our part against all and any machinations of the saboteurs in order to move things forward and fulfill its great mission? Isn’t it clear that the fight against sabotage, the struggle to eliminate sabotage, to curb sabotage is a condition necessary for the Stakhanov movement to develop to its full extent?” [Stalin, On the shortcomings of party work and measures to eliminate Trotskyists and other double-dealers, 1937, p. 25.].

Based on the instructions of Comrade Stalin and the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, big job to uproot the roots of sabotage and eliminate the consequences of sabotage, to cleanse industry and transport of unfit, bankrupt leaders who have lost their political sense and who have lost touch with the masses, to promote new personnel to leadership positions in all sectors of the economy. Many Stakhanovite workers were promoted to leadership positions in industry. At the metallurgical plant named after. Dzerzhinsky in 1937 promoted 357 Stakhanovites to leadership positions, including 113 people to the positions of foremen and their assistants; at the automobile plant. Molotov in 1937, 162 people were promoted as foremen, 102 as adjusters, 128 as foremen, 8 as section chiefs, 123 as technologists and raters, etc. The promotion also affected the highest levels of the economic apparatus. Former locomotive drivers vol. Krivonos, Ognev and Bogdanov became heads of the most important railways; miners vol. Izotov and Kasaurov were appointed heads of Donetsk coal plants. Many Stakhanovites study at industrial academies, preparing for responsible economic work; many were promoted to party and Soviet work. This mass movement of people is an indicator of the rapid cultural and technical growth of the working people. The socialist system provides them with the broadest opportunities for such growth. This promotion of enterprising, culturally raised, production innovators devoted to their homeland deals a powerful blow to inertia and routine, contributing to the widest development of the Stakhanov movement, accelerating the pace of our development.

The exposure and defeat of saboteurs, the elimination of the consequences of sabotage, increased political vigilance and the promotion of new cadres were the prerequisites for a new rise in the Stakhanov movement. This rise is expressed as further development Stakhanov's methods, the emergence of new methods of Stakhanov's work, and the steady expansion of the ranks of the Stakhanov movement. The proportion of Stakhanovites among workers in all industries increased during 1938 as follows: in the ferrous metallurgy of the center - from 29.5% at the end of 1937 to 41.4% at the end of 1938, in heavy engineering - from 33, 1% to 42%, in the machine tool industry - from 34.7% to 40.6%, in power plants - from 38.8% to 47.6%, etc.

At large factories, Stakhanovites are no longer numbered in tens or hundreds, but in thousands. There are enterprises where Stakhanovites make up the bulk of the workers. As an example, we can point to the floodlight plant named after. L.M. Kaganovich, where 85% of all workers are Stakhanovites. The Stakhanov movement is becoming increasingly widespread.

The strength of the Stakhanov movement lies in its mass character. This was not understood by some business executives who were carried away by individual high records and saw their task solely as providing conditions for the Stakhanovite record holders, and ignored the production needs of the rest of the workers. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks sharply condemned this passion for individual records. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in a resolution dated December 28, 1937, regarding the then proposed Stakhanov month, pointed out with all its force the wrongness of being carried away by the records of individual record holders and forgetting the task of expanding the ranks of the Stakhanov movement.

“It cannot be considered correct to call the supposed Stakhanov month the “Stalin month of Stakhanov records,” since every week or month of the Stakhanov movement should concern all Stakhanovites, and not just record holders, whose work covers only the most insignificant part of the Stakhanovist movement, while the expansion of the ranks of Stakhanovites during the period a week or a month should be considered one of the most important tasks, which, unfortunately, was missed in this case by the Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the well-known Appeal of the Stakhanovites of Moscow and the Moscow Region" ["Pravda" of December 29, 1937].

The directive of the People's Commissar of Heavy Industry L. M. Kaganovich to the leading workers of the coal industry indicated that the decisive condition for a serious economic recovery is the organization of a mass Stakhanov movement, providing every Stakhanovite and shock worker with the necessary conditions for Stakhanov work and the opportunity to exceed the norm. The most important condition This is the organization of the entire complex of work as a single harmonious whole. L. M. Kaganovich specified this requirement for coherence of production as applied to individual industries, formulating for each of them the basic organizational principles of the mass Stakhanovist movement. In the coal and peat industries, the struggle for cyclicality has been put forward as the main organizing slogan, in ferrous metallurgy - for work according to a schedule, in the copper industry - a cyclogram, etc.

High examples of organizing work according to schedule were shown in the coal industry. Gvozdyrkov and Shashatsky. For example, at the end of 1937, Comrade Gvozdyrkov’s site gave 40 - 45 cycles per month, while on average in the Donbass a cutting machine made 14 - 15 cycles. All workers at the site exceeded the standards. More than half of the workers at the site fulfilled two norms or more and were Stakhanovite coal masters. Section No. 3 of the mine named after. Stalin, under the leadership of Comrade Shashatsky, systematically exceeded the coal production plan. The monthly productivity of workers at the mine was systematically 20 percent higher than planned. All workers exceeded the norm, and out of 330 workers at the site, 140 workers were coal masters. The experience of the workers in this section was transferred to other sections of mine No. 18 named after. Stalin, which helped bring this mine to one of the first places in the Donbass. Work on schedule also produces excellent results in other sectors of heavy industry (oil, ferrous metallurgy, etc.). In mechanical engineering and the defense industry, along with Stakhanov brigades, shifts and flights, Stakhanov workshops appear. As an example, we can point to the Stakhanov workshop of plant No. 34. The commanders of these sections were able to mobilize the workers, properly organize their work and create conditions for everyday Stakhanovist work. To the initiative of the Stakhanovite workers, they added their own initiative of the production commanders and thanks to this they made Stakhanov’s methods the usual norm of production, an everyday occurrence.

A further extremely important step towards the development of the Stakhanov movement is the new forms of the Stakhanov movement that emerged in mid-1939 - multi-machine service and combination of professions. In a short period of time, these forms became widespread. At the Kharkov Tractor Plant in January 1940, there were 500 multi-machine operators; 200 people combined professions; at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant in December 1939 there were about 2 thousand multi-machine operators. At the automobile plant. Stalin in January 1940 there were 1345 multi-machine operators. At the enterprises of the city of Gorky, already in November 1939, there were up to 3 thousand people with multiple machine tools, and 1,250 people combining professions. Multi-machine maintenance and combination of professions have a great effect in terms of reducing the need for labor and increasing labor productivity.

Multi-machine service and combination of professions means the highest level in the mastery of technology, a further step in raising the cultural and technical level of the working class. This is expressed directly in the expansion of the scope of production activities of workers - in an increase in the number of machines serviced or in the combination of professions. This expansion of the scope of the worker’s production activity is due to a number of organizational and technological measures (changes in the organization of the workplace, the development of schedules and routes for servicing machines, the use of a number of new devices, etc.). New forms of the Stakhanovist movement mean a further flowering of Stakhanovist creativity, especially Stakhanovist technological creativity.

Based on the development of the Stakhanov movement, the party successfully solves the problem of achieving higher labor productivity than under capitalism. The growth of annual output over these years and for individual industries gives the following figures (1937 as a percentage of 1934): coal - 149.1, chemical - 166.6, ferrous metallurgy - 166.3 and metalworking - 149.4.

Thus, the Stakhanov movement led to a sharp increase in the growth rate of labor productivity.

Based on the development of the Stakhanov movement, the industry of the USSR has already achieved a number of decisive successes in competition with the industry of capitalist countries in terms of labor productivity. Not only individual Stakhanovites or individual sections, but also the most important sectors and industry of the USSR as a whole come out on top in Europe in terms of average annual output per worker. In 1937, the USSR firmly secured first place in Europe in terms of labor productivity in such important industries as ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering in general, as well as in a number of other industries. The level of labor productivity in USSR industry as a whole in 1937 was 103.1% compared to the level in English and 97% compared to German industry in the same year.

However, having caught up with Germany and England in terms of labor productivity in industry, the USSR still lags far behind in this respect the most developed capitalist country - the USA. Labor productivity in Soviet industry in 1937 was only about 40% of the US level in the same year. Coal production per worker was 327 tons in the USSR in 1936, compared to 965 tons (for bituminous coal) in the USA in 1929; The production of pig iron per blast furnace worker in the USSR in 1937 was 756 tons (in kind) versus 1729 tons in the USA in 1929 and 1620 tons in 1937.

Under capitalism, the process of increasing labor productivity is directed against the worker. Marx pointed out that the development of productive forces under capitalism occurs only through the destruction of the basic productive force of society. The process of increasing labor productivity for the worker under capitalism means increased exploitation, deskilling, increased poverty and unemployment. All the fruits of this rise are reaped by the exploiting class. Marx wrote that “... the worker would rejoice in the growth of the productivity of his labor...”, while under capitalism he “... in proportion to the growth of productivity creates the enrichment of others and his own impoverishment” [“Marx and Engels Archives”, vol. IV, 1935, p. 45.]. Under these conditions, workers are not only not interested in increasing labor productivity, but in a number of cases, when fighting against the intensification of capitalist exploitation, they are even interested in reducing output. Attempts by individual workers to increase output and apply new methods of work not only do not meet with support, but cause general condemnation from the working masses. The French miner Emile Plessis, in a conversation with Comrade Stakhanov, indicated that at one time he himself tried to work above the norm. But this gave him little in terms of increasing his earnings. But his attempt caused unanimous indignation on the part of his fellow workers, because every extra ton of his output under capitalism increased the number of unemployed.

The transfer of the means of production into the hands of the working people radically changes the worker’s attitude towards the means of production and the labor process. And at the same time, the nature and form of the process of increasing the productivity of social labor changes radically: from a process of increasing exploitation and impoverishment of the working class, it turns into the main prerequisite for the continuous increase in the living standards of the working people, the unprecedented prosperity of the economy and culture. The process of increasing labor productivity under socialism is directly a process of spiritual and material enrichment of the working people. One of the prerequisites of the Stakhanov movement was a radical improvement in the material standard of living of the working class. The Stakhanov movement resulted in a further increase in the well-being of the working people of our country. Stakhanov's productivity entails Stakhanov's earnings. Earnings of 1000 rubles. and more are now a common occurrence among Stakhanovites. The growth of labor productivity in the USSR means a continuous increase in the material well-being and cultural and technical level of the working people.

Analyzing the historical significance of the Stakhanov movement, Comrade Stalin pointed out that the Stakhanovites provide examples of high labor productivity, accessible only to socialism. The significance of the Stakhanov movement in this regard lies in the fact that it breaks the old technical norms, in a number of cases overlaps the labor productivity of advanced capitalist countries and thus opens up the practical possibility of further strengthening socialism in our country. “But this,” Comrade Stalin further pointed out, “does not exhaust the significance of the Stakhanov movement. Its significance also lies in the fact that it prepares the conditions for the transition from socialism to communism" [Stalin, Questions of Leninism, ed. 11th, p. 495].

Communism means a higher level of labor productivity compared to socialism. Labor productivity under communism rises to such a level that it ensures a complete abundance of consumer goods, due to which society has the opportunity to distribute them according to the needs of its members. The main condition for achieving such an increase in labor productivity is, as Comrade Stalin pointed out, an increase in the cultural and technical level of workers to the level of engineering and technical workers, which undermines the foundations of the opposition between mental labor and physical labor. “The Stakhanov movement,” Comrade Stalin pointed out, “is significant in this regard in that it contains the first beginnings, albeit still weak, but still the beginnings of such a cultural and technical upsurge of the working class of our country” [Ibid., p. 496].

Stakhanovites are new, special people. Their main feature is mastery of technology, high culture labor.

They bring a lot of new things into science, pave new paths in science, pushing forward engineers, technicians and scientists and posing before them a number of major questions of enormous scientific and practical significance. Speaking at a staff meeting high school On May 17, 1938, Comrade Stalin said: “It also happens that new paths of science and technology are sometimes laid not by people generally known in science, but by completely unknown people in science.” scientific world People, simple people, practitioners, business innovators. Here comrades Stakhanov and Papanin are sitting at a common table. People unknown in the scientific world, who do not have academic degrees or practice their craft. But who doesn’t know that Stakhanov and the Stakhanovites, in their practical work in the field of industry, overturned existing standards, installed famous people science and technology as outdated, and introduced new standards that meet the requirements of actual science and technology?” ["Pravda" dated May 19, 1938].

For 1935 - 1937 The Stakhanov movement expanded in depth and breadth. The cultural and technical level of the working class is growing rapidly. Hundreds of thousands of workers undergo special training in the system of technical training, on-the-job, created by the decision of the December (1935) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Thousands of Stakhanovites are being promoted to leadership positions. More and more layers of workers are being attracted to public and state activities. The whole country is gripped by a craving for culture. History has never seen such a mass movement of workers for culture and high labor productivity. Only socialism could give birth to this movement of millions, which Comrade Stalin called the most vital and most irresistible movement of our time. It is vital and insurmountable because it is the vital cause of the entire people, who, on the basis of free socialist labor under the banner of the Lenin-Stalin party, are building the bright edifice of communism.

The mass movement of production leaders arose in 1935, named after its founder, miner Alexei Stakhanov, who cut 102 tons of coal in one night shift from August 30 to 31, at the Central-Irmino mine in the Lugansk region of Donbass.

Reasons for the success of the record

The main and main innovative idea of ​​the record of both Stakhanov himself and his followers was the division of work responsibilities. A complete reconstruction of the labor organization was carried out. Thus, during Alexey Stakhanov’s work shift, all preparatory actions were carried out prior to the successful completion of the work. The mounting timber was prepared and lowered into the mine, the possibility of uninterrupted supply of mined coal to the mine was prepared, and the face was illuminated. The length of the ledge was changed and the number of ledges was reduced, which made it possible to reduce the load on the compressor, and the miner himself was able to move freely in the face.

Holding a record

Fastening work was carried out by specially selected fastening workers Shchigolev and Borisenko. Together with the brigade, the party organizer of the mine, Konstantin Petrov, and the editor of the local newspaper, Mikhailov, and the head of the site, Mashurov, went down to the face; they monitored the work, measuring the timing. It must be said that the norm of coal per shift, before Stakhanov’s record, was 7 tons. After Stakhanov, his followers, and he himself, repeatedly exceeded the record. The highest indicator for coal production was achieved by Donetsk miner N. A. Izotov. He cut 607 tons of coal at mine No. 1 “Kochegarka” in Gorlovka.

Followers of Stakhanov

The Stakhanov movement spread throughout the Union and found application in almost all spheres of the national economy. So in the automotive industry it became A. Kh. Busygin. He exceeded the norm for forging crankshafts, fulfilling and exceeding his own record, bringing it to 1146 shafts instead of the norm - 675. In the footwear industry - N. Smetanin, he exceeded the norm by 200% the secret of his success, like Stakhanov’s, lies in the division of labor responsibilities.

The Vinogradov sisters, working at the weaving factory in Vychuga, started with 26 machines and switched to 40, and subsequently were able to work simultaneously on 284 machines. In railway transport, P.F. Krivonos became the leader in production; he increased the boost of the locomotive boiler, doubling the technical speed.

Consequences of the Stakhanov movement

Rationalization approach, division of labor, the ability for qualified workers to perform the main task, freeing them from performing auxiliary work. All this was undoubtedly good. The records were real, but they brought little benefit. This way it was possible to extract a record amount of coal, but the coal needed to be lifted uphill, and this required increasing the number of trolleys, changing the cross-section of the workings, improving the condition of the rail tracks, and changing the haulage technology. To this can be added the periodic lack of fasteners and spare parts for equipment repair.

If Busygin was able to forge a record number of shafts, then the next day his hammer stood motionless due to a breakdown; there were no basic spare parts. A change in production technology was vital. In addition, there was another disadvantage of the Stakhanov movement; an increase in output by individual workers led to an increase labor standards, wages meanwhile remained unchanged. Frontline workers were harassed, beaten, and sometimes killed. So, despite the progressive beginning, this movement did not receive wide recognition among the masses.

What is the Stakhanov movement?

The Stakhanov movement, a mass movement of innovators of socialist production in the USSR - advanced workers, collective farmers, engineering and technical workers for increasing labor productivity based on the development of new technology. It arose in the 2nd Five-Year Plan, in 1935, as a new stage in socialist competition. The Stakhanov movement was prepared by the entire course of socialist construction, the success of the country's industrialization, the growth of the cultural and technical level and material well-being of the working people. Most of the Stakhanovites came from among the shock workers . The "Stakhanov" movement is named after its founder - the miner of the "Central - Irmino" mine (Donbass) A.G. Stakhanov, who mined 102 T coal at a rate of 7 T. Stakhanov's record was soon blocked by his followers. The highest production in the Donbass was achieved by N.A. Izotov, who produced 607 on February 1, 1936 at mine No. 1 "Kochegarka" (Gorlovka). T coal per shift. The Stakhanov movement, supported and led by the Communist Party, in a short time covered all sectors of industry, transport, construction, agriculture and spread throughout the Soviet Union. The founders of the Stakhanov movement were A.Kh. in the automobile industry. Busygin, in the shoe store - N.S. Smetanin, in textile - E.V. and M.I. Vinogradovs, in the machine tool industry - I.I. Gudov, in the forest - V.S. Musinsky, in railway transport - P.F. Krivonos, in agriculture - P.N. Angelina, K.A. Borin, M.S. Demchenko and others. On November 14-17, 1935, the First All-Union Meeting of Stakhanovites took place in the Kremlin, which emphasized the outstanding role of the Stakhanov movement in socialist construction. In December 1935, the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) specifically discussed the development of industry and transport in connection with the Stakhanov movement. The resolution of the plenum emphasized: “The Stakhanov movement means organizing labor in a new way, rationalizing technological processes, correct division of labor in production, liberating skilled workers from secondary jobs.” preparatory work, better organization of the workplace, ensuring rapid growth in labor productivity, ensuring a significant increase in wages of workers and employees." In accordance with the decisions of the December Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a wide network of production and technical training was organized, and courses for masters of socialist labor were created for advanced workers. Industry production and technical conferences held in 1936 revised the design capacities of enterprises, and production standards were increased. In 1936, Stakhanov’s five-day, ten-day, and monthly events were held on the scale of entire enterprises. Stakhanov brigades, sections, and workshops were created that achieved sustainable high collective output. The unfolding Stakhanov movement contributed to a significant increase in labor productivity. So, if during the years of the 1st Five-Year Plan (1929-1932) labor productivity in industry of the USSR increased by 41%, then during the years of the 2nd Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) by 82%. The creative initiative of innovators manifested itself with renewed vigor during the 5th years of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Stakhanov's methods were used, such as multi-machine service, combination of professions, and high-speed production and construction technology. The Stakhanovites took the initiative of the movement of the “two hundred men” (two norms or more per shift), and then the “thousand men” (1000% of the norm), the creation of “front-line brigades”.

The experience of the Stakhanov movement retained its significance in the post-war period, when, in conditions of continuous economic and cultural growth, new forms of socialist competition arose. Characteristic of a developed socialist society in the USSR, the movement for a communist attitude to work uses the methods of highly productive labor of the Stakhanovites in order to increase the efficiency of socialist production.