The short form can only be formed from qualitative adjectives. Relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Short form is formed from the base of the adjective and the endings: zero, -а(-я), -о(-е), -ы(-и).
For example, cheerful. The basis of the oars. Short form of cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful.
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with K or N, then when the masculine forms are formed, a fluent vowel appears: full - full, bitter - bitter.
For adjectives with the stem ending in –enn (painful, artificial) in the masculine form, N is truncated. For example, painful – painful (painful); Artificial - artificial (artificial); Limited – limited (limited).
Only in some cases is the correct form in -enn: sincere - sincere, base - base, frank - frank.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: glad, much, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -l- (comradely, efficient, advanced, skillful), denoting color (blue, lilac), color of animals (raven, bay), a high degree of attribute (tiny, plump), adjectives included in terminological names (deep rear, fast train).

13. Common mistakes in the use of pronouns.
Speech errors, associated with the use of pronouns, arise when using the pronouns YOURSELF, YOURSELF; demonstrative pronouns and the pronoun OH.
1) The pronouns OWN and YOURSELF are often used instead of the personal and possessive pronouns required by the norm, or vice versa: Kostya liked HIS slippers (that’s right - HIS slippers); I found a book on MY table (that's right - on MY desk).
2) An error is also the unjustified repetition of demonstrative and personal pronouns in the initial sentences of the text: When HE was on the lake, HE saw a tree there completely unusual shape.
3) When using the personal pronoun OH in indirect cases in combination with prepositions, the extension H is usually added to it, which is absent when the same pronoun is used without a preposition: HIM, HER - to Him, to Her. In common parlance, this rule is often violated.
4) Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural With modal verbs miss, yearn, etc. are used only in the prepositional case: MISSING US, MISSING YOU (but: ... them). In the singular form, personal pronouns are combined with the dative case: I MISS HIM.
5) After adverbial prepositions in spite of, according to, contrary to, towards, accordingly, similarly, inside, etc. the initial N is not added: in spite of him, towards her, inside them.
N is also not added after the preposition thanks and prepositional combinations not as an example, in contrast, about, from, in relation to, except for, etc., consisting of a simple preposition and a noun: thanks to him, from him.
After the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs, 3rd person pronouns are used without the initial N: older than him, better than her.
6) A collective noun (peasantry, students, group, etc.) cannot be replaced by a plural pronoun. For example, you cannot say: “The students have left for the holidays; they will have a good rest during the summer.” In order not to create the awkward combination “it will rest,” the word studentship should be replaced with the word students.
4) Reflexive pronouns SELF and OWN refer to the person performing the action. Therefore, in sentences: The tenant asked the janitor to take the things to him; The professor invited the assistant to read his report; the pronoun se itself refers to the noun janitor, and the pronoun svo refers to the word assistant.
5) Her forms are colloquial or outdated. The correct forms are from her, from her.
6) There are no special words in the literary language possessive pronouns to indicate ownership by a third party. If it is necessary to express these relationships, personal pronouns are used in the genitive case: HER car, HER children. In common parlance, such possessive pronouns exist: theirs, hers, evoyny.
7) Relative pronouns are used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence.

INTRODUCTION

FULL AND SHORT ADJECTIVES

TRUNCATED ADJECTIVES

EXAMPLES FROM 18TH CENTURY TEXTS

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Turning to the literary language of the 18th century, it is difficult not to pay attention to the specific use of adjective forms.

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a non-procedural attribute of an object and expresses this meaning in the inflectional morphological categories of gender, number and case. The adjective has a morphological category of degree of comparison and has full and short forms. According to the nature of the attribute designation, adjectives are divided into two lexical and grammatical categories - qualitative and relative adjectives. Relative adjectives include relative adjectives (possessive and non-possessive), ordinal and pronominal adjectives. Qualitative adjectives denote a property inherent in the object itself or discovered in it, often one that can be characterized by varying degrees of intensity: white - whiter. Qualitative adjectives have two series of forms - full (attributive) and short (predicative); they form comparative forms (comparative). 1

Full and short adjectives

The study of the history of adjective forms must begin with the Proto-Slavic era. Full adjectives appeared precisely then, by attaching demonstrative pronouns to short ones. This demonstrative pronoun - jь (varying by gender: zh.r. - *ja, m.r. - *je) - most likely performed a function similar to the role of the article with a noun in other languages ​​(for example, the article the in English, by origin it is also a demonstrative pronoun).2 Only in Old Russian they stood postpositive in relation to the adjective and were written together, although they related to the noun.3 Initially, the presence or absence of a demonstrative pronoun signaled the definiteness or indeterminacy of the noun, that is, it expressed the category of definiteness-indeterminacy of the name . Consequently, in the original system of the Old Russian language, as in modern language, there were full (pronominal) and short (nominal) forms. However, their grammatical functions and relationships to each other were different, that is, there was a different system of adjectives. Now short adjectives act only as a nominal part of a compound predicate (predicate), whereas in the Old Russian language they could be both a predicate and a definition. Used as a definition, they declined, but later, having lost the ability to be a definition, they also lost their declension. Differences Old Russian system adjectives, in addition, are expressed in the fact that if now relative adjectives can appear only in full form, then in the Old Russian language they appeared in both full and short form. 4

In modern language, short forms are inherent only in those qualitative adjectives that allow the modification of quality and its transformation into a qualitative state that flows over time and is attributed to a person or object. Qualities that are immobile, permanent, timeless properties of objects or persons, or that serve as terminological designations for the characteristics of certain kinds and types of objects, cannot be expressed in the short form of an adjective. Roughly speaking, in the circle of adjectives only temporary epithets, only designations of temporary properties have a full and short form. For example, deaf in the special terminological meaning “tightly closed, solid, without holes and cracks” does not have a short form. And in another terminological meaning, “pronounced without a voice” (voiceless sound), deaf also does not allow a short form. Moreover, in non-free phraseological combinations such as a deaf province or a deaf time, you also cannot use the short form instead of the full one (cf. the time was deaf). There are many other qualitative adjectives that are not correlated with short forms or do not have them at all.

In the same adjective, the lexical meanings of full and short forms are differentiated.

Adjectives with the meaning of an emotional-qualitative assessment and with a bright expressive coloring usually do not form short forms. With an emotional attitude towards a person or object, the quality seems to be timelessly inherent in it, characterizing its nature, for example, glorious in the sense of “nice, pleasant”, poor in the sense of “unfortunate”.5

The differences in lexical and lexical-syntactic meanings and shades associated with the predicative use of the same adjectives in articulated and non-articulated forms are very great. Short forms denote a qualitative state that occurs or occurs over time; complete - a sign conceivable outside of time, but in this context referred to a specific time. In essence, with the predicative use of full forms of adjectives, certain objects are subsumed under certain categories of quality or attribute, which determine the differences between the genders and types of things and persons.

An increasingly deeper semantic line is being formed between the short and full forms of adjectives. In the short form of the adjective, the meaning of quality turns into the meaning of a qualitative state. Short forms, under certain conditions, can break away from the full forms of adjectives and move into another grammatical category. Thus, in many cases, the lexical integrity of the adjective name, which previously combined both full and short forms, is destroyed.

This process of grammatical isolation of short forms is not hindered even by the development of predicativeness of full forms, which emerged in the 15th - 16th centuries. and especially intensified from the middle of the 17th century.

The grammatical and lexical difference is deepened by stylistic differences in forms. R. Kosutic drew attention to the fact that in Russian early XIX the use of short forms of adjectives is characteristic mainly of bookish language, and in the colloquial speech of the intelligentsia they are usually replaced by full ones, even as a predicate. These thoughts were then developed and deepened by A. M. Peshkovsky: “The short form in its exclusively predicative meaning is a purely literary phenomenon. This gives the short form a shade of greater bookishness, abstraction, dryness, and sometimes categoricalness than is characteristic of the full form.” A. M. Peshkovsky illustrated this great bookishness of the short form with a very striking example: “In Chekhov’s Three Sisters there are three similar lines: Irina says to Masha (in Act 2): “You, Masha, are evil.” Olga tells her the same thing. (in the 3rd act): “You, Masha, are stupid. The stupidest one in our family. I'm sorry, please." Finally, Masha says a little later (not in connection with the previous one) to Olga: "Eh, you're stupid, Olya." All three remarks are by no means hostile. It's in a kindred, friendly way. But you're angry to say ", you're stupid is already an insult. You're evil - this is a bare statement of fact, which is not accompanied by a friendly tone and a casually conversational style. And all this is connected with the exceptional bookishness of this form."6

Turning to the literary language of the late 18th century, we will see that such a situation arises in relation to truncated adjectives.

In the Old Russian language, only short adjectives acted as predicates, that is, within the names of adjectives, full and short were opposed to each other not only as definite and indefinite, but also as attributive and predicative, in other words, there were relations krasn - uncertainty and krasny - definiteness, on the one hand, red is a predicate and an attribute, and red is only an attribute on the other. The second relation gradually prevailed due to the strength of the category of predicativity itself, and short adjectives lost their defining function, which began to be assigned to full forms. But the loss of the defining function also meant the loss of declension by short adjectives, since they acted as a predicate only in the form of the nominative case. Acting only as a predicate, short adjectives began to be verbalized - moving away from the name of the adjective, the main function of which is the function of definition.7

The grammatical features of the short forms of adjectives destroy the semantic and stylistic parallelism between them and the full forms. The short forms lack many of the basic meanings of full adjectives and develop their own special meanings that do not find correspondence in the full forms. Wed: similar (Such a violation of the rules of order is intolerable) and similar.

The semantic and stylistic separation of short forms from full ones, the tendency of short forms to be locked into a special category are due to the uniqueness of their grammatical nature. First of all, they are inflexible. Their four forms are three generic for the singular with endings: zero, -a, -o (-e) and one for the plural: -ы, -и (dobr, -a, dobro, dobry; melodious, -a, - e, -i) - can be called nominatives only in the conditional sense in which this term, for example, is applied to the past tense forms of the verb (I walked, you walked, it walked, they walked). The closeness of short adjectives in this regard to past tense forms in -l is not accidental. After all, they also have forms of gender, number and lexical meaning time. The similarity of short adjectives to words with tense forms is their distinctive grammatical feature. Short adjectives differ most from full adjectives in tense forms. This difference is associated with the absence of declension in short adjectives. Thus, the morphological and syntactic features of the adjective category in short forms are in a dilapidated state. Without changing by case, short adjectives cannot determine forms of nouns other than the nominative case.

Compare, for example: mother is sick and mother is sick; his nails are dirty and his nails are dirty. “Sick, dirty,” writes academician A. A. Shakhmatov, “mean a sign in time (now, at the present time), sick, dirty mean a constant sign, closely combined with the substance.” According to A. A. Shakhmatov, “it seems likely that such differentiation is caused in part by the influence of new forms of the past tense that arose from participles, forms of the past tense active voice on -l and passive on -n, -t".8

Already A. Kh. Vostokov singled out the non-segmented forms of qualitative adjectives and passive participles into a special group of conjugated adjectives, noting that “qualitative rad, much have one conjugated ending.” At the same time, Vostokov decisively distinguishes adjectives with truncated endings from conjugated adjectives (for example, folk poetic ones: white combustible stone, chast broom bush): “These truncated endings should not be confused with the conjugated endings of qualitative names, which differ from truncated endings for the most part in stress ". Vostokov also pointed out the meaning of the category of conjugated adjectives - “to show the state or quality of an object that does not depend on actions.” 9

Academician A. A. Shakhmatov in his “Essay on the Modern Russian Literary Language” follows in the footsteps of Vostokov. It includes short "conjugated" adjectives and participles in the verb system. Shakhmatov compares predicative nominal forms in -o (it’s fun here, I’m sick, he’s in pain) with impersonal verbs. A. A. Shakhmatov finds in these categories of words the categories of person and time. The present tense of nominal conjugated words is determined by the absence of an auxiliary verb form: they are cheerful, he is touched, she is wounded. Their past and future tenses “are determined by the presence of auxiliary verbs in the forms of the corresponding tense at the conjugated word” (he was touched, he will be touched, we were happy about this event). Thus, A. A. Shakhmatov recognized tense forms and the syntactic function of predication in connection with them as a grammatical feature of this category of words. A. A. Shakhmatov applies the term “adjectives - predicates” to short forms of adjectives. These predicate adjectives are characterized by facial shapes. A. A. Shakhmatov, following A. Kh. Vostokov, wrote about this: “In the conjugation of adjectives and participles, ten persons are distinguished, seven for the singular and three for the plural, and in the singular there are three masculine persons, three persons feminine and one (third) person neuter. The differences between these forms are formed by adding eight pronominal forms to the adjectives and participle forms (I - for masculine and feminine, you - for masculine and feminine, he, she, it, we, you , they)".10

At the same time, A. A. Shakhmatov emphasized the formal differences of this type of words from the past tense forms of the verb, consisting of: 1) the absence of forms of all three tenses, 2) the ending of the plural -ы (cheerful, plump), denoting a passive state, in difference from -i (had fun, plump), denoting an active-personal action.

This same view was clearly reflected in “Syntax of the Russian Language” by A. A. Shakhmatov. Pointing out that the non-member form of the adjective (not counting the possessive) is almost exclusively in the function of the predicate, A. A. Shakhmatov added: “That is why the non-member forms of the adjective in the nominative case are called the conjugated form; it is grammatically similar to participles in -l, having received the meaning of personal verb forms of the past tense, as well as with participles passive voice on -н, -т, used in exactly the same way as personal verb forms. The difference between a predicate-adjective in a non-member form and a member form depends on the fact that an adjective in a member form evokes the idea not only of the presence of a combination of a feature at one time or another, but also that this feature is characteristic of the subject in general, why it can be expressed as its definition."

Thus, A. A. Shakhmatov was inclined to see a special grammatical category in the short forms of the adjective. But the influence of A. A. Potebnya and F. F. Fortunatov directed subsequent grammarians along a more traditional path.

Determining the grammatical functions of short, non-member, predicative adjectives in the Russian language (compared to German), A. A. Potebnya came to the conclusion that in non-member forms the main feature of the category of the adjective name is preserved - agreement: “When the language destroys agreement, then thereby he abstracts the attribute from the subject. Speaking a priori, in Russian such a diversion could occur in two ways: either by turning the adjective into a noun, or by moving the center of its gravity from the subject to the predicate, i.e., by classifying the attribute into the category of an adverb. The latter is true we find in the comparative degree (snow is whiter than paper as paper is whiter than snow) and in gerunds."11 But Russian short forms, without losing agreement, remain within the category of the adjective.

A. M. Peshkovsky, Characterizing short forms as adjectives without case and linking (i.e., used only in the meaning of a predicate), noted that a short adjective is “predicative itself, by its very form, morphologically predicative.” “And neither the order of words, nor the rhythm, nor the intonation, nor any other auxiliary features play any role here. In combination, for example, and was equal to an unequal dispute, the full form would create nonsense.”12

A. M. Peshkovsky noted the following signs of predicability in short forms of adjectives:

) combination with “circumstance” (he was so kind, but he was so kind; cf.: how kind he was, but how kind he was);

) development of prepositional methods of control: he was ready for anything; he was capable of deception, etc.;

) shades of time meanings: “In combinations he was capable, he was sick, etc. the tense form in the connective indicates an entire period of activity of the subject, but cannot indicate a separate moment of this activity. The combinations were sick, was capable, etc. "equally suitable for both: one can say that he was sick and he was sick at that moment; this means that the full adjective, with its adjective, its passivity, reduces the activity of the tense form in the connective, but the short adjective does not have such an influence."

An analysis of the syntactic functions of short forms leads Peshkovsky to the conclusion that a short adjective is “articulated”, but not “verbalized”. “In combination was lazy, the adjective of the word lazy makes itself felt powerfully... Just as a man flying on an airplane with the help of an extraneous force invested in his machine does not turn into a bird, but remains the same heavy person, incapable of flight, so and the adjective, supported by the verbal force of the word was, remains the same adjective, with the same meaning of constancy and immobility."13 But, on the other hand, in the same forms A. M. Peshkovsky saw other grammatical horizons: "Here the language begins to emerge beyond the limits of verbality and begins to express in his thoughts the relation of coexistence, usually discovered only by supra-linguistic thinking." So A. M. Peshkovsky finds a new grammatical category in the short forms of the adjective. Prof. L.V. Shcherba called the category to which short forms of adjectives tend to be the category of state. Thus, most scientists noted the duality of grammatical features in short, or non-member forms of adjectives. Some of these features (word formation techniques and forms of agreement) are common to short and long forms and are inextricably linked with the category of the adjective. Other grammatical features (indeclinability, proximity to the verb in methods of syntactic use) sharply distinguish and distance non-articulate, short forms from the category of adjective. It is clear that those short forms in which these differentiating features are predominant fall away from the category of the adjective and form an independent grammatical class. Such are, for example, the words much, glad (cf. the absence of articulated forms like much, glad) and others like that. Other short forms, which retain their connection and correlation with members, do not fall out of the category of adjectives, although they are located on its periphery, far from the center. They are a grammatically hybrid category of forms in which the syntactic properties of the adjective are not only limited, but also complicated by the growth of new functions. Most short adjectives do not cease to be forms of the same word as full adjectives. In addition to the correlation in the stems, in the forms of gender and number, they are kept within the category of adjectives by the ability to be “isolated” by a definition to a noun. In this function, short forms are closely associated with the corresponding full ones. Moreover: the full, articulated forms themselves, acting as semi-predicative, isolated words, seem to approach short forms. The following parallels in the use of long and short forms serve as an illustration:

And the sun, round and soulless,

Like the yellow eye of an owl,

Looked from heaven indifferently

To the grave torment of a widow.

(Nekrasov, "Frost, Red Nose")

Wed: the sun, round and soulless... or: round, soulless sun.

Such semi-predicative use of short forms brings them closer to full ones and is a clear grammatical sign of their adjective nature. As long as the corresponding short form is used not only as a predicate, but also as a qualitative definition (at least verbal and intonationally isolated), it does not yet break ties with the class of adjectives. Only the complete impossibility of using such a form in a function other than predicate is a symptom of its final break with the category of the adjective and its transition to another grammatical category. 14

Truncated adjectives

Truncated adjectives are created artificially by cutting off the final vowel from the full form and are found in the language of poetry of the 18th - 19th centuries. The following differences exist between the short forms of adjectives and the truncated forms: the short form has its own stress different from the full form, while the truncated form always retains the stress of the full form; the short form in modern Russian functions as a nominal part of a compound predicate, truncated forms act as a definition.15

The use of truncated adjectives is considered characteristic feature language of poetry of the 18th century, for example:

Spirits cannot be enlightened

Born from your light,

Explore your destinies.

G.R. Derzhavin. God. 1784

adjective truncated short relative

However, in book and literary poetic language, in those genres where Slavicisms, Church Slavonic words and forms carried a certain stylistic load, short qualitative adjectives were still possible in the middle of the 18th century. For example, in Lomonosov’s “Ode for the Capture of Khotin” (1739): “I hear the cheerful cry of heroes,” etc. It is necessary to distinguish short adjectives from truncated full ones (i, e, yu with preceding vowels), which exist only in certain forms and resemble “contracted” forms.

Contracted (in certain case forms) full adjectives, which also should not be mixed with short adjectives: evil dog (from evil< злая), большо село (из большоэ < большое). Эти формы получили широкое распространение в говорах, главным образом, севернорусских. 16

These adjectives were reflected in the philological works of the 18th century poets A.D. Kantemir, V.K. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, in scientific XIX literature- XX centuries (for example, in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, V.M. Zhivov), mentioned in educational and reference literature. Analysis of various points of view allows us to define truncated adjectives as a special kind of full adjectives (going back to ancient nominal adjectives), used in the language of poetry in the attributive function.

Fundamental difference truncated forms from short ones can be reduced to the following principles. While short predicative forms in modern Russian can only be formed from qualitative adjectives and passive participles, truncated forms are also formed from adjectives of other categories: relative adjectives (paper mountains), superlative forms of adjectives (the clearest day), active participles (the ship is running) . Unlike short adjectives, truncated adjectives are inflected, although they do not have a full inflection paradigm. They tend to retain the stress on the stem, whereas in the short form the stress is transferred to the ending (mp á the night is long, but the night is dark á ). In truncated passive participles, in addition to stress, -nn- can also be retained in the suffix (pierced, crowned á nny). The most important difference is that short adjectives act only in the predicative function, and truncated ones - in the attributive function. In addition, G. O. Vinokur, as one of the proofs of the artificial origin of truncated forms, considers their use in the meaning of substantivized adjectives.

It is these differences that are traditionally cited as features that prove the artificiality of truncated adjectives.

Particularly important is the question of the role that truncated adjectives play in poetic text. There are two main points of view on this matter. Vinokur considers truncations as one of the poetic liberties, a technical versification device associated with the adaptation of the Russian language to the needs of syllabic-tonic versification and “designed to facilitate the work of the poet.”17 According to the second point of view, truncations are defined as a stylistic device, but researchers often deny the existence of a stylistic functions of truncated forms (V.V. Vinogradov, V.M. Zhivov).

Initially, in the poetic language of the 17th-18th centuries, short attributive forms were used (in origin - ancient nominal forms), natural for the Church Slavonic language and not completely lost in the Russian language, both book and colloquial. And then they were replaced by truncated full ones (ancient pronominal forms).

In the syllabic-tonic poetry of the 18th century, which took into account the traditions of syllabic poetry, truncated adjectives began to be used not only as a familiar element of the language, but also as a versification element, since this was required by a more strict rhythmic organization of the verse. In this regard, truncated adjectives could not carry a stylistic load and were used in works of different genres, although their Church Slavonic origin could give them a bookish character:

Russian honor and heroic actions will be eclipsed,

All my father's troops will honor my father as the father of fathers,

I will conquer the church with weapons to him.

A.P. Sumarokov. Dimitri the Impostor. 1770

Since the Church Slavonic language gradually lost its former importance in the life of society, elements of Church Slavonic origin acquired an increasingly noticeable stylistic coloring - as a result, truncated adjectives gradually became one of the signs of high style.

By the end of the 18th century, attention to the genres of the middle style began to increase, interest arose in national culture, folklore stylizations began to appear (the poetry of P. Yu. Lvov, Yu. A. Neledinsky-Meletsky, M. N. Muravyov), the language of poetry began to change. If V.K. Trediakovsky in his philological works spoke about the impossibility of using folk expressions like “white tent” in the language of serious poetry, then Lomonosov already brought truncated adjectives closer to folk-poetic constant epithets (such as red-hot arrow). It is interesting that the short forms very quickly ceased to differ in the source of borrowing (cf. “red maiden”, “fierce grief” and “red Flora”, “fierce memories”). For example, in the language of folklore stylizations of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, both traditional folklore epithets of a quiet, bright month, across the blue sea, and, undoubtedly, literary truncations of fragrant flowers, gentle birds are used.

Further in its development, poetry was increasingly opposed to prose, which was reflected in the language: thus, by the end of the 18th century, truncated adjectives began to be considered as poeticism, as a distinctive feature of the language of poetry.18

A tit flew to the shore

From across the midnight sea,

Because of the cold ocean.

They asked the guest if I was coming,

What rituals are there overseas?

A.P. Sumarokov. Another chorus to the wrong light. 1762-1763

Another thing worth mentioning outstanding writer XVIII century - G. R. Derzhavin. D. N. Matveev writes about him: “He boldly diversified genres, introduced everyday scenes and words of “low” style into “high” genres, brought together classicist forms with sentimental ones and even with emerging romantic ones. “His syllable is so large,” wrote N.V. Gogol, noting one of the main features of Derzhavin’s poetry, “like none of our poets. If you open it with an anatomical knife, you will see that this comes from the extraordinary combination of the highest words with the lowest and simple, something that no one would dare to do except Derzhavin. Who, besides him, would dare to express himself the way he expressed himself?...""19

Indeed, Derzhavin’s language contains various forms of adjectives that he uses for stylization. This is especially evident in the ode “Felitsa” of 1782:

Godlike Princess

Kirghiz-Kaisak horde!

Whose wisdom is incomparable

Discovered the right tracks

To Tsarevich young Chlorus

Climb that high mountain.

Truncated adjectives occupy a significant place in poetry - wisdom is incomparable, the mountain is high.

Examples from 18th century texts

Truncated forms of adjectives:

.Drive away the restless time,

Take away the burden you have placed on me,

Change, having laid down this heavy stone,

Your coldness into the flame!

A.P. Sumarokov. Ode sapphic. 1758

In this example, truncated adjectives restlessly and entrustedly perform a versification function and serve to maintain the rhythm of the verse. But one cannot help but notice that this is an ode, that is, high style, therefore, these adjectives also carry a stylistic load, giving the poem a syllable height.

.Turn my sorrows into joy,

Sorrows turn into sweetness!

An example from the same ode by Sumarokov. The phrase fierce sadness emphasizes the high style of the ode.

3.The Fox saw a piece in her mouth,

And she thinks: “I’ll give Crow juice!

Although I won’t get up there,

I'll get this piece

The oak tree is as tall as it is."

A.P. Sumarokov. A Crow and a fox

And this is an example from a fable, here the truncated adjective high reflects a low style, and also serves to maintain rhythm (piece - juice - high).

4.On enemies who torment impudently,

Letting out a groan into the village far away,

The heart of complaint will contribute sadly.

A. P. Sumarokov. Against the villains. 1759

The truncated adjective distant here serves to rhythmize the verse and harmoniously combine with the adverbs impudently, sadly.

.Chaos being before time

From the abyss you called to eternity,

And eternity, born before the age,

In yourself you founded...

G. R. Derzhavin. God. 1784

Adjectives in the truncated form, pre-temporary, born, have a clear connotation of high style, which is confirmed by the high theme contained in the name - God.

.The evil fury in my heart is gnawing in confusion,

A villainous soul cannot be at peace.

A. P. Sumarokov. Dmitry the Pretender. 1770

The truncated form of evil serves to rhythmize the verse, and the combination of evil fury gives the tragedy a bookish character.

.My chest is tight and trembling,

The universe is trembling now;

The giant places mountains in the sky, -

Open the door to Jupiter.

The adjective cramped in the truncated form fucks the high style of ode.

.Will I wait until the game becomes disgusting to you?

A. P. Sumarokov. Epigram. My brother was a player. 1755

The truncated form has the function of rhythmizing the verse.

Full forms of adjectives:

.The Lord is also a son, although he eats sweeter

And he often glorifies his nobility,

That he would put a whole regiment of people on the line.

A. P. Sumarokov. Satire. About nobility. 1771

The adjective master is in its full form and has a neutral stylistic connotation.

.Some call this grief natural, and some call it supernatural.

A. P. Sumarokov. A letter about some contagious disease. 1759

The highlighted adjectives are in the prose text and are in the full form, instrumental case.

.Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it,

And time's flight will not crush it.

G. R. Derzhavin. Monument. 1795.

The adjective fleeting has a neutral stylistic connotation.

.There I see the formidable Pluto,

In the darkness I see a gloomy gaze.

A. P. Sumarokov. The ode is nonsense. 1759

The full adjectives formidable and gloomy are in the accusative case and have a neutral stylistic connotation.

.Appear before us, appear quickly,

Big silver mug!

G. R. Derzhavin. Mug. 1777

Full adjective the silver one reflects the middle style of the poem.

Short forms of adjectives:

.May you always be kind to us,

We will begin to live

G. R. Derzhavin. Mug. 1777

The short adjective good reflects the average style of the poem.

CONCLUSION

Based on the work done, the following conclusions can be drawn. In the literary language of the 18th century, truncated adjectives predominated as versification forms of pronominal - full - adjectives; they carried a stylistic connotation of high style. In works of the middle style there are full, unmodified adjectives. Short adjectives more often characterized poetry of a reduced style, and also appeared in prose.

List of scientific literature

1.V.V. Ivanov. Historical grammar of the Russian language. M. 1990. - 353 p.

.V.V. Vinogradov. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. M., 1972, pp. 200-206

.A. S. Kuleva. Truncated adjectives in Russian poetry. Russian speech, No. 3, 2008, pp. 35-39

.N. Yu. Shvedova. Russian grammar - M.: Nauka, 1980.

.Borkovsky V.I. Historical grammar of the Russian language / V.I. Borkovsky, P.S. Kuznetsov. - Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1963. - 512 p.

.Bukatevich N.I. Historical grammar of the Russian language (In Russian) / N.I. Bukatevich, S.A. Savitskaya, L. Ya. Usacheva. - Kyiv: Publishing Association “Vishcha School”. Head publishing house, 1974. - 310 p.

.Vinogradov V.V. Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the 17th - 19th centuries: Textbook. - 3rd ed. - M.: “Higher. school", 1982. - 528 p.

.Vinokur G.O. Heritage of the 18th century in the language of A. S. Pushkin // About language fiction/ G. O. Vinokur; comp. and note. T. G. Vinokur; preface V. P. Grigorieva. - 2nd ed. M.: URSS, 2006. - 325 p. (Linguistic heritage of the twentieth century).

.A.N. Pashkurov. Proceedings of the international scientific conference dedicated to the 260th anniversary of the birth of G.R. Derzhavin and the 200th anniversary of the founding of Kazan University. Kazan, 2003.

.Chernykh P. Ya. Historical grammar of the Russian language. Brief essay. Manual for teachers and teaches, Inst. M., Uchpedgiz, 1952. - 336 p.

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Adjective.

Adjective - independent part speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers questions Which? what? whose? Adjectives agree with nouns , that is, they are placed in the same gender, number and case as the nouns to which they refer. In a sentence, adjectives are modifiers or part of the predicate.

Adjectives can be extended by nouns or adverbs, forming phrases with them ( weak from illness, very cheerful).

Declension of adjectives.

At the end of adjectives, after sibilants, the letter O is written under stress, without stress - the letter E ( a lot of snow, good rain).

Plural of adjectives.

Distinguishing adjective suffixes in writing -TO- And –SK-.

Suffix -To- is written:

1. in adjectives having a short form

2. in adjectives formed from some nouns with a stem on –k-, -ch-, -ts-.

In other adjectives the suffix is ​​written - sk-.

Sharp (sharp), weaving (weaver). Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz).

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives.

A hyphen is used if the adjective is complex:

1. denotes shades of colors ( yellow-blue)

2. formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen ( Tien Shan)

3. formed by adding equal words, between which you can insert the union AND ( bitter-salty )

Complex adjectives that are formed on the basis of the phrase ( railway – railway).

Classes of adjectives by meaning

Adjectives are divided into three categories:

Quality

Relative

Possessive.

Qualitative adjectives denote such a sign (quality) of an object that may be present in it to a greater or lesser extent (dark cloud). Qualitative adjectives form degrees of comparison and a short form. They can be combined with adverbs very, extremely, too and others. Compound adjectives are formed from qualitative adjectives by repeating them ( pale-pale), adjectives with prefix NOT.

Not all of the listed features are found in every quality adjective.

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent ( wooden log). They, as a rule, indicate the material from which the object is made, the object’s spatial and temporal characteristics, and more.

Relative adjectives have no degrees of comparison, no short form and cannot be combined with an adverb Very.

Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the question whose? whose? whose? An object cannot have such characteristics to a greater or lesser extent.

When adjectives are used, their meanings may change. Thus, a relative adjective can become qualitative or possessive (fox trail(fox trail - possessive) – fox hat(fox hat - relative) - fox cunning(same as a fox’s - high quality) ) .

Adjectives with the suffix –IN-, -UN-, formed from nouns naming animals, can have not only a possessive, but also a qualitative meaning: donkey stubbornness, swan song.

Full and short adjectives.

Adjectives have full and short forms ( white - white, smart - smart, handsome - handsome, strong - strong).

Qualitative adjectives have two forms - full and short: kind - kind. Short qualitative adjectives vary in number and gender, but do not decline (do not change in cases); in a sentence they most often are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate ( He who is neat is liked by people).

Possessive adjectives of all genders in the nominative case have only a short form; in other cases they can have a full and short form ( Bear Den, grandfather's sheepskin coat).

Relative adjectives have only the full form ( yesterday's).

For short adjectives with a sibilant base bnot written (mighty oak).

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• 2. Lexical and grammatical meaning in the word. Distinctive features of grammatical meaning. Word and word form. Types of word forms (analytical, synthetic).
• 3. Synthetic, analytical and syntactic ways of expressing grammatical meanings, means of expressing grammatical meanings.
• 8. Noun as a part of speech. Signs of the morphological class of nouns. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns. Proper and common nouns; real
• 9. Noun as a part of speech. Signs of the morphological class of nouns. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns. Concrete, abstract and collective nouns.
• 10. Nouns, animate and inanimate. The problem of establishing animation-inanimity, its expression.
• 11. Category of gender of nouns and its subject-semantic content. Masculine. Feminine gender. Neuter gender.
• 12. Category of gender of nouns and its subject-semantic content. Principles of distribution by gender of animate and inanimate nouns. Common nouns.
• 13. Category of gender of nouns and its subject-semantic content. Gender of indeclinable nouns and abbreviations.
• 14. Number as a morphological category of a noun, its character. Means of expressing numerical opposition. Types of nouns according to the implementation of numerical opposition.
• 15. The nouns singularia tantum and pluralia tantum. Reasons for the defectiveness of the numerical paradigm. Basic and figurative meanings of number forms in nouns of different lexical and grammatical categories.
• Using the plural form of nouns that do not vary in number
• Using the plural form of nouns that vary by number
• 16. Grammatical category of case for nouns. Ways and means of expressing case meanings.
• 17. The meaning of case forms, their ambiguity.
• 18. Russian grammar-80 about the declension of nouns. Types of declension of nouns.
• 19. General characteristics of adjectives. Classification of un in Russian grammar 1980. Qualitative adjectives. Conventionality of semantic and grammatical boundaries between categories of adjectives.
• 20. General characteristics of adjectives. Classification of un in Russian grammar 1980. Relative adjectives.
• 21. General characteristics of adjectives. Classification of un in Russian grammar 1980. Pronominal adjectives.
• 22. Degrees of comparison of adjectives. Education, use, stylistic characteristics of simple and analytical forms of degrees of comparison of different parts of speech.
• 23. Short adjectives. Features of education, meaning, use, stylistic features of short forms. Restrictions on the formation of comparatives and short forms.
• 24. Numeral as a part of speech. Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals. Compatibility of numerals with nouns.
• 25. Numeral: features of meaning, syntactic features, system of morphological categories, features of morphemic composition and word formation.
• 26. Simple, complex and compound numerals. Types of declension of numerals.
• 27. Pronouns as a special part of speech. Classifications of pronouns by meaning and in relation to other parts of speech. General characteristics of pronouns in Russian Grammar-80.
• 29. Pronouns-nouns: reflexive, interrogative, indefinite, relative, negative.
• 30. Verb as part of speech. Question about the boundary of a verb word. Conjugated and inconjugated verb forms. Morphological and syntactic features of verbs.
• 31. Semantic classification of verbs.
• 32. Lexico-grammatical categories of verbs. Verbs are transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive.
• 33. Lexico-grammatical categories of verbs. Personal and impersonal (general characteristics).
• 34. Person category of the verb. Personal and impersonal forms. Relationship between the category of person and other verbal categories. The figurative use of personal forms.
• 35. Aspectual-tense system of the Russian verb. General characteristics. The figurative use of aspectual and tense forms.
• Using present tense forms
• 1) Present Historical
• 2) Present When designating future actions
• Using past tense forms
• Using future tense forms
• I. Significant (by meaning)
• II. Pronominals (pronominal words)
• I. Significant (by meaning)
• 1) Motivated:
• 2) Unmotivated:
• II. Pronominals (pronominal words)
• 49. Question about the status of the state category as a part of speech. The solution to the question of the category of state in Academic Grammar 1980.
• 50. Lexico-grammatical categories of words of the state category. Formation of words of the state category. Formation of state category words.
• Derived words of the state category are formed in a morphological-syntactic way and are correlated:
• 51. Homonymy of words of the category of state, adverbs and short adjectives of the neuter gender, homonymy of words of the category of state and nouns.
• 52. Prepositions. Meaning, structure, formation, functions of prepositions.
• 53. Unions. Structure, functional-semantic types of conjunctions. Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, single and non-single. Classification of unions by structure. Analogues of unions.
• 54. Particles. The boundaries of a given category of words. Semantics of particles. The role of particles in expressing the modal meaning of a sentence. Formal-semantic categories of particles.
• 55. Modal words, their place in the system of parts of speech. The relationship between modal words and significant parts of speech. Modals and introductory words. Lexico-grammatical categories of modal words.
• 56. Interjections, their differences from significant and function words. Classifications of interjections. Interjections are primitive and non-primitive, emotional and motivating. Interjections and onomatopoeia.
• 57. Morpheme as a unit of language. Morpheme and phoneme, m. And word.
• Classification of morphemes
• 59. Morphonological changes in the structure of a word (alternation of phonemes, truncation, superposition of morphemes, interfixation, change of stress).
• 60. Historical changes in the composition of the word (simplification, re-elaboration). Reasons for historical changes.
• 61. Concept of basis. Typology of bases: divisible / indivisible, derivative / non-derivative.
• 62. Derivational and inflectional affixes.
• 63. The purpose and methodology of performing morphemic analysis / conducting morphemic analysis.
• 64. Word-formation meaning. The concept of word-formation motivation. Signs of motivated words. Word formant.
• 65. Word-formation pair, word-formation chain, word-formation paradigm, word-formation nest. The structure of the word-formation nest.
• 66. The concept of word-formation type. Word-formation types of different parts of speech.
• 67. Affixal methods of word formation
• 68. Addition as a way of word formation. Pure addition. Foundation. Abbreviation. Types of abbreviations.

• Short form of adjectives

  Short form education

  Most qualitative adjectives have two forms -

  full and brief: talented - talented; noble - good -

  native; wayward - wayward; ferocious - ferocious.

  In modern Russian, the short form is formed from the stem

  full form1 with endings: zero for masculine gender, -а, -о

  respectively for female and middle childbirth. Sometimes between the end

  With new consonants of the stem in masculine forms a fluent appears

  vowel -o, -e-.

  In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the following: for many

  adjectives ending in -native, -native, short

  The masculine singular form has a truncated suffix:

  characteristic - characteristic; solemn - solemn; essential

  ny - essential; painful - painful; related - related, etc.

  The formation of precisely forms with a truncated suffix, according to observation,

  yam scientists, reflects the development trend of this group of adjectives

  nykh in modern Russian language2. Often arising in their absorption

  development parallel forms (immoral - immoral, immoral

  sensual - insensitive, numerous - numerous, mysterious -

  mysterious, etc.) are acceptable, but the option on

  En, not na-enen.

  Only a small number of adjectives of this group form short

  some forms ending in -enen: arrogant, inviolable, inviolable

  doubtful, ordinary, frank, heartfelt, respectful, timely

  change and no. etc.

  Not all qualitative adjectives form a short form1.

  They don't have it:

  1) adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -ichesk-, -ensk-, -ov-, -ev-,

  a number of adjectives with the suffix -n-: “boorish act”, “ironic-

  some notes”, “beggarly wages”, “ordinary employee”, “key pro-

  problem", "early morning";

  2) some verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: by-

  wavy, thawed; as well as many adjectives that are pro-

  origination by active participles: outstanding (capable

  ty), swollen (face), etc.;

  3) many adjectives with suffixes of subjective assessment:

  plump, blushing, clean, simple;

  4) many adjectives that are relative in origin,

  denoting colors: coffee, chocolate, lilac;

  5) adjectives denoting the colors of horses: dun, black

  noah, bay, savrasy;

  6) words: junior, senior, big, as well as some simple ones

  river words: lesser, cursed, etc.

  There are such qualitative adjectives that use -

  sya only in a short form, but do not have a full form: glad, much,

  love, necessary.

  Some ambiguous adjectives form a short form

  not to each of the values. For example, the adjective prominent, has

  having three meanings: 1) visible, visible; 2) significant

  ny, important; 3) tall, stately, representative, - short

  the form exists only in the first meaning: “The house is visible from afar.”

  There are adjectives whose full and short forms differ -

  are values. For example: imperious - ‘inclined to command, sub-

  to inflict on oneself” (“powerful man”) and imperious - “one who has the power to dis-

  to order, to command.

  Grammatical properties of short adjectives

  In modern Russian, short adjectives are not inflected

  are changed, but change only in numbers, and in the singular and in

  In a sentence, short adjectives appear most often in

  role of the predicate: “I like that you are not sick with me, I like-

  Xia, that I’m not sick with you” (Color.); “You don’t love me, you don’t regret me,

  Aren’t I a little handsome?” (Es.). In the definition function they can

  used only when they are isolated. In this role

  they are used mainly in poetic speech: “Dika, pe-

  calm, silent, like a forest deer, timid, she is in her family

  noah seemed like a stranger’s girl” (P.); “Filled with longing and trepidation, Tama-

  Ra often sits at the window in lonely thought” (L.); “But, sure, remember-

  nude on the fly, as Tashkent burst into flames in bloom, all engulfed in white flames,

  hot, smelly, intricate, incredible.”

The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for the masculine gender, - and I for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in -enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).

Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.

The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees(comparative degree is called comparative, and excellent - superlative).

Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.

comparative an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Peterhigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).

The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.

1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);

3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: base positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:

1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);

2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);

3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).

Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.

Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).