Tolstoy was prompted to create the historical novel “Peter I” by the consonance between the Peter the Great era and the era of which he was a contemporary. At the forefront of the novel is the need to show the formation of personality in history, the mutual influence of personality on...

Powerful, contradictory, constantly moving forward, the nature of Peter the Great has always attracted the attention of poets and writers. Lomonosov revered Peter - the great collector of lands, a tireless worker and a learned man. Born to the scepter, extended...

P-loved Russia very much, knew its history well and often turned to the past of his country. In this past, he was interested in the image of Peter I, his character (complex and contradictory) and the ambiguous attitude towards his reforms of both his contemporaries and those who followed...

The bright, colorful figure of Peter the Great and his era have excited and excite the imagination of artists of many generations, from Lomonosov to the present day. One of the significant works on this topic is the novel by Alexei Tolstoy, the content of which is...

The great merit of A. N. Tolstoy is that in his historical novel he created true images of Peter the Great and his associates, but the writer’s even greater merit is that he tried to reveal female characters in their development. This is Sophia -...

The era of Peter's reforms and the personality of Peter I attracted Tolstoy's close attention even before the appearance of the novel. Obviously, the author finds certain parallels and echoes of that time and period of the twenties and thirties of the XX century in Russia. ...

Starting work on the novel “Peter the Great,” Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy admitted: “I had been aiming at “Peter” for a long time. I saw all the stains on his camisole, I heard his voice, but Peter remained a mystery to me in the historical fog.” Later, the writer defined the central problem of his novel as “the formation of personality in the era.” At the beginning of the book, pre-Petrine Rus' is depicted. Poor, dark, ruined by riots, theft and exorbitant taxes. “Over Moscow, over the cities, over hundreds of districts spread across the vast land, the twilight of a hundred years soured - poverty, servility, lack of contentment.” “No crafts, no army, no navy... One thing is to tear three skins, and even those are thin...” All segments of the population are dissatisfied with the existing order of life. The need for radical changes is clear to both the “man with a whipped ass,” the poor nobleman, and Prince Vasily Golitsyn.

The country needed a reformer. History itself chooses Peter for this mission, who was an exponent not only of his personal will, but also of the demands of the era. In the first chapters, young Peter is very far from the great mission destined for him. He is completely absorbed in the struggle for power, captivated by the bright, noisy, boredom-free world of the Kukuy settlement, cruel fun, wine, women. The “Kukuisky reveler” begins to realize the need for change when he sees real sea trading ships in Arkhangelsk and “the proud contempt of foreigners, covered with amiable smiles.” Looking back at the past, he thinks: “And what has been done over the years is beyond the devil: I dabbled!” Peter realizes the need to “aim for more”: to fight for Russia’s access to the Black and Baltic Seas - without this, Russia would not exist! Failure and shame at Azov “bridled him with mad bits.” The fun is over, great things have begun for the benefit of Russia.

Peter's personal fate is closely intertwined with the fate of Russia. Tolstoy notes his trouble-free service to the Fatherland as the most valuable trait of his personality. Without sanctimonious arrogance, he recognizes the justice of the speeches of foreigners and learns from Europe to trade, build ships, and sail the seas. Without admiration or self-deprecation, he learns the craft himself and forces others to learn, and hires the best European specialists as teachers. He deals harshly and decisively with personal enemies (Sophia, the rebel archers, the boyars), but not so much out of personal revenge, but because they became a brake on the path to the transformation of Russia. Forces the boyars to shave their hair, brush their teeth, dress in foreign clothes, gather in assemblies, know politeness, and learn languages. Peter is concerned about the development of culture, education, and therefore the prosperity of Russia.

Any undertaking aimed at benefiting Russia meets with the unconditional support of the sovereign, is perceived by him as a personal victory, and arouses pride in the fact that Russians are getting on their feet and can successfully compete with Europeans. Hardworking and unpretentious, Peter valued people by their intelligence, talent, business and moral qualities, and not by their nobility. He promoted and brought closer to himself only those who served Russia in one way or another. Alexei Tolstoy portrays the tsar as a talented military leader, an army reformer who knows how to draw useful lessons even from defeats. Driving through the field where the “Narva embarrassment” once happened, Peter says with merciless frankness: “My army died here... In these places Karl found great glory, and we found strength. Here we learned at which end to eat the radish, and buried forever the ossified antiquity, from which we almost suffered final destruction...” He considers war a historical necessity, a “state need,” unlike Karl, who is interested in war for the sake of war. The Swedish king does not think about his country, about his army, which he is risking, he wants nothing from life except “the roar and smoke of guns, the clang of crossed iron, the screams of wounded soldiers and the sight of a trampled field, smelling of smoke and blood.” How different Peter is from him when, preparing for the decisive assault on Narva, he says to Menshikov: “It is impossible to retreat from Narva a second time... Narva is the key to the whole war... The city must be taken quickly, and we don’t want to shed a lot of our blood...” And when Yuriev is captured orders Sheremetev: “Do your own thing, for God’s sake, just don’t lose people in vain...” Here Peter is portrayed as a true humanist, a wise military leader.

The writer managed to recreate the multifaceted personality of Peter, formed by a certain environment and historical era. Cruelty, rudeness, and despotism are combined in him with talent, love of life, perseverance, generosity of soul, and patriotism. This duality of Peter is explained by the realities of Russian life. Peter acts as the era that raised him dictates; he is, to a great extent, a son of his time. First - the influence of historical events on Peter, then - the ever-increasing influence of Peter himself, his reform activities on the events of the era - this is the logic of the development of the image of the king in the novel. At the center of the story is the powerful process of the revival of Russia, driven by mind and will. central character novel, which ensured the political, economic and national independence of the state, which became a European power from a backward country.

The image of Peter the Great is characterized by swiftness, dynamism, and unostentatious simplicity. In Alexei Tolstoy, it is as if the history of Russia itself, spurred on by the will of Peter, accelerates its course.

Military campaigns were an integral part of Peter's policy. And although they greatly exhausted the state, they had to be carried out due to historical necessity. The ancestral Russian lands in the south were captured by the Tatars and Turks, who blocked Russia's path to the Black Sea. The exit to the Baltic is closed by Swedish garrisons. The initially lost battles only strengthened the young king. “From the trouble and shame near Azov, the Kukui reveler immediately matured, failure bridled him with a mad bit. Even his relatives did not recognize him - he was a different person: angry, stubborn, businesslike.”

Shipyards are being built in Voronezh, and a fleet is being hastily built. The next year, Peter takes Azov: "... first of all, it was a victory over his own: Kukui defeated Moscow." The writer shows Peter, who has mastered 14 crafts, at the reception of ambassadors and at the blacksmith's forge, fastening gear on a sailboat and in the gunpowder smoke of battles, in the royal chambers and in the scene of a tavern feast. During the war with the Swedes, Peter “did not wash his face, he ate on the go.” With a face burned by the sun, with palms covered in bloody calluses, in a dusty caftan that smelled of tobacco and sweat - this is how Tsar Peter appears on the pages of the novel. We see the emperor at the shipyard, at the table of the military council, in the torture chamber, at assemblies and at the lovely Ankhen.

The third book of the novel was not completed due to the death of the writer. Here Peter is depicted somewhat differently than in the first two books. The main character becomes an experienced, mature ruler. His large figure breathes a sense of confidence, devoid of the sharp, impetuous movements that were noticed before. But the tsar’s bulging eyes are still “stern and scary”; he still has flashes of unbridled anger, but in his entire appearance there is more restraint, characteristic of a statesman - far-sighted, insightful, powerful, even cruel.

On the pages of the novel, which depict the victorious assault on Narva, Peter personifies the “formidable greatness” of the monarch, inspired by a lofty state goal: “It was a European matter: is it a joke - to take by storm one of the most impregnable fortresses in the world.” The fresh wind from the Baltic tears the sails of Peter the Great's frigates and brigantines, sailing in wake formation after the victory at Yuryev. Thus, young Russia, straining its strength in battles with external and internal enemies, rushed uncontrollably into the future.

With big artistic skill Other historical figures were also recreated: Menshikov, Lefort, Romodanovsky, Princess Natalya. But the center of the novel, to which all the threads of the narrative are drawn, is the image of Peter, sculpted by Alexei Tolstoy in a large, prominent, powerful way. His nature embodies the main contradictions of that time. Peter the Great is a national figure on a large scale. After Pushkin's Poltava, Alexei Tolstoy's novel is the greatest success in creating the image of Peter in Russian literature.

The writer did not idealize Peter I. The ardor and temperament with which Peter sets out to break and eradicate the old order often lead to mockery of people. The despotism of the autocratic tsar is manifested, for example, in the fact that he mockingly cuts the beards of the boyars, commits outrages in their houses, and organizes wild clownish processions through the streets of Moscow.

But in relation to the well-born boyars, dissatisfied with the reforms and gravitating towards the old way of life, the tsar’s despotism is completely justified. Tolstoy depicts in the novel memorable types of arrogant, arrogant boyars of noble families, who can only lament the old order, which has now passed away. Such is the old boyar Buynosov, a slow and sluggish slow-witted figure who personifies the degeneration of this privileged class in the era of Peter the Great. He is being replaced by energetic, active representatives of the serving nobility and merchants, who actively participate in Peter's transformations. Heroes such as Alexander Menshikov, Andrei Golikov, and the Brovkin family made a dizzying career, becoming close associates of the tsar.

Highly appreciating the importance of Peter's reforms for the development and prosperity of Russia, Tolstoy pointed out the negative phenomena of the era of Peter's reign. Throughout the novel there are pictures of poverty, downtroddenness, oppression and lack of rights of the people. We see peasants, serfs, soldiers, runaways, those who suffer unbearably from extortion and oppression.

The novel by Alexei Tolstoy reflects all the diversity of issues of the Peter I era. And yet, this is not a historical chronicle, but a broad socio-psychological and dramatic canvas that contains the storms and passions of the transitional period of Russian life.

Lesson on the topic: “The image of Peter in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy "Peter the Great"

Lesson objectives:

give an idea of ​​the changes in the author’s views on the role of Peter’s reforms;

to identify the ideological and artistic task of A.N. Tolstoy - to show Peter the Great as a statesman brought to life by historical necessity;

identify the role of artistic means in creating the image of Peter.

Org moment.

The importance of the topic for studying Tolstoy’s work. Setting lesson goals. The sound of the theme in the works of other writers. At this stage of the lesson, students turn to previously studied material, to lecture material from the previous lesson, and listen to the presentation of a specially prepared student.

Presentation.

In previous lessons we talked about the work of A.N. Tolstoy, the features of his novel “Peter the First,” in the center of which is the image of Peter. It is to this image that we will devote our lesson.

Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook (/Presentation, slide No. 2/: The image of Peter in A.N. Tolstoy’s novel “Peter the First.”)

What goals can we set for ourselves while working on this topic? (slide No. 3)

characterize the image of Peter in the novel;

identify the artistic means used by the author to create the image of Peter.

The personality of Peter the Great and his era excited the imagination of writers, artists, and composers of many generations. From Lomonosov to the present day, this topic has not left the pages of works of art. Which writers addressed her, how did they see the image of Peter?

For over 20 years, A.N. Tolstoy was also concerned about this topic. In 1917, he wrote the story “The Day of Peter,” and he worked on the novel “Peter the First” until his death.

Student’s message (based on the story “The Day of Peter”, a brief commentary on the image of the king in it.)

How is Peter portrayed in the story? Had Tolstoy's views on the role of Peter changed by the time he wrote the novel? What is this connected with?

Look at the blackboard. (Presentation, slide No. 4) Story “The Day of Peter” Novel “Peter the Great”

...the damp wind drove a strong fog from the sea... blew away rotten straw from the huts and cages...

The swollen river beat into the log embankments...

The royal city was built at the edge of the earth, in the swamps, right next to the wilderness. Who needed him, for what new torment it was necessary to sweat and blood and die in thousands - the people did not know. ...The open sea was just a stone's throw away from here. The wind covered it with a cheerful swell.

...This was a desirable, beloved place. It’s good, of course, on the Azov Sea, whitish and warm, obtained with great difficulty, it’s good on the White Sea... but they cannot compare with the Baltic Sea - a wide road to wondrous cities, to rich countries.

We present to your attention episodes that describe the construction of St. Petersburg. On the left are excerpts from the story, and on the right are from the novel. We invite you to compare them. What makes these two descriptions different from each other?

So, Tolstoy’s view of the role of Peter the Great’s reforms underwent changes. After returning to his homeland in 1922, Tolstoy came to the conclusion that reforms were necessary.

3. Portrayal of Peter in the novel. The formation of Peter's personality. The need for transformation. Artistic means of depicting Peter.

Doing homework, working with text.

Now we turn to the image of Peter in the novel.

When we talked about the composition of the novel, we noted that it was dictated by the goal of showing the formation of Peter’s personality. How does Tolstoy’s portrayal of Peter differ from Pushkin’s? (Pushkin has Peter as an established personality)

Tell us how Tolstoy depicts the development of Peter’s personality? (Presentation, slide No. 5)

Student answers.

Prove with examples from the text that Russia needed transformation. Did Tolstoy reflect the contradictory nature of Peter's transformations? (Presentation, slide No. 9)

Student answers. (It is possible to use slides No. 6-8 (Presentation, slides 6-8), illustrating the need for transformations).

Why was it Peter, and not Golitsyn, who was able to become the transformer of Russia? (Presentation, slide No. 10)

Student answers.

Speaking about Peter, one cannot help but pay attention to the artistic means used by the author. Which tools do you think play the most important role? (Presentation, slide No. 11)

(reception of contrast, speech characteristics).

Give examples of using contrast in the text.

What are the features of Peter's speech?

(laconism, emotionality, imagery, closeness to folk). (Presentation, slide No. 12)

Pay attention to a small excerpt from the text (Presentation, slide No. 13): “Peter pulled the door open... On two moved benches, with his head covered, Streshnev was sleeping. Peter tore off the blanket. He grabbed the frightened boyar by the thin hair... spat in his face, dragged him to the dirt floor, and beat him with his jackboot...”

Tolstoy admitted: (Presentation, slide No. 15): “In a person, I try to see a gesture that characterizes his state of mind, and this gesture is shown to me by a verb in order to give a movement that reveals psychology.”

So, an important means of revealing the image of Peter is the “internal gesture”, a technique consisting in the use of verbs to convey psychological state hero.

Write down in your notebook the main artistic means used by the author to create the image of Peter (Presentation, slide No. 16)

4. Generalization of the material. Summarizing. Homework.

It's time to sum up our lesson. Tell us briefly about the results of our work (Presentation, slide No. 17).

Tolstoy carried his interest in the image of Peter throughout his entire work;

in the novel “Peter the Great” Tolstoy showed the formation of Peter’s personality and the need for transformation;

the novel reflects the contradictory nature of Peter's activities;

The following artistic means became the most significant in creating the image of Peter: “internal gesture”, the technique of contrast, speech characteristics. (Students write in their notebooks)

Homework for the lesson on the topic “The image of Peter in A.N. Tolstoy’s novel “Peter the Great”.

Book 1, chapter 7, 4.

A pleasant wind filled four large straight sails on the main and foremasts and two straight bow ones at the end of the long bowsprit... Leaning slightly on the left side, the ship “St. George” glided across the sunny, gray spring sea. Here and there, surrounded by foam, fragile ice floes could be seen. On the stern, bulky as a tower, fluttered the Brandenburg flag. The deck of the ship was clean, washed, and the polished copper shone. A cheerful wave hit the oak Neptune, and flew up like rainbow dust on the bow under the bowsprit.

Peter, Aleksashka Menshikov, Alyosha Brovkin, Volkov and the frail, with a trimmed beard, big-headed priest Bitka - all dressed in a German, gray cloth dress, in thread stockings and yuft shoes with iron buckles - sat on bundles of resin ropes, smoking good tobacco.

Peter, resting his elbows on his high knees, cheerful and kind, said:

Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, to whom we are sailing to Konigsberg, his brother - look how he will meet... He needs us so much... He lives in fear: on the one hand the Swedes are pressing him, on the other - the Poles... We have already found out all this. He will ask us for a military alliance - you will see, guys.

We’ll think about that too,” said Aleksashka.

Peter spat into the sea and wiped the end of his pipe on his sleeve:

The fact is that this union is of no use to us. Prussia will not fight the Turks. But, guys, don’t be mischievous in Konigsberg - I’ll tear your head off... So that fame doesn’t spread about us.

Pop Bitka said with drunken force:

Our behavior is always decent, there is nothing to threaten... But such a rank - Elector - has never been heard of.

Alexashka replied:

Lower than the king, higher than the duke - you get an elector. But, it’s not fair, this one has a ruined country, subsisting on bread and kvass.

Alyoshka Brovkin listened with his bright eyes and mustacheless mouth open... Peter blew smoke into his mouth. Alyosha coughed. They laughed and began to push him under the sides... Alyosha said:

Well, faq, faq... Tea, it’s still scary, what if it’s us - and to them.

The old captain, a Finn, looked at them in amazement as they frolicked among the ropes. I couldn’t believe that one of these cheerful guys was the Tsar of Moscow... But you never know what’s outlandish in the world...

On the left side, sandy shores floated in the distance. Occasionally a sail was visible. A ship full of sails was leaving the edge to the west. It was a sea of ​​Vikings, Hanseatic merchants, and now the domain of the Swedes. The sun was setting. “St. George” released the sheets and gybed, softly murmuring through the waves, sailed to the long sandbar separating the closed Frischhaf Bay from the sea. A lighthouse and low forts of the Pialou fortress grew, guarding the passage to the bay. Swimming up, fired a cannon, dropped anchor. The captain asked the Muscovites for dinner. What role does the description of the landscape play in this episode? List the artistic means by which the creation of such a background is achieved.

How does Peter appear in this scene?

What role does this episode play in the text?

Describe Peter's speech.

Lesson topic. Theme, microtheme, main idea of ​​the text

Lesson. We're making up a story

Formation of communicative and cultural competences;

Development of reading culture and understanding of the author's position.

1. Educational:

Repeat and summarize what has been learned on the topic “Episode Analysis”;

Know the structure of an argumentative essay, plot and extra-plot elements, the definition of an episode, the role of an episode in the text; episode analysis diagram;

Be able to analyze an episode from the novel “Peter I”, determine its role in the novel,

Interpret the text.

2.Developing:

Enrichment and complexity of vocabulary; strengthening the communicative properties of speech;

Develop the skills to analyze, compare, generalize, synthesize.

3. Educational:

Education of citizenship;

Formation of humane relations.

Lesson type

Lesson of generalizing knowledge, improving skills.

Reproductive, problematic.

Organizational forms of training

Frontal, individual.

Lesson structure

Linear

Means of education

1. Visual material.

Poster “Scheme for analysis of an episode of prose text. Essay plan - reasoning",

"The role of the episode in the text"

Support “Means of artistic representation”.

2.Didactic material.

Cards “Structure of an essay - reasoning”, “Plot elements. Extra-plot elements ", "Definition", "The role of the episode in the text", "Scheme for analyzing an episode of a prose text. Plan for an essay-reasoning “The role of the episode in the text.”

3.Handouts..

Photocopies of a chapter of the novel “Peter I” (book 3 chapter 2 (5).

Photocopies of an article from M. Sverdlov’s book “Beyond Good and Evil.” Alexey Tolstoy: from Pinocchio to Peter “- M., 2004, p. 78-79.

Preparing for the lesson

Written condensed retelling of the chapter (book 3 chapter 2 (5), outline, title.

Board design

The structure of the essay is reasoning. The role of the episode in the text. Analysis of an episode from A. N. Tolstoy’s novel “Peter I”.

During the classes

I Motivation for cognitive activity.

Find errors in episodes from a book you know. (see Attachment)

See Kuchina T. G., Ledenev A. V. Test and verification works on literature. Grade 11. – M., 2003, p. 115

II Goal setting.

Today we are devoting two lessons to analyzing an episode from A. Tolstoy’s novel. The lesson is general in nature.

III Updating knowledge, skills and abilities. Poll (using didactic material).

1. Definition.

There are many definitions of an episode in science. Here are just two. Read (See Appendix).

What do these definitions have in common? What is the difference?

Write down any definition.

Name synonyms for the word “episode” (excerpt, fragment, part). Write it down.

2. The role of the episode in the text.

We are always trying to understand why any fragment in the text is needed, what its role is in the work.

Read what functions of the episode may be in the text (See Appendix).

Determine the function of such episodes: the last meeting of Onegin and Tatyana, Oblomov’s dream, the first meeting of Natasha Rostova and Anatoly.

Give your own examples.

3.Episode as part of the plot.

The episode is part of some plot element. Read the set of plot elements (See Appendix).

What plot element do these episodes include? The duel of Onegin and Lensky, the death of Bazarov, the life of Natasha and Pierre.

An episode may be an extra-plot element. Read this set

(See Attachment).

Give examples of such fragments.

4. Essay - reasoning.

The analysis of the episode is constructed as a reasoning. Let us recall the reasoning scheme (See Appendix).

5.Episode analysis diagram.

Read the diagram (See Appendix).

What's not clear?

Now let's move on to a specific episode.

IV.Formation of skills and abilities.

Make an episode outline (simple or quotable).

Come up with several episode titles (reflecting a theme or idea).

2.Checking homework

Several people read a condensed retelling

What's successful? What can be changed?

3.Checking the task at the board.

4. Analysis of the episode (according to the “Episode Analysis Scheme”). Book 3 chapter 2 (5).

Introduction

What could be the introduction? Propose a thesis (New Russia is being built, but what a terrible price. Complex relations between the tsar and the people).

Or maybe there is another thesis.

Read the article by literary critic M. Sverdlov about the novel “Peter I”. (See Appendix)

What role does this episode play? (Professionalism is the basis of the state of Peter I; reforms are impossible without professionals).

Main part

The main part begins with a condensed retelling.

What place does the episode occupy in the composition of the text? What happens in chapter 4?

(The Tsar is visiting Menshikov, talking about preparations for war with Charles XII).

What happens in chapter 6? (Peter returns home, tells Menshikov about

Golikov, ice drift begins).

How are all these episodes connected? (Building a city, access to the sea is state policy. Selection of talented people is a state need.)

What place does the episode take in the plot? (action development).

What themes and problems of the novel are reflected in this fragment? (Corruption surrounded by the Tsar, the construction of St. Petersburg, the cruelty of the era, the talented Russian people, the justice of Peter).

How are the characters' personalities revealed in this episode? (Peter is stern, fair, smart; Golikov is talented, persistent; bearded, independent, wise).

Prove it with text.

Why doesn't the bearded man have a name? (symbolism).

What is the objective world of the fragment?

Find a landscape.

Find the portrait.

Find the interior.

Why are they needed here? (Details create the image of the era).

Find the motives of the fragment. The motive is built according to the formula: who - to whom - action.

(The motive of the meeting between the king and common man. A simple man tells the king the bitter truth, the courtiers deceive the king).

What associations arise?

Laboratory work

Work in groups or pairs.

Study of the form of narration, organization of speech, and linguistic means of the episode.

(See "Episode Analysis Outline").

Checking the work.

Conclusion

Who can already draw a conclusion?

This episode helps to understand the character of the main character. We see that Peter is indifferent to the origin of people, their professional qualities are important to him.

What themes are developed here?

How does the fragment reveal the idea of ​​the novel as a whole?

Peter broke the order established for centuries and turned the lives of all people upside down. Capable and active people come to the fore. But the price that the people pay for transformation is exorbitant and terrible.

V. Reflection

VI.Homework

Write a draft essay on the topic of the lesson.

Literature

1. Belova A. V. Lectures at ChSU (Cherepovets).

2. Sverdlov M. Beyond good and evil. Alexei Tolstoy: from Pinocchio to Peter. M., 2 0 0 4.

3. Sidorova M. “Thou shalt not kill.” Analysis of an episode from M. Sholokhov’s novel “ Quiet Don“ – Russian language and literature for schoolchildren, 2003, No. 4.

4.I'm going to a literature lesson. Getting ready for the exam essay. 11th grade - M., 2002. (Beznosov E., Shtilman S., Demidenko E., Volkov S.).

5. Kuchina T., Ledenev A. Tests and tests on literature. Grade 11. M., 2003.

Application

Scheme for analyzing an episode of a prose text. Essay plan - reasoning

The role of the episode in the text.

Introduction

1.What is an episode? Give a definition.

2. Assumption about the role of this episode in the work (essay thesis).

Main part (arguments and examples).

1.A condensed retelling of this fragment.

2. Place of the episode in the composition of the text.

Why is this episode located here? What are the episodes before and after? Which

Connection with other fragments?

3. The place of the episode in the plot of the work.

Plot, exposition, development of action, climax, denouement, epilogue.

4.What themes, ideas, problems (questions) of the text are reflected in this episode?

5.Arrangement of characters in this fragment. New in the characters' characters.

6.What is the objective world of the work?

Landscape, interior, portrait.

Why exactly this in this episode?

7.Motives of the episode.

A meeting, an argument, a road, a dream, and the like.

Associations.

Biblical, folklore, ancient.

8.On whose behalf is the story told?

9.Organization of speech.

Narration, description, monologue, dialogue.

10.Language means.

Analysis of an episode of prose text. A. N. Tolstoy “Peter I” (book 3, chapter 2 (5). Preparation for the essay

The line between poetry and prose in Turgenev

Lesson topic. RTema, microtheme, main idea of ​​the text

Lesson. We're making up a story

Essay with artistic style of speech

Paths and figures.

Conclusion (conclusion)

1. The role of the episode in the work (similarity with the introduction).

2.What themes of the work are developed in this episode?

3. The significance of the fragment for revealing the idea of ​​the text.

Essay structure - reasoning

I. Thesis (the main idea of ​​the essay).

Because, since.

II. Justification: arguments and examples.

What follows from this?

Therefore, therefore, thus, thus.

III. Conclusion.

Echoes the thesis.

Definition

Episode (Greek: incidental, extraneous) is one or another, to a certain extent, completed and independent part of a literary work, which depicts a completed event or important point in the character's fate.

Episode - part (excerpt, fragment) work of art, which has relative completeness and represents a separate moment in the development of the topic.

The role of the episode in the text

1.Characterological.

The episode reveals the character of the hero, his worldview.

2.Psychological.

The episode reveals the character's state of mind.

3. The episode shows a new turn in the relationships of the heroes.

Plot elements

1.Exposition

2.Decoupling

3. Development of action

4. Climax

5.Decoupling

Extra-plot elements

1.Description:

3.Inserted episodes.

M. Sverdlov

Question about the meaning of life

What is taking up space? moral quest in "Peter the Great"? Professional searches. Are the characters in the novel looking for the meaning of life? Yes,

In the professional field.

The meaning of life for the heroes of “Peter the Great” is professionalism. Why are the boyars superfluous? Because they're slackers. The boyars are opposed by specialists who are the best in their field, professionals: merchant Artyom Brovkin (the most cunning

And resourceful), officer Alexey Brovkin (the most efficient),

Blacksmith Zhemov (the most skillful), painter Golikov (the most talented).

In Peter’s Russia, as Alexey Tolstoy describes it, a person is either a professional or “cannon fodder.” Therefore, everyone around Peter must become professionals: the old boyar Romodanovsky - become a professional in detective work and inquiry (the most cruel), Princess Natalya (the most artistic) - master the theater business, boyar Buynosov (the stupidest) pays for idleness - the role of a professional jester.

And the professional above the professionals is Tsar Peter himself; because he is at the same time a carpenter, a shipbuilder, an artilleryman, and a blacksmith, because the profession of the king (“father of nations”), according to the logic of the novel, is the sum of all other professions plus the superhuman will that generalizes all professions.

So, let's summarize: the question of the meaning of life for the heroes of “Peter the Great” is not a moral one, but a “technical” question; their choice is not between good and evil, but between useful and useless.

Find errors in episodes

1. Vasily Golitsyn leaned on the stool and looked around his mother’s bedchamber with annoyance. Sophia, sitting opposite him, smiled affectionately...

I want to marry you...

Vasily quickly jumped up, waving his arms, and ran from the illuminated faces of the saints to the door at random around the bedroom. Sat down. He shook his head...

Large feet turned toes inward.

2.Peter’s blue eyes sparkled excitedly. The hour was decisive - a new king had to be named. Whom? Alexandra or Ivan? Is it Naryshkina’s son or Miloslavskaya’s son? Both are still unintelligent boys, and both have strength in their family. Ivan is hot in mind and strong in body. Alexander is weak-minded, sick, put ropes out of him... What to prefer? Whom? Yasinskaya Svetlana Georgievna

A.N. Tolstoy's novel "Peter the Great".

A.N. Tolstoy’s novel “Peter the Great” was called “the first” by A.M. Gorky

in our literature a real historical novel, "a book -

for a long time."

Reflecting one of the most interesting eras in the development of Russia -

the era of a radical break in patriarchal Russia and the struggle of the Russian

people for their independence, A.N. Tolstoy's novel "Peter the Great"

will always attract readers with its patriotism, unusually -

genuine freshness and high artistic skill.

This novel introduces the reader to the life of Russia at the end of the 17th century.

beginning of the 17th century, depicts the struggle of the new young Russia, striving

striving for progress, with Russia old, patriarchal, clinging

for the old, asserts the invincibility of the new. "Peter the Great" is

a huge historical canvas, the broadest picture of morals, but

first of all, this is, according to A.S. Serafimovich, a book about Russian

character.

The personality of Peter and his era excited the imagination of writers,

artists, composers of many generations. From Lomonosov to Na-

These days, the theme of Peter does not leave the pages of artistic literature.

teratures. Pushkin, Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, Blok and others turned to her.

For over twenty years, the theme of Peter and Alexei Tolstoy was of concern:

The story "The Day of Peter" was written in 1917, the last chapters

you read his historical novel "Peter the Great" - in 1945. Not immediately

A.N. Tolstoy was able to deeply, truthfully and comprehensively draw Petr.

Rovskaya eras, show the nature of Peter’s transformations.

"I had been targeting Peter for a long time, since the beginning of the February

revolution,” wrote A.N. Tolstoy. “I saw all the spots on his stone.”

ashes, - but still Peter stuck out as a mystery in the historical fog."

This is evidenced by his story “The Day of Peter” and the

hedia "On the Rack" (1928).

It is characteristic that A.N. Tolstoy turned to the Petrine era in

1917; in the distant past he tried to find answers to the mu-

questions that haunted him about the fate of his homeland and people. Why exactly

did the writer turn to this era? Peter's era - a time of pre-

educational reforms, a radical overthrow of patriarchal Russia-

was accepted by him as something reminiscent of 1917.

In the story "The Day of Peter" Tolstoy sought to show Peter

The first by a willful landowner who wants to change the life of his family

no country. “Yes, that’s enough,” he writes, did the Tsar want the best for Russia?

Peter? What was Russia to him, the tsar, the owner, who was burning with vexation?

and jealousy: how is it his yard and cattle, farm laborers and all the owners -

Is the property worse, more stupid than the neighbor's? "Negative attitude towards Peter

and his transformative activities were connected, both

researchers say, with rejection and misunderstanding of A.N. Tolstoy in

1917 October revolution.

In the play "On the Rack" more broad characteristics time-

me Peter and his entourage. The era is still given in darkness

different tones. Through a number of episodes the motif of a tragic tragedy runs through

nights of Peter. He is alone in his huge country, for the sake of which

Roy "didn't spare his stomach"; people against the converter. Lonely

Peter and among his “chicks”: Menshikov, Shafirov, Shakhovskoy-

all are liars and thieves. Peter is lonely in his family - he is cheating on him

Catherine. Despite the fact that in the tragedy "On the rack" (on the breath-

All Rus' was raised by Peter) Peter is drawn as a big

a statesman, he still remained for Tolstoy

a mystery - hence the writer’s assertion of his futility

transformative activity and the image of the collapse of all of it

many years of work. The elements defeat Peter, and not vice versa, as

in Pushkin's poem " Bronze Horseman ".

One of best works Soviet literature on history

The “excellent” novel, according to A.M. Gorky, became a great theme.

A.N. Tolstoy "Peter the Great".

The beginning of work on this novel coincides with events that are important

important in the life of our country. 1929 is the year of a historical turning point.

It was at this time that Tolstoy again turned to the image

Peter's era. He feels the roll call of distant Petrovsky,

“when the old world cracks and collapses,” with our time, feeling

There is a certain consonance between these two eras.

THE IDEAL CONCEPT OF THE NOVEL "PETER THE FIRST"

1. First of all, the writer needed to determine what would happen

for him, the main thing in the novel, and from these positions select the appropriate

relevant material in the works of historians, historical documents,

memoirs. This main thing for Tolstoy, according to him, was

"the formation of personality in the era." He talked about this in conversation

with the editorial team of the magazine "Smena": "Formation of personality

in a historical era - a very complex thing. This is one of the tasks

my novel."

2. Tolstoy also solves the question of Peter’s transformations differently. All

the course of the story, the whole system artistic images must

were to emphasize the progressive importance of transformative measures

acceptances, their historical pattern and necessity.

3. One of the most important tasks for Tolstoy was to “identify

driving forces of the era" - a solution to the problem of the people, their history

ical role in all transformations of the country, finally, the image

complex relationship between Peter and the people.

These are the main problems that Tolstoy was able to solve

approach only in the late 20s. Ideological plan found the novel

the corresponding expression in the composition of the work, in all its

components.

COMPOSITION AND PLOT OF THE NOVEL

"A historical novel cannot be written in the form of a chronicle, in the form

history... It is needed first of all, as in any artistic

canvas, - composition, architectonics of the work. What it is -

composition? This is first of all the establishment of a center, a center of vision

artist... In my novel the center is the figure of Peter I."

So, in the center of Tolstoy’s narrative is Peter, the formation of his

personality. However, the novel did not become, albeit masterfully written,

biography of Peter. Why? It was important for Tolstoy to show not only

Peter as a great historical figure, but also an era that

contributed to the formation of this figure.

The formation of Peter’s personality and the image of the era in its history

This movement determined the compositional features of the novel.

Tolstoy is not limited to depicting life and activity

of his hero, he creates a multifaceted composition, which gives him

the opportunity to show the life of the most diverse segments of the Russian population,

life of the masses. All classes and groups of Russian society

represented in the novel: peasants, soldiers, archers, artisans,

nobles, boyars. Russia is shown in a stormy stream of historical

events, in the clash of social forces.

The wide coverage of the events of the Petrine era is striking, the diversity

created characters.

The action is transferred from the poor peasant hut Ivashki Brov-

kin to the noisy squares of old Moscow; from the powerful room,

predatory princess Sophia - on the Red Porch in the Kremlin, where little

Kiy Peter becomes an eyewitness to the brutal massacre of the Streltsy with Mat-

fan; from Natalya Kirilovna's chambers in the Preobrazhensky Palace -

to the German Settlement, from there to the steppes scorched by the southern sun,

along which Golitsin’s army is slowly moving; from Troitsko-Ser-

Gievsky Lavra, where he fled from the Preobrazhensky Palace at night

Peter, - to Arkhangelsk, near Azov, abroad.

The first chapters of the novel depict a fierce struggle for power between

two boyar groups - the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins, representing

those who cherish the old, boyar, pre-Petrine Rus'. Neither one nor the other

the group was not interested in either the interests of the state or the fate of the people.

Tolstoy emphasizes this with almost the same type of remarks evaluating

the rule of one and the other. "And everything went as before. Nothing

It happened. Over Moscow, over cities, over hundreds of districts...

sour hundred-year twilight - poverty, servility, idleness" (after

victory of the Miloslavskys); but then the Naryshkins won - “...they began to du-

mother and rule as before. There haven't been any significant changes."

The people themselves understand this: “What is Vasily Golitsyn, what is Boris -

They are one joy."

Tolstoy shows that people are playing decisive role and in those

events that are playing out in the Kremlin. Only with support

people, the Naryshkins manage to break the Miloslavskys, etc. Discontent

people's position is manifested in a number of crowd scenes.

From about the fourth chapter of the first book, Tolstoy shows

how relations between the matured Peter become increasingly strained

and Sophia, which subsequently leads to the fall of the former ruler.

Peter becomes an autocratic ruler and with his characteristic

decisively, overcoming the resistance of the boyars, begins the fight

with Byzantine Russia. “All of Russia resisted,” writes Tolstoy.

changes, “they hated the speed and cruelty of what was being introduced not only

boyars, but also local nobility, and clergy, and archers:

“It’s become not the world, but a tavern, everyone is breaking, everyone is being disturbed... They don’t live -

are in a hurry... We are rolling into the abyss..." The people also resisted - "little

there was the same burden - they were dragged to a new, incomprehensible job - to

shipyards in Voronezh." Escape to the dense forests,

on the Don - the people's response to all the hardships of life during the reign

The first book ends with the brutal suppression of Streltsy by Peter

mutiny. It’s better to read its ending out loud: “All winter there was torture and

executions... The whole country was gripped by horror. The old one clogged up

dark corners. Byzantine Rus' was ending. In the March wind

the ghosts of merchant ships were seen beyond the Baltic coasts.”

The second book, in the words of Tolstoy himself, “is more monumental,

more psychological", she talks about how she moved from

places Rus' - begins with the image of a “reluctantly” awakening

Moscow, ends with a picture of St. Petersburg under construction.

The monumentality of the novel is not manifested in the depiction of large

events close-up, and in the image of the construction of a new

Russia. The struggle between old and new becomes decisive in

development of the novel's action. Tolstoy shows in what complex

conditions a young Russia is emerging, what difficulties had to be overcome?

defeat Petra on the path of transforming Rus'.

In the second book, compared to the first, there are fewer images

historical events, the action is concentrated around the subcution

to the Northern War, it began with the "Narva embarrassment", a feverish

activities to strengthen defense, construction of factories, first

successes in the war with the Swedes - the capture of Noteburg, access to the mouth

Neva and the foundation of the fortress city, which it was decided to call

Petersburg.

A large place is devoted in this book to psychological characteristics

ristikam. Each of the episodes is private and public life helps

more clearly present one or another side of the era of Peter, its transformation

titles (for example, a description of the life of the Buinosov and Brovkin families

etc.) Tolstoy shows how the new breaks into everyday life and destroys the old

foundations. The progressive nature of Peter’s reforms is emphasized

Tolstoy in depicting the general revival of the country, in the appearance around

Peter of new people keeping up with the times and understanding

needs of Russia. Among them are people from the people’s environment: Menshikov,

Brovkin family, Fedosei Sklyaev, Vorobiev.

"Chicks of Petrov's nest", energetic people raised by Peter,

opposed to the old Moscow boyars - Buinosov, Lykov

and others depicted by Tolstoy with irony. The boyars outwardly resigned themselves,

but continued to hate Peter and his innovations.

In the second book the motif of social

protest of the people. Irritation can also be heard in the conversation of men in a tavern.

on Varvarka, and in the behavior of the mujiks, in their unkind looks,

in shouts, in the open hatred of the peasants towards the landowners and boyars.

Tolstoy shows the silent protest seething among the people, which must

led to an uprising on the Don led by Bulavin.

In order to live “by the will, and not by the decree of the sovereign,” people flee to

forests. The schismatic movement, although reactionary in essence,

is one of the forms of protest against increased oppression in

period of Peter's reign.

A fortress city was founded at the mouth of the Neva. The desired sea is now from here -

close at hand, the transformation of the army began for a decisive victory

over the Swedes and the return of the original Russian lands - Yuryev and Narva.

The third book of the novel is dedicated to the struggle for Yuryev and Narva.

“The third book,” Tolstoy himself wrote, “is the most important part of the novel about

Peter, it refers to the most interesting period of Peter’s life.

It will show the legislative activities of Peter, his new

celebration in the field of changes in the way of Russian life, the tsar's trips for

border, his surroundings, the society of the time. The third part will give

pictures not only of Russian life, but also of the West of that time - France,

Poland, Holland. All the main tasks that I set when starting

novel, will be implemented in this part."

The third book, like the second, begins with a description of Moscow. It didn't pass

so much time, but before us is a different, renewed Moscow. In the second

The book shows a leisurely, largely inert life in the capital, and, although

its inhabitants feel that big events are brewing, that life

is becoming more and more alarming, nevertheless, the life of the city still flows

as before. In the third book, Moscow appears different: drastic changes

came out in her life. The new has burst into life, changing the usual

current. There are no more servants at the boyars' yards, "the gates are tightly closed -

ho, it’s quiet in the wide courtyard, little people have been taken to war, boyar sons

or sons-in-law in the regiments as non-commissioned officers or sent overseas, underage

sent to schools." One feels that life is moving to the new capital - Pe-

The third book is a book about the brilliant victories won by the Russians over

troops of Charles XII. It poses the problem of cultural development of Russia

This is the problem of forming a new intelligentsia. Shown especially clearly

the image of young Russia, victorious in a difficult struggle.

However, even in this book the

loy social conflict- growing contradictions between Peter and the people.

The book remained, unfortunately, unfinished.

“A person,” wrote A.N. Tolstoy, “as well as a historical period of time -

can only be understood dialectically - in movement, in struggle, in contradiction."

This is how he depicts the Petrine era - in motion, in the struggle of a new

There are no references to specific dates in the text, no references to numbers,

centuries, and yet the movement of time is felt in everything: in the way it grows

and Peter grows up, how the life of the country as a whole and Moscow in particular changes

ity, as something new, previously difficult to perceive, firmly enters into everyday life

of people. People's appearance, their characters, their lives, their fates change. (Brov family-

Kinykh and Prince Buynosov). The rapid passage of time manifests itself in general

revitalization of the life of the country, in how “representatives of some strata raise-

rising quickly, others are unable to keep up with the rapid pace of events

and find themselves thrown back sharply."

In Tolstoy's novel, in every line of it you can feel the beating of a painful pulse -

shoy country, the movement of the people who came out with honor from all the harsh

trials: both in creative work and in struggle he gained glory for his homeland.

A.S. Makarenko admired the cheerful sound of Tolstoy’s novel: “The most important thing

and the most beautiful thing in the book is the living movement of living people...-

This is a healthy and always cheerful movement of the Russian people."

Bardykina Elena Borisovna, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 23, Rybinsk

Study of Alexei Tolstoy's novel “Peter the Great”

It is advisable to devote 4 hours to studying the novel by A.N. Tolstoy “Peter the Great”.

1 lesson: repetition of the concept of “historicism”, “historical novel”, the theme of history in the works of A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, the fate of the Russian historical novel in the 20th century.

Lesson 2: creative biography A.N. Tolstoy (based on homework in the form of a relay race of facts), the theme of Peter and Russian history in the works of A.N. Tolstoy (composition, features of the style and language of the novel; based on text analysis, drawing up a reference diagram “Supporters and Enemies of Peter” "The people in the novel".

Lessons 3 and 4 dedicated to the image of Peter.

Purpose: during text analysis to show

1) how the contradictory and complex character of Peter is formed,

2) how, in the struggle for power and the implementation of ideas, a statesman and political figure who has made serving the Fatherland the goal of his life is formed and matures

3) the significance of Peter’s personality in the history of the country

4) by what artistic means Tolstoy creates the image of Peter - a statesman and a person.

Problems solved during the lesson:

Educational:

1. Knowledge of the text of A.N. Tolstoy’s novel “Peter the Great”;

2. Through knowledge of the text of the novel, an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bRussia of the 17-18 centuries, about the people of that time

3.Introduce paintings and musical works dedicated to Peter and his time

4. In the theory of literature, introduce a new concept - “theory of gesture”. Repeat the concepts of “historicism”. "historical novel", " literary hero", artistic means of characterizing the hero /portrait, comparison, detail, interior, speech characterization/.

Educational:

1. Careful, attentive attitude to literature as historical memory people;

2. Cultivate aesthetic taste using the language of the novel as a model;

3. Using the example of Peter and his comrades, cultivate patriotism, love for the Motherland, and the desire to serve the Fatherland.

Educational:

1. Using creative tasks to form imaginative thinking, develop imagination;

2.Through understanding the emotions and feelings of the characters in the novel, develop the emotions and feelings of students;

3. The ability to characterize a hero using an algorithm; develop analytical and logical thinking, the ability to draw conclusions and generalizations.

Intrasubject and intersubject connections

Literature: with previously studied works of A.S. Pushkin “Poltava”, “The Bronze Horseman”, information on the theory of literature, historical novel”, characterization of the hero, comparative characteristics hero, episode analysis"

Russian language: vocabulary from the point of view of origin, indirect speech.

Story: knowledge of Russian history of the 17th-18th centuries, historians about personality

Peter the Great and the significance of his transformations for the country.

Music: works dedicated to the 17th century (Mussorgsky “Khovanshchina”),

Petru (Gliere "The Bronze Horseman").

art: paintings depicting the life and customs of the 17th century,

portraits of Peter and Sophia.

The lesson repeats the theme of Peter the Great as a cross-cutting theme in Russian literature, the ability to characterize a hero, analyze an episode; The material from the previous lesson is drawn upon - supporters and opponents of Peter.

As homework For this lesson, students are asked to re-read the chapters dedicated to Peter, write out a portrait, and make a list of historical events depicted in the novel.

Individually:

Select the text of the novel that depicts pre-Petrine Rus'/using a card/

Homework checking is carried out dispersed throughout the lesson.

During the lesson, only 2 episodes are analyzed in detail; knowledge of the text of the following episodes is used: the first appearance of Peter in the novel, the young king in Preobrazhenskoye, Arkhangelsk. Azov, trip abroad, Narva. During the lesson, a new concept in literary theory, “the theory of gesture,” introduced by A. Tolstoy, will be studied, and concepts related to the characteristics of the hero will be reinforced.

During the lesson, the following types of work on speech development are used:

answer to a question in a monologue form,

retelling the scene when characterizing the hero,

the ability to conduct a dialogue - listen and hear a friend, answer a question, ask a question;

elements of oral verbal drawing;

working with a dictionary

The following types of independent work are used in the lesson:

Group work /episode analysis/

Educational brainstorming/project for a monument to Peter

Working in pairs allows each student to take part in the discussion, having previously spoken out their answer and discussed it with a neighbor.

Homework is given at the end of the lesson. Common to all / as a result of the conversation about Peter /: Pushkin said about Peter “... he himself is world history.” Why? Do you agree with him? Optional task:

Crossword "Image of Peter in Russian culture, literature, music, painting, etc. (A creative task designed for extensive and varied knowledge, a broad outlook. Assumes multivariance)

Create an algorithm for characterizing Peter (a task that assumes a reproductive level, but allows for a creative approach to implementation).

During the classes

1.Dive.

Teacher's word: Before us are paintings by famous masters Vasnetsov. Avilova, Goryushkina-Sorokopulova. On them we see Rus' of the second half of the 17th century

-How does she appear to us?

(In the paintings there is a gray sky, a cloudy day, and against this background the clothes of the people depicted in the painting stand out as bright spots. Rus' here is fabulous, somehow unreal. As if dormant, waiting for something)

-Now let’s see how Alexey Tolstoy saw her in his novel . (Word to the student who prepared this message at home)

-What is known? from the story ofposition of Rus' in the mid-17th century?

(Rus' demanded changes, Alexey Mikhailovich, Sophia, etc. tried to implement them)

Transformations, as we see, were started before Peter, but only he went further than his predecessors thanks to his energy and passion. V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Absolute power in itself is disgusting as a political principle. Civil conscience will never recognize it. But one can put up with a person in which this unnatural force is combined with self-sacrifice, when an autocrat, without sparing himself, goes to the breach in name of the common good, at the risk of breaking against insurmountable obstacles and even one’s own business"

What features of Peter did Klyuchevsky answer? /self-sacrifice for the common good/

-Let's remember how today's historians evaluate Peter's personality.

/Students name, a generalization-speech by a student based on materials from the textbook “History of Russia, late 17th - 19th centuries” p.41-43/

2.Working with the epigraph.

The image of Peter was of interest not only to historians, but also to sculptors, artists, and writers. Pushkin has always been attracted strong personality this person: “You’re asking me about “Peter.” It goes on little by little: I accumulate material, I put it in order, and suddenly I pour it out copper monument." “Poltava” and “Bronze Horseman” became such monuments.

It was that troubled time.

When Russia is young

In the struggles, straining my strength, I grew up with the genius of Peter.

Either an academician or a hero

Either a sailor or a carpenter.

He is an all-encompassing soul

The eternal worker was on the throne.

-Highlight the key words of the epigraph. How do you understand them?

3. Topic and purpose of the lesson.

I think you already understand what our conversation will be about today,

and you can formulate the topic of the lesson.

Topic formulation/

“I had my sights set on Peter for a long time. I saw all the spots on his camisole, heard his voice... The era of Peter is amazing picture explosion of creative forces, energy, and enterprise,” wrote A. Tolstoy.

Tolstoy was faced with an insoluble problem: how to show the image of Peter, how to draw the character of a historical figure. Portray Peter only as a progressive king, without focusing on his cruelty? Or should we paint Peter as a cruel person? We will find out how Tolstoy managed to answer these questions when, using an algorithm, we characterize Peter.

4. New material.

Depicting the era of Peter, Tolstoy does not give a biography of Peter, but shows him only in connection with the historical events that took place at that time. List these events.

-When do we first meet Peter on the pages of the novel? 0pay attention to the portrait, what are its features in Tolstoy? What detail of the portrait does Tolstoy highlight? throughout the novel? Why?

/We first meet Tsar Peter as a boy during the Streltsy revolt. We see him as a small, frightened child. “He is round-faced and blunt-nosed, with his neck stretched out. His eyes are round, like those of a mouse. His small mouth is clenched in fear.” Throughout the entire novel, Tolstoy draws your attention to the eyes, because they are the “mirror” of a person’s soul, reflecting his mental state. The main feature of Tolstoy’s portrait is its construction according to the “mosaic” principle: short, dynamic, scattered throughout the novel, depicting the hero in motion/

The second time we see Peter on the banks of the Yauza, and then in Preobrazhenskoye. Tolstoy is very attentive to detail and uses it masterfully. Here, for example, is Peter's notebook on arithmetic. What is she like, what does she say? O the character of its owner?

/The notebook is covered in ink stains, written crookedly and illegibly. The owner of this notebook is not very diligent in his studies, he is impetuous, impatient, and is constantly in a hurry to do something. In funny games - frantic, demanding/

Scene in the cathedral. Work in pairs.

In the first 4 chapters we see Peter's struggle for power with Sophia, just like in this scene. How do we see Peter and Sophia here?

/Peter is still powerless, but is already trying to resist Sophia. While Sophia considers herself a full-fledged ruler, not paying attention to either Ivan or Peter./

Pay attention to Repin's painting "Princess Sophia". What character traits does the artist, like Tolstoy, show?

/Sofia is stern, she has masculine traits faces. The face is very hard, the lips are sternly compressed, the eyes sparkle with a cold, cruel shine. This is a powerful woman, aware of her strength, not willing to give up without a fight/

Is it possible to use a painting as an illustration for a novel?

/Opinions may vary, but in the end students come to the conclusion that the picture can be used as an illustration, because Repin shows those character traits that Tolstoy draws attention to/

Tolstoy shows how Peter's contradictory character is formed in the struggle. What contradictions do you see in Peter's character?

/On the one hand, he is democratic /brings Menshikov and Alyosha Brovkin closer to him, he lives a simple life, without comfort and splendor. life - on the other hand - cruel, unrestrained; on the one hand, he is direct and sharp, on the other hand, he knows how to be cunning and pretend to be splendid in the old-fashioned way; on the one hand, he is decisive and brave, on the other, he is running from Preobrazhenskoe wearing only his shirt, etc/

Tolstoy draws Special attention on The formation of such a trait as cruelty in Peter’s character. Watch how this trait is formed.

/Peter goes through several stages where we see him gradually becoming more and more cruel. Torture in Trinity - Peter is disgusted by torture, tries not to take part in it; then he shows mercy to the buried woman, has compassion on her; then follows the reprisal against Tsykler, and, finally, the reprisal against the rebel archers./

Work in pairs

-Look at Surikov’s painting “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution.” What is shown on it?

/The picture shows the early Moscow womb of the terrible morning of the execution of the archers. Among the crowd filling Red Square, archers in white suicide shirts with lit candles in their hands stand out. The last minutes before the execution, minutes of extreme mental tension, the artist pits the archers and the tsar in confrontation: historically, the former personify the old, outgoing Russia, and Peter is a new turning point in the life of the Russian state. The image of the red-bearded archer expresses all the strength of the rebels, their hatred of the king. The duel between the views of the Sagittarius and the Tsar constitutes the psychological axis of the composition. Peter and his companions are endowed with the same strength of character, the same faith in the rightness of their cause.

Surikov pays tribute to Peter’s state mission, but also admires the courage of the archers. The opposition is Peter's personal enemies, and the enemies are his cause, which is why he openly participates in the execution./

-What unites the painting and the execution scene written in the novel?

« In the novel, the execution was described through the eyes of a foreigner, the Tsar's envoy. He also notes the cruelty of the execution, adding that the archers submitted, but did not resign themselves/

So, was cruelty an innate character trait?

/No, it was not innate, but was formed under the influence of time, was caused by necessity, etc./

Independent work

-Read excerpts from Tolstoy’s articles, what do they have in common?

/Tolstoy claims that an external gesture is associated with a person’s speech, sometimes even replacing a word./

-From the point of view of “gesture theory”, analyze the episode of Peter’s meeting with merchant Zhigulin. The behavior of any character is determined psychologically by Tolstoy, andpsychology a person is determined by both the course of history and the position of the lime tree in the surrounding world.

/A rich and intelligent merchant does not thump at the king’s feet and does not pray, banging his forehead on the floor, but only bows. Zhigulin is used to everything in trade

pretending to be indifferent, being a hypocrite, hiding one’s feelings, and therefore almost does not betray mental turmoil, only slowness and caution in movements are visible, restraint is heard in words. But the tsar does not hide his feelings. Zhigulin is confused: the matter was decided quickly, in his favor. The merchant quickly overcomes his confusion and again tries not to lose face. Peter calls the merchant by his patronymic - an unprecedented violation of all old Moscow ideas about hierarchy. This is unexpected for Zhigulin, shocked, he forgets what he was taught and collapses at his feet./

-What is the significant feature of this scene?

/Tolstoy depicts the physical movement of the characters, conveys their dialogue, but does not say a word about thoughts, and yet it is clear what the merchant experiences during the dialogue./

Work in groups.

There are several turning points in the novel that shape Peter's personality. How do we see Peter? What facets of character are revealed to us?

1st group: Arkhangelsk

/The main feeling is shame; you have to go through humiliation in order to destroy the contempt of foreigners. At night he thinks about things other than himself, makes a decision, but his usual life drags on./

Group 2: Azov campaign

/Peter is an inexperienced enthusiast, he wanted to take it from the raid but failed. He was defeated, but did not despair, matured, ready for a new campaign with a new army, a new fleet./

Group 3: Trip abroad

/Works at a shipyard as a sailor, studying shipbuilding. He is making plans to “cut” a window to Europe, because... this is required by the interests of the country/

Group 4: Narva campaign

/Restless, unsure of victory. Leaves the army, realizing that

This is shameful, but he understands that his presence will not change anything.

I realized the weakness of my army /

Group 5 Why does Tolstoy talk about defeats in such detail?

and so briefly - about victories?

/It was defeats that forged Peter’s character, his determination, the ability to achieve his goal, and not give up in the face of difficulties./

The greatness of Peter as a statesman grows from comparison with other kings, his contemporaries.

-What other monarchs do we see in the novel? How does Tolstoy characterize them?

/King Augustus is handsome, magnificent, brought up in the spirit of high society fashion, narcissistic, spends millions on supporting women, does not know how to lead the state and troops, runs away from Charles. His main goal is to chase pretty women and take care of his appearance.

King Charles is a war fanatic, ambitious, ascetic, and does not want to know anything except battle and personal glory. All his passion and will in battle was concentrated on the battle itself, he does not think about the country: only war, only battle./

-How is Peter different from them?

/Peter is not too concerned about his appearance. Even at the Elector's reception, we see him with dirty nails, and throughout the entire novel, Tolstoy draws attention to this detail - simple, not according to royal rank clothes. Unlike Karl, Peter goes into battle for the sake of the interests of his country - Russia needs access to the Baltic Sea. Strong army and the fleet is also not needed for personal glory. Tolstoy shows Peter as a wonderful patriot. His plans are big, state-owned, and go far/

Peter's character is shown in movement, in development, in action. Throughout the entire novel, Tolstoy portrays Peter not only as a statesman, but also as a person.

-How do we see Peter as a person?

"/We see his fear, his joy, his sadness.../

-What artistic means did Tolstoy use to characterize his hero?

/Out of all the variety of artistic means, Tolstoy chose only a few, but brought them to perfection:

1. The hero is revealed in the plot

2. One character is characterized by different characters

3.portrait - “mosaic”/separate repeating details are scattered throughout the text of the narrative

4.gesture as a means psychological characteristics

Different roads open before a person standing at the turning point of history. It contains the opportunity to go through any of them. Why did he choose one or the other?

There are no one-dimensional people: even a decisive choice is influenced by different human properties. We can take any of a person’s traits - only part of the person will be in front of us. Alexei Tolstoy saw Peter in many of his manifestations. In this he followed Pushkin.

/Reverse Once again, pay attention to the epigraph/

Here's another excerpt.

He is terrible in the surrounding needle! What a thought on the brow!

What power is hidden in it!

And what fire there is in this horse!

Where are you going, proud horse?

And where will you put your hooves?

O mighty lord of fate!

Aren't you over the top? abyss,

At the height, with an iron bridle

Raised Russia on its hind legs?

-Highlight key words in the passage. What character traits of Peter are noted by Pushkin, and after him by Alexei Tolstoy?

This is an excerpt from the poem "The Bronze Horseman", addressed to the monument to Peter, the work of the sculptor Falcone. The monument has few equals in world sculpture. In the monument, the sculptor wanted to show people a beautiful image of a creator, statesman, hero, benefactor of his country - “a giant on a bronze horse”... He rises to the top of a rock that serves as a pedestal - this is an emblem of defeated difficulties.

Falconet created a sculptural monument. Pushkin and Tolstoy - literary. Let's summarize how they see Peter.

P E T R

Statesman

Smart

Visionary, etc.

Human

Gusty

Unrestrained, etc.

Work in groups. UMS

Create a project for a monument to Peter.

(Groups read out the projects, justifying their choice.)

Homework and summing up.

References

A.N. Tolstoy “Selected Works”, M., “Fiction”, 1990

E.B. Skorospelova " Soviet literature", M., " graduate School", 1979, pp. 90-102

S. Serov “A.N. Tolstoy and Russian history”, in the book by A.N. Tolstoy “Selected Works”, M., “Fiction”, 1990, pp. 3-18.

Brief literary encyclopedia, vol. 7, M., “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1978, p. 542

The novel by A. N. Tolstoy has a special value for me, a person interested in the history of Russia. In the novel we find a description of the era, a description of the characters (both the characters of the people and the characters of the aristocrats). There are also threads connecting the people and the government. From Tolstoy's novel we get a complete picture of the relationship between power and the people and the people with power, which is so exciting to the minds of many historians and so important to me. The problem of relations between the people and the state is, without a doubt, an eternal problem for Russia. Of course, A.N. Tolstoy could not bypass her in his work. After all, every talented writer is always part of his people, and this problem becomes a personal problem for him. Tolstoy had the opportunity to live and work in a very difficult and controversial period of our history, when, in my opinion, the problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities acquired unprecedented urgency. Therefore, it is legitimate for the writer to turn to the origins, to our history. After all, to understand and comprehend the past means to understand and comprehend the present and the future (in my opinion, this statement does not require proof). The era of Peter's reforms, indirect transformations of life in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century, in my opinion, helps us understand the whole essence of this eternal problem in the conditions of our country.

The GDZ relationship between the people and the state clearly emerges from the first pages of the novel. The king has died, it begins Time of Troubles. The novel shows the people's anxiety about their fate and the fate of Russia. Tolstoy correctly showed that the Russian people do not think of their fate in isolation from the fate of the Fatherland. True, in my opinion, the people of Russia are inclined to fear drastic, radical restructuring of both the life of the state and the restructuring of their own lives. Perhaps that is why the supporters of Princess Sophia, who wanted a serene reign “in the old way,” were able to direct the people against Peter, from whom they expected reforms. Scenes of Matveev's murder and popular unrest once again emphasize the people's fear for their future. The uneducated masses are not deprived of the opportunity to understand the need for change (perhaps this is what causes our current problems).

As the young king grows, so does the people's dissatisfaction with Sophia's government. Peter begins to gain the support of the people. Aleksashka Menshikov, coming from the people, becomes his main assistant. The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, which served the Fatherland so gloriously, were formed from peasant children.

Having come to power, Peter begins reforms. He starts them off cruelly. But Tolstoy, in my opinion, correctly justifies this cruelty. “Dark” people are unable to understand their good, and this is what causes their forced involvement in change.

Peter, instilling customs that are alien to the Russian way of life, causes popular discontent, which resulted in the Streltsy revolt. By brutally punishing the rebels, Tolstoy shows the state’s reluctance to understand the psychology of the people. This, it seems to me, is the main problem of relations between the authorities and the people in Russia.

The enormous merit of A.N. Tolstoy, in my opinion, is that he was able to show not only the confrontation between the people and the authorities, but also their unity with the state. Such an example is scenes of battles with the Swedes. These scenes perfectly show the unity of power with the people, and above all through the example of the king. Peter helps move the cannons, is in the thick of the battles, and talks with the soldiers. Here Tolstoy showed how the abyss separating power and people is disappearing. A united people, a mighty people comes to the fore. But at the same time, I have a deep sense of bitterness about the circumstance in which the people and the government united. Is this really possible only in the face of external danger? So far I have come to the conclusion that yes.

Having conceived the construction of St. Petersburg on the reclaimed mouth of the Neva, Peter again begins to build that ditch, that abyss that faces the people and the authorities. The city is growing “on its bones.” This serves as another confirmation: the unity of the people and the authorities in peacetime is unattainable.

For me, in Tolstoy’s novel “Peter I,” the relationship between the people and the government appeared in all its diversity and contradiction. For himself, the author solves the problem unambiguously: he denies the violence of the state over the people, no matter how it is justified. Everyone must decide this question for themselves. My point of view coincides with the point of view of the author. It is hardly possible to justify the suffering of the people good intentions.

The personality of Peter turned out to be so significant in the history of Russia that it itself influenced the era. Peter becomes the center of application of current forces, finds himself at the head of the struggle between local nobility and the emerging bourgeoisie. The era needed a man like Peter, and he himself sought to use his powers.

The action of the novel takes place over a vast geographical area: this is Russia from Arkhangelsk to the Black Sea, from its western borders to the Urals; these are also European cities where Peter visited. The narrative covers an entire era limited by the activities of the main character of the novel, Peter. The writer shows Peter for twenty-five years.

The novel depicts the main events of that time: the uprising in Moscow in 1682, the reign of Sophia, the campaign of the Russian army in the Crimea, Peter's flight to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the struggle for Azov, Peter's journey abroad, the Streltsy riot, the war with the Swedes, the founding of St. Petersburg . The objective fate of the main character determined the structure of the novel. However, even before the appearance of Peter, we peer into pictures of life in pre-Petrine Rus'. The historical inevitability of transformations is obvious. The country seemed to freeze in anticipation of fundamental changes in life. This is felt primarily in the deep discontent of the peasants, the small nobility, the boyars, and the streltsy detachments. The question arises about who will be able to carry out the grandiose transformations expected in society. Neither Sophia, nor Tsarevich Ivan, nor Vasily Golitsyn are capable of this. In this regard, it is interesting in the novel to contrast Vasily Golitsyn with Peter. An enlightened dreamer, Golitsyn, in his works about the ideal state and social structure, anticipated many of Peter's ideas. Against this background, the writer depicts Peter, growing up and maturing in the games of an amusing regiment in a remote corner of the suburban Preobrazhensky Palace. The author shows how history itself chooses Peter, how objective circumstances shape those qualities of his personality that are necessary for a figure influencing the course of historical events.

The writer reproduces the vital connections and contradictions of all classes of society. Peasants, boyars, merchants, opposition archers, schismatics and soldiers, clergy and courtiers of Peter's time come to life under the pen of a remarkable artist. At the center of the story are Peter and his closest associates: Prince Romodanovsky, merchants Brovkin, Elgulin, Admiral Golovnin, Alexander Menshikov, Lefort and others. But even the ordinary person, the man of labor, does not escape A.N. Tolstoy’s field of vision. The writer shows the creative genius of the Russian people, without which no transformations would be possible. Reproducing the living appearance of the Petrine era, the author does not limit himself to generalizing pictures of the life of the people. The role of the people in Peter's transformations is revealed much more deeply in the novel. In the kaleidoscope of numerous characters, the images of ordinary people from the people, craftsmen, and workers are not lost. Their golden hands, ingenuity, and subtle artistic flair created miracles of technology and art, driving the first piles for the future Russian capital.

A. N. Tolstoy shows the love of freedom of the Russian man, who honors the memory of Stepan Razin and does not bow his head to the oppressors. The peasants, for example, grumbled at the tsar himself, gathered into bandits and went into the forests, joined the schismatics, and fled to the Don in search of freedom. But there was something else in the attitude of the people towards the king: grumbling and condemning the sovereign - the “world-eater”, the “Antichrist” - simple people They saw in him an extraordinary king-reformer, not like a king, hardworking, inquisitive, easy to communicate, brave in battle. It is no coincidence that the writer brings his heroes from the people together with Peter. These meetings and conversations of the sovereign with working people reveal to the reader his attitude towards his own people. The voice of the people is heard in the author's speech. In the broad epic scope of the narrative about Russia in the era of Peter I, one can feel the position of a writer-storyteller who speaks on behalf of the people, evaluates the past from their point of view.

It is this position that eloquently demonstrates that the story about Peter and his time in the novel is a fair and objective judgment of the people over history. A truthful portrayal of the role of the people in the radical transformations of Russian life under Peter I and memorable portraits of heroes, numerous episodes and crowd scenes create a unique picture of the Peter I era.

Tsarevich Peter appears on the pages of the novel in the scene of the Streltsy rebellion, when his mother, Natalya Kirillovna, carries the boy out onto the porch: “Chubby and blunt-nosed, he craned his neck. The eyes are round, like those of a mouse...” He saw the bloody massacre, the exorbitant cruelty of the archers, led by Khovansky and Vasily Golitsyn. These events left an indelible mark on the prince’s soul and were etched in his memory for the rest of his life.

The more grandiose Peter's plans are, the tougher his character becomes; he is unforgiving towards those who hinder his progress and slow down the implementation of his ideas.

Despite the tsar's difficult relations with the nobles and boyars, there were also his like-minded people among them: Prince Caesar Romodanovsky, the skilled commander Sheremetyev, diplomat Pyotr Tolstoy, Admiral Golovin, and clerk Venus.

The writer gives a wide panorama major events Peter's era, showed what role the most diverse segments of the population played in them, gave the reader the opportunity to appreciate the enormous historical meaning figures of Peter I.

Peter amazes with his extraordinary endurance; he could go for days without sleep or food, forcing everyone in the amusing army to unconditionally accept his rules of the game, which eventually turned into a serious study of military science. The comrades in these games are boys from the common people, smart, loyal and brave - the core of the future guard.

A. N. Tolstoy created a monumental image of Peter I, but this is not the ideal figure of a “crown bearer”. He vividly portrayed the great ruler, showed that he is a man in whom the rude and the gentle, the good and the evil, the humane and the cruel are intricately intertwined. The writer showed that Peter I was a figure of genius in terms of his potential and the scale of the transformations carried out in Russia.

The future reformer was drawn to the German settlement; he is interested in everything on Kukui, where he is surprised by everything: “Why is this? What is this for? How does this work?” He will remain like this for the rest of his life, thanks to his lively curiosity he will constantly learn, experience everything from his own experience, not be afraid of any work, no difficulties. He must let everything pass through himself; in order to carry out reforms, he needs independence of mind, absence of authority, independence.