My name is Marat. I study in 4 “B” class secondary school No. 1 which is located in one of the oldest buildings of the station. Poltava.

Our class hosts classes for the “Kuban Rainbow” club. While attending the classes of the circle, I learned how the Cossacks were born in the Kuban, what kind of housing there was, what crafts the Cossacks did, what clothes they wore, how zealously they loved and defended their Motherland. Conversations about the Cossacks fascinated me so much that I decided, together with the leader of the circle and my mother, to study more deeply the life and customs of the Cossacks .

Public buildings- Ataman rule, schools were built of brick, with iron roofs. They still decorate the Kuban villages.

Brick building of the village administration 1909 Art. Poltavskaya

Administration of rural settlement 2008 Art. Poltavskaya.

The house usually had two rooms: a great and a small hut. In the small hut there was a stove and long wooden benches. Table.

The great house had custom-made furniture: a cupboard; (“slide” or “square”). Dresser for linen, chests.

The central place in the house was the “red corner” - the “goddess”. “Goddess” - one or several icons, decorated with towels, and a table - a square. Often icons and towels were decorated with paper flowers. Objects of sacred or ritual significance were kept in the “shrine”:

wedding candles, Easter candles, Easter eggs, buttermilk, prayer records, memorial books.

A very common detail of a Cossack hut is photographs on the wall. Small photo studios appeared in the Kuban villages already in the 70s. XIX V. Photographed by special occasions: farewell to the army, wedding, funeral

• Arkhaluk – “spinogray” is a cross between a quilted Tatar robe and a caftan.

• Hoodie – a felted sheep's wool cloak with a hood.

• Bashlyk – headdress, hood.

The Cossack uniform was established by the middle XIX V.; Circassian coat made of black cloth, dark trousers, beshmet, bashlyk, winter cloak, hat, boots or leggings.

Feature of the Cossack women's suit there were head capes. Women are not supposed to go to the temple with their heads uncovered. Cossack women wore lace scarves, and in the 19th century. - caps, faceplates from the German word “fain” - beautiful), tattoos and currents. They were worn in full accordance with marital status- a married woman was never shown without a hairdress or tattoo. The girl covered her head and always braided her hair with a ribbon. Everyone wore lace scarves. Without him, the appearance of a woman in public was as unthinkable as the appearance of a Cossack in combat without a cap or hat.

• Already from the age of 7-9, girls in a Cossack family learned to weave and spin, and before they reached adulthood they managed to prepare a dowry for themselves from several tens of meters of linen: towels, tabletops, shirts.

The basis of nutrition for the Kuban family was wheat bread, meat, fish, vegetables and fruits.

The most popular was considered borscht, which was cooked with sauerkraut, beans, meat, lard, fast days- with vegetable oil. Each housewife had her own unique taste of borscht.

The Cossacks loved dumplings and dumplings. They knew a lot about fish: they salted it, dried it, and boiled it. They salted and dried fruits for the winter, made compotes (uzvars), jam, prepared watermelon honey, and made fruit pastilles; Honey was widely consumed and wine was made from grapes. Ate in Kuban more meat And meat dishes(especially poultry, pork and lamb) than in other places in Russia. However, lard and fat were also highly valued here, since meat products were often used as a seasoning for dishes.

Extremely strictly in the Cossack environment, along with the commandments of the Lord, traditions, customs, and beliefs were observed, which were the vital necessity of every Cossack family; non-compliance or violation of them was condemned by all residents of the farmstead or village.

I've done the work

student 4 "B" class MBOU secondary school No. 1

Art. Poltavskaya Krasnoarmeisky district

Ibrakhimov Marat.

Supervisor:

primary school teacher

Bondarenko Svetlana Semenovna

353800 st. Poltavskaya

Krasnoarmeysky district

Krasnodar region.

Tel. 4 – 13 – 63

Art. Poltavskaya 2015

Very often, behind the events, And behind the hustle and bustle of the days, we don’t remember our Antiquity, We forget about it. Although it is more common for us all to sit in a circle, Let us remember the Kuban customs, Let us remember our antiquity. The further into the future we enter, The more we value the past, And we find beauty in the old, Even though we belong to the new. (Vadim Shafner).

A holiday is a bright, memorable spectacle and fun. Ritual – traditions of worshiping the spirits of the earth, water, sun, and Christian saints.

New Year The evening on New Year's Eve is called "generous evening." That evening, in every house they cooked dumplings with cheese and potatoes, fried sausage, baked pies with cabbage, meat, and potatoes. Boys and girls went to give generously. They came to the window of some hut and shouted generous gifts. "Generous Evening"

Christmas o The holiday began in the evening. They cooked cereals, added honey and sweets, and brought “kutya” to friends and relatives.

Carols Later, in the evening, boys and girls walked along the streets and called “Kolyada” at every house. “Kolyada” is a creature similar to a person who brings a bountiful harvest and domestic happiness to the peasants. They sang carols and wished happiness and blessings to the owners of the house.

Fortune telling by one of the striking features At Christmas there were various kinds of fortune-telling. In the evenings, girls performed fortune-telling to find out their fate on next year. Girls performed a wide variety of fortune-telling at midnight, hoping to understand whether they would be able to get married in the new year.

Maslenitsa. This holiday comes to us in early spring, How many joys it always carries with it! The icy mountains are waiting, And the snow is sparkling, The sleds are running down the hills, The laughter does not stop. At home, the aroma of pancakes is wonderful, festive, we invite our friends for pancakes, we will eat them together. Cheese Week will be noisy and fun, And after it - Lent, Time to pray.

Easter After Lent, the great one came religious holiday- "Easter" . Dressed up Cossacks and Cossack women went to church and carried holiday cakes, Easter and colored eggs. We greeted a friend with the words: “Christ is risen!” -Truly he is risen! Painted eggs, sausage, and lard were taken to church to be blessed. At home they waited for the blessed food to be brought. And then they started eating.

Radunitsa “Radunitsa” is a holiday of remembrance of the departed. Trinity A holiday of farewell to spring, welcome to summer. The floors in the house were covered with herbs. In Kuban, mint and thyme were brought into homes.

Ivan Kupala July 7 is the holiday of Ivan Kupala. On this day they burned bonfires, danced in circles, jumped over fire, swam in rivers.

Kuban-land is like this: the golden steppe side of bread. She greets guests and sings songs, And opens her soul, transparent to the bottom. The fire Cossack is beautiful, young, Kuban is such a land: Once she caresses you, you will love her forever! This is not sharing, this is one, a person’s life with the Motherland is dear!

Slide 2

Traditional appearance of the Cossacks.

By tradition, in Russia the mustache was an integral part of the military uniform. The hat played an integral role in appearance Cossack . A hat knocked off a woman's head, as well as a scarf torn off a woman, were a mortal insult, followed by bloody retribution. Earrings (for men) signified the role and place of the Cossack in the family. The Cossack simply had to be charming, cheerful, friendly and witty.

Slide 3

Meeting and seeing off the Cossacks.

According to custom, all Cossacks leaving for service gathered in the church for a prayer service. When leaving for war, they always took a handful of earth from the church or cemetery from the grave of their father or mother, or in the garden near the house. The Cossacks were met not only by their relatives and friends, but also by all the residents of the village.

Slide 4

Greetings and addresses.

The greeting sounded in three versions (derived from “great”): “It’s been a great day!” (afternoon, rather evening), “we had a great night!” (morning, before lunch), “you live well!” (Anytime). To greet each other, the Cossacks slightly raised their headdress and, with a handshake, inquired about the family’s health and the state of affairs. When meeting, after a long separation, and also when saying goodbye, the Cossacks hugged and touched cheeks. They greeted each other with a kiss on the Great Feast of the Resurrection of Christ, on Easter, and kissing was allowed only among men and separately among women.

Slide 5

Attitude towards elders.

In the presence of an elder, it was not allowed to sit, smoke, talk (enter without his permission), and especially not to express himself obscenely. It was considered indecent to overtake an old man (senior in age); it was necessary to ask permission to pass. When entering somewhere, the eldest person is allowed in first. It was considered indecent for a younger person to enter into conversations in the presence of an older person. The younger one must give way to the old man (senior). The younger one must show patience and restraint, and not argue in any case. The elder's words were binding on the younger. During general (joint) events and decision-making, the opinion of the elder was necessarily sought. At conflict situations, disputes, discord, and fights, the word of the old man (senior) was decisive and its immediate execution was required. In general, among the Cossacks and especially among the Kuban people, respect for elders was an internal need in the Kuban, even in address you can rarely hear - “grandfather”, “old”, etc., but it is affectionately pronounced “batko”, “batki”.

Slide 6

Funeral rite

For a Cossack, death on the battlefield or among his family was considered worthy. The Cossacks buried Orthodox rite. The body of the deceased was washed: men - men, women - women. The deceased was dressed only in new clothes. Underwear was sewn by hand. The coffin was carried in their arms. It was the duty of the son and relatives to conduct last way parent. They buried him on the third day. And they always organized a wake: on the day of the funeral, on the 9th and 40th days and on the anniversary of death. When a person died in the village, they “called to their hearts.” If a child died, the bell would ring high; if an elderly person died, the bell would ring low.

Slide 7

Cossack traditions and customs had one basis - the Ten Commandments of Christ

Do not kill Do not steal Do not commit adultery Work according to your conscience Do not envy your neighbor and forgive offenders Take care of your children and parents Treasure maiden chastity and female honor Help the poor, do not offend orphans and widows Do not offend orphans and widows Protect your Fatherland from enemies

Slide 8

The Cossacks greeted each other when they met by raising their headdress and shaking hands. When a Cossack approached a group of other Cossacks, it was customary to take off his hat, bow and inquire about his health: “Great, Cossacks!”, “Great, Cossacks!” or “Great bulls, Cossacks!” To which I received the answer: “Thank God!” In the ranks, at reviews, and parades, the Cossacks answered, according to the military regulations: “I wish you good health, sir...!” During the performance of the anthem of the Don Army or the anthem of Russia, the Cossacks were required to remove their hats, which was required by the regulations.

Slide 9

Relations among the Cossacks

Without prayer, not a single thing began or ended. Give something dropped to a stranger, help them pick it up, give them a place to sit. At a feast, a Cossack always, before eating himself, was obliged to offer it to someone sitting nearby. Before quenching his thirst himself on a campaign, the Cossack had to offer it to his partner. To refuse alms to a beggar was considered a great sin. The saying goes: “It is better to give all your life than to ask for your whole life.” Greedy people were despicable and were never asked to do anything. If, at the moment of fulfilling the request, the giver showed his greed, the Cossack refused the service. He believed that you should not take from this person - it is not good. Deception was considered a great sin, not only in deed, but also in word. A person who did not keep his promise or his word lost the trust of others. In Cossack Old Believer families there was a ban on smoking. There were also restrictions on drinking. You could only drink wine

Slide 10

Seeing off the Cossack for service

After reaching conscription age, the conscript underwent military training at the village for a whole year. Military training took place under the leadership of the Cossack administration of the village, after which he was sworn in. The oath procedure began in the church during a service. After this, the conscripts lined up in the square, opposite the altar, with a banner. Permission to take the oath was given by the priest after the prayer was performed.

Slide 11

Addressing parents included only “You” - “You, mom,” “You, tattoo.” “You” was used to address all elders. When the old man appeared, everyone present stood up, the Cossacks who were in uniform put their hand to their headdress, and those who were out of uniform had to stand up, take off their headdress and bow. When the elder was older, it was not allowed to sit, smoke or talk (without his permission). In the presence of an elder, it was not allowed to swear obscenely. It was impossible to contradict the elder. Young people had to show their restraint in any case. The words of the elder were obligatory for the younger Cossack.

Slide 12

Holidays

Christmas Maslenitsa Easter Ivan Kupala

Slide 13

We are direct descendants cultural heritage our ancestors. It is up to us to preserve this vast material. Therefore, we must not only carefully preserve these traditions, but use them in our family traditions: sing grandfather's songs, dance folk dances, know your history, holidays and rituals well, be proud of your Cossack roots.

Slide 14

Life, traditions and family rituals of the Cossacks on the Don

Slide 15

Among the Cossacks, at the birth of a boy, the grandfather and father fired guns, thereby letting the villagers know that a warrior was born, a defender of the borders of the Fatherland. Neighbors and relatives came to visit the mother of the newborn with tasty treats. This holiday was called “Provedok”.

Slide 16

The Cossacks strictly observed old customs. On the seventh day the baby was baptized. Christian baptism signified the child's entry into the world. At baptism, children received the name of the saint who was celebrated a week before birth.

It is not customary for Russians to cut children's hair before they turn 1 year old. On the anniversary of birth godmother with relatives (but without his own mother), she sat the Cossack boy on an inverted fur coat (felt) and cut a strand of his hair crosswise, then the boy was cut completely. At 7 years old already Godfather cut the teenager's hair into a brace, after which the Cossack boy went to the bathhouse to wash with the men for the first time. The third, last time, they ritually cut their hair at the age of 19, when enlisting as a Cossack and taking the oath of allegiance to service.

Slide 20

An important thing in the life of a Cossack child was the ritual of receiving his first pants, which he received at the age of 3. It was from this time that they began to teach him horse riding. From the age of 5, boys worked in the fields: driving oxen to plow land, herding cattle. The favorite game of the shepherds was jiga, or kubar.

Slide 21

The birth of a girl was not celebrated as widely as the birth of a boy, and shots were not fired at the news of her birth. But it was a quiet, homely joy, covered in legends and prayers. Godmother, the nannies “washed away the worries from their daughter” - for the first time they washed the girl with songs. The father ate “his father’s porridge,” burnt, salted, peppered, so that “the girl would get less bitter things in her life.”

View all slides

Orthodox holidays among the Cossacks The holidays were held like this: Military formation (in fifty and hundreds); Removal of banners, icons, centenary flags from the temple; The chieftain with a mace and insect led the celebration; Liturgy – church service; Speed ​​racing and overcoming an obstacle course on horses; Dzhigitovka; Demonstration of possession of weapons - saber, dagger, pike; Public feast for groups and families, mass celebrations. Cossack songs were sung in almost every house. On patronal feasts, according to ancient custom, a common dinner was held in the village hut after the prayer service. They brought everything that was most delicious to him. Christmas

• The Yuletide tradition is universal sleigh rides. Children went down the slides on ice boats - household baskets doused with water in the cold

• The Cossacks always prepared for the Christmas holidays carefully and in advance. They washed the house, whitewashed the walls, washed and starched curtains and tablecloths. A Christmas tree was an obligatory decoration in the house; its eternal greenery symbolized renewed life. For Christmastide, village residents sewed elegant dresses, made mummers’ costumes and masks.
• TO festive table A wide variety of dishes were prepared. They slaughtered wild boar, lamb, geese, and turkeys. They prepared sausages, jellied meat, pies and pies with meat and fruit filling. The Christmas table was supposed to reflect the idea of ​​prosperity, abundance, and well-being.

• However, on the eve of the Nativity of Christ (January 6), or on Bagata Vecheryu, they placed on the table Lenten dishes. Housewives always prepared ritual food - kutya and broth. Kutya is porridge, an obligatory dish when commemorating the dead, and vzvar is a drink brewed in honor of the birth of a child. Kutya was cooked early in the morning from grains of wheat, barley or rice, simmered in the oven, honey, hemp and cow butter were added. The broth was prepared using water from dried fruits. Kutya made from wheat with honey or linseed oil was placed under icons on hay as a sign of the birth of Jesus Christ in a manger. They prepared carefully for the evening: a plate with kutya was placed on a white scarf in the center. Pies, bagels, gingerbreads, and sweets were placed on top, then the ends of the scarf were tied with a cross. The wearing of the supper was carried out by children, teenagers, young married couples the evening before Christmas. In some villages the supper was served to grandparents, parents, including godparents. In others, not only to relatives, but to almost all residents in their region. An important point It was that after tasting the brought kutia and pies, the owners added their own in return. This was done in every family, which contributed to renewal and strengthening of social ties cemented by ritual food.

• During dinner on the eve of the Nativity of Christ, a device for deceased ancestors was placed on the table. In some villages they opened the door and called them to the table. The owner, and if he was not there, the hostess invited Frost, and sometimes the brownie, to the table. The text of the invitation asked not to freeze people, animals, or plants. The holy supper always began with prayer. During the feast, it was necessary to conduct as little conversation as possible, and not leave the table unless necessary. The girl and the guy were forbidden to sit on the corners of the table, so as not to be left without a married couple. It was impossible to pick up the spoon and put it back on the table. The dishes were washed down not with water, but with broth. It was believed that until the meal was finished, it was impossible to leave the table, as well as from the house, so as not to let in evil spirits.

• After dinner, the youth went to caroling. Carols are Christmas songs and at the same time a treat that was prepared for the holidays from rye unleavened dough with with different fillings or baked goods. Such a treat was given to cheerful guests. Along with the Christian custom of going to glorify Christ (caroling) at Christmas, there remains pagan tradition dress up in animal skins, masks and costumes of sorcerers and witches. Men and women, old and young, in order to scare away and remove evil spirits from themselves, these days themselves appeared in the guise of evil spirits. Singing and laughter could be heard from everywhere - carolers were walking, mostly girls and young women, accompanied by a “guide”. They went from house to house and, having asked the owners for permission, sang special carol songs, receiving bread, lard, sweets, and less often a small coin as a gift for their singing.

• Baptism was traditionally marked procession to the river, where a “Jordan” (decoration) was made under an ice hole

• Christmas time concludes with Epiphany (January 19). A strict one day fast, which ended either with the appearance of the evening star, or after the first blessing of water, which took place at approximately two o'clock in the morning in the church.
• WITH blessed water they returned home and sprinkled, baptized, putting crosses with chalk, the farmstead, the house, family members, the entire household. In some villages, at the same time, a solid chalk line was drawn around the outside of the house, so that the hemp would grow tall, so that nothing would run away from the house, and so that the chickens would lay eggs well. At that time, hemp was a strategically important raw material, since only ship ropes were made from it, including for the British fleet.

• Before the blessing of the water in the river, if there was frost, a cross or several crosses were cut out of ice and a throne was made. Crosses could be painted, for example, with beet red kvass. As a rule, at the moment the priest lowered the cross into the water, those present released doves, shooting was carried out, and those who wished bathed.

• Maslenitsa is the week preceding Lent and separating winter and spring in the calendar. According to Orthodox Easter, the celebration of Maslenitsa began 56 days before Easter and fell during the cheese week. Being the oldest holiday, Maslenitsa united pagan and Christian beliefs. We sang for a whole week folk songs, the Cossacks went to visit each other for pancakes. Demonstration races and shooting were organized. Everyone was covered in Maslenitsa fun. Everyone felt like a member of a single Cossack family. More numerous and longer entertainments were held on Easter - the brightest holiday of the spring cycle. Easter celebrations began with Palm Sunday. This day was dedicated to children. Fairs with various performances (scientific bears, buffoons, bathing performances) were organized in villages, cities, and settlements.

• The Cossacks also celebrated Trinity. Celebrating this holiday, as an Orthodox holiday, we honored the blossoming vegetation to ensure its growth and fruiting. To do this, be sure to cut the grass (mostly thyme) on Saturday before Trinity and spread it in the kuren

Holiday of the Cossacks of all troops. Celebrated as Victory Day of 5.3 thousand Cossacks over 150 thousand Turks at the end of September 1641 in the Azov fortress

• On this day, races and competitions were held and they always organized funeral dinner with drinking and singing in memory of all the fallen Cossacks.

Cossack folk holidays

Lesson visual arts in 4th grade

Completed by: Fine Arts teacher MBOU "Alekseevo-Tuzlovskaya Secondary School" Dukacheva Galina Ivanovna

Target : acquaintance with life, way of life, customs and traditions Don Cossacks. Tasks : develop creative imagination, graphic skills and the ability to work in groups, improve skills in depicting people, make interdisciplinary connections (art, history, music, literature), and cultivate interest in the traditions of the Don Cossacks.

Life and everyday life of the Don Cossacks

You and I live in a region rich in glorious traditions and people. And today we will get acquainted with another page of its history - the life and way of life of the Don Cossacks. We will learn about the origins of the Don Cossacks, about the morals and customs of these heroic people.

Our roots go deep into the past. The Cossacks came to the Don a very long time ago. Amazing lands, untouched, deserted, dense forests and wide steppes. You won’t see a single person, but there are a great many animals and birds.

Which ones do you know Proverbs and sayings, associated with Cossack prowess?

Proverbs and sayings of the Cossacks

• “Either your chest is covered in crosses, or your head is in the bushes” (decided to act).
• “A Cossack would rather die than leave his native land” (for native land fights to the end).
• “Whoever is afraid of a bullet is not fit to be a Cossack” (a Cossack cannot be a coward in danger).
• “ Don Cossack he won’t betray his honor, even if his little head perishes” (honor to him more valuable than life).
• “Get it - or not be at home.”
• “Kick your foot into the stirrup and lose your head” (you may not return from service).
• “Gaitan on the neck, and a hat on the side - death is not coming soon” (faith and strength are what gives the Cossack hope).

All power on the Don belonged to the Cossack circle (Military, stanitsa, farm), which resolved issues of war and peace, life and death, weddings and divorces. This is how it is sung in the Cossack song:

The Cossacks gathered - friends, free people, They gathered, brothers, in a single circle, They all thought the same thought.

What the circle decreed was sacred - it was the law.

The Cossack always served for the faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland, and the Cossack woman raised children and created family comfort. “A Cossack fights in a foreign land, but his wife grieves at home” (the burdens of war also fall on the family). Such was the life and customs of the Don Cossacks.

What were the Cossacks’ revered holidays and how did they spend them?

Cossack Orthodox holidays

The holidays went something like this: Military formation (in fifty and hundreds); Removal of banners, icons, centenary flags from the temple; The chieftain with a mace and insect led the celebration; Liturgy - church service; Speed ​​racing and overcoming an obstacle course on horses; Dzhigitovka; Demonstration of possession of weapons - saber, dagger, pike; Public feast for groups and families, mass celebrations.

Cossack songs were sung in almost every house. On patronal feasts, according to ancient custom, a common dinner was held in the village hut after the prayer service. They brought everything that was most delicious to him.

Christmas

Yuletide tradition- general sleigh rides. Children went down the slides on ice boats - household baskets doused with water in the cold.

Epiphany

Epiphany According to tradition, it was marked by a religious procession to the river, where a “Jordan” (decoration) was made under an ice hole.

Maslenitsa

Maslenitsa- the week preceding Lent and separating winter and spring in the calendar. According to Orthodox Easter, the celebration of Maslenitsa began 56 days before Easter and fell during the cheese week. Being the oldest holiday, Maslenitsa united pagan and Christian beliefs. For a whole week, folk songs were sung, the Cossacks visited each other for pancakes. Demonstration races and shooting were organized. Everyone was covered in Maslenitsa fun. Everyone felt like a member of a single Cossack family.

Easter

More numerous and lengthy entertainments were held on Easter– the brightest holiday of the spring cycle. Easter celebrations began with Palm Sunday. This day was dedicated to children. Fairs with various performances (scientific bears, buffoons, bathing performances) were organized in villages, cities, and settlements.

Trinity

It was noted among the Cossacks and Trinity. Celebrating this holiday, as an Orthodox holiday, we honored the blossoming vegetation to ensure its growth and fruiting. To do this, on Saturday before Trinity, they cut the grass (mostly thyme) and spread it in the kuren.

Intercession

As a general Cossack holiday, the day was celebrated Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary. On this day, races and competitions were held, and a memorial dinner was always organized with drinks and chants in memory of all the fallen Cossacks.

Independent work of students

Exercise . Create a panel of a Cossack folk holiday.

The order of work on the panel

1. Divide the class into 2 groups.

2. In each group, select a group of “main artists”.

3. Think over the theme and composition of the Cossack holiday.

4. For a group of “main artists,” draw and paint elements of the landscape (buildings, trees) on a sheet of paper.

5. Another group should draw figures of people in Cossack costumes and cut them out.

6. Under the guidance of the “main artists”, paste the cut out figures of Cossacks and Cossack women onto the panel.