1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher’s choice).

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

There are about 3-4 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, some of which have formed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes.

For your information: an ethnos is a historically established, stable community of people that has a set of characteristics such as a common language, territory, features of life and culture, and ethnic identity.

The peoples of the world are classified:

I. By number:

In total, there are more than 300 peoples in the world, each numbering over 1 million people, which account for 96% of the total population of the Earth. Including about 130 peoples have a population of more than 5 million people, 76 peoples have more than 10 million people, 35 peoples have more than 25 million people, 7 peoples have more than 100 million people.

For your information: 7 most numerous nations:

1) Chinese (Han) - 1048 million people (in the PRC - 97% of the total number of people in the country);

2) Hindustani - 223 million people (in India - 99.7%);

3) US Americans - 187 million people. (in the USA - 99.4%);

4) Bengalis - 176 million people. (in Bangladesh - 59%, in India - 40%);

5) Russians - 146 million people. (in Russia - 79.5%);

6) Brazilians - 137 million people. (in Brazil - 99.7%);

7) Japanese - 123 million people. (in Japan - 99%).

But there are nations of less than 1 thousand people.

II. By linguistic proximity:

Related languages ​​are grouped together, which in turn form language families.

1) The Indo-European language family is the largest, its languages ​​are spoken by 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia; the total number is more than 2.5 billion people.

This language family includes a number of groups:

· Romanesque (French, Italians, Spaniards, Latin Americans);

· Germanic (Germans, English, Americans);

· Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats);

· Celtic (Irish);

· Baltic (Lithuanians);

· Greek (Greeks);

Albanian

· Armenian;

Iranian (Persians, Kurds).

2) Sino-Tibetan language group: its languages ​​are spoken by over 1 billion people.

Slightly less numerous language families:

3) Afro-Asian.

4) Altai.

5) Niger-Kordofanian.

6) Dravidian.

7) Austronesian.

8) Ural.

9) Caucasian.

National criteria underlie the division of humanity into states.

If the main nationality on their territory is over 90%, then these are single-national states (Denmark, Sweden, Latvia, Japan, etc.).

If two nations predominate - binational (Belgium, Canada, etc.).

If dozens and even hundreds of peoples live in countries and make up a significant proportion - multinational states (India, Russia, USA, Spain, Great Britain, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.).

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest sectors of the economy. As an industry, it emerged 200 years ago during the Industrial Revolution in England.

Mechanical engineering provides equipment and machinery to other sectors of the economy and produces many household and cultural items.

In terms of the number of employees (more than 80 million people) and the value of products, it ranks first among all sectors of world industry.

The level of development of the economy of any country is judged by the level of development of mechanical engineering.

The following main branches (more than 70 in total) of mechanical engineering are distinguished:

1) machine tool industry;

2) instrument making;

3) electrical and electronic industry;

4) computer technology;

5) railway engineering;

6) automotive industry;

7) shipbuilding;

8) aviation and rocket industry;

9) tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.

The location of mechanical engineering enterprises is influenced by many factors.

The main ones should be noted: transport; availability of qualified labor resources; consumer; and for some (metal-intensive) industries - and raw materials.

Recently, the dependence of mechanical engineering on metal sources has been decreasing, but its focus on labor resources, research centers, etc. has been increasing.

There are four engineering regions in the world:

1) North America: where almost all types of engineering products are produced, from the highest to medium and low complexity.

Largest corporations:

· automobile (USA): General Motors, Ford Motor, Chrysler;

· computer technology (USA): “International Business Machines”;

· electronics (USA): General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, etc.

2) Foreign Europe (in relation to the CIS): produces mainly mass engineering products, but also maintains its position in some of the newest industries.

Largest corporations:

· automobile (Germany): “Daimler-Benz”; "Volkswagenwerk";

· electronics: Germany - Siemens, the Netherlands - Philips, etc.

3) East and Southeast Asia: Japan leads here.

The region combines the products of mass engineering with products of the highest technology - science centers.

Large corporations:

· cars (Japan): “Toyota Motor”, “Nisan Motor”;

· electronics (Japan): Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Samsung, etc.

4) Commonwealth of Independent States: the leaders in it are Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

Recently, the pace of development of mechanical engineering in the region has decreased, although it produces a wide range of engineering products.

Developing countries produce less than 1/10 of the world's engineering products. In most of these countries, there is not mechanical engineering, but rather metalworking, and in addition there are many assembly plants that receive machine parts from the USA, Western Europe and Japan.

But recently in some of them - Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico - mechanical engineering has already reached a fairly high level.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher’s choice).

Using the answer plan below, you can characterize any state in the world.

Take for example, Japan is one of the 7 economically developed countries in the world.

To answer the following were used: statistical materials; maps of world economic sectors; atlas maps of Japan (economics).

Import to Japan (import of products):

1) raw materials: fuel - 49%, ore, for the textile industry (textile fiber), etc.;

2) chemical industry products (acids, alkalis, fertilizers, petroleum products);

3) food products (grain, etc.).

Export to Japan: products, products of the following industries:

1) mechanical engineering (cars, ships, electronics, machine tools, watches);

2) ferrous metallurgy (steel, rolled products);

3) non-ferrous metallurgy;

4) chemical industry (synthetic fibers, rubber);

5) light industry (fabrics, clothing).

From the above we can conclude: in Japan, as one of the developed countries, the following trend is observed: the import of mainly raw materials and food products (preferably from developing countries) due to the lack of its own natural resources; and export of finished expensive products, both to developing countries in Asia and to developed countries - Europe and America.

Ticket number 17

Only on the territory of Russia live 65 small peoples, and the number of some of them does not exceed a thousand people. There are hundreds of similar peoples on Earth, and each carefully preserves its customs, language and culture.

Our top ten today includes the smallest peoples in the world.

10. Ginukh people

This small people lives on the territory of Dagestan, and its population is only 443 people as of the end of 2010. For a long time, the Ginukh people were not identified as a separate ethnic group, since the Ginukh language was considered only one of the dialects of the Tsez language widespread in Dagestan.

9. Selkups

Until the 1930s, representatives of this West Siberian people were called Ostyak-Samoyeds. The number of Selkups is just over 4 thousand people. They live mainly in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, as well as the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

8. Nganasans

This people lives on the Taimyr Peninsula, and their number is about 800 people. Nganasans are the northernmost people in Eurasia. Until the middle of the 20th century, the people led a nomadic lifestyle, driving herds of deer over vast distances; today the Nganasans live sedentary lives.

7. Orochons

The place of residence of this small ethnic group is China and Mongolia. The population is about 7 thousand people. The history of the people goes back more than a thousand years, and the Orochons are mentioned in many documents dating back to the early Chinese imperial dynasties.

6. Evenks

This indigenous people of Russia lives in Eastern Siberia. These people are the most numerous in our top ten - their numbers are quite sufficient to populate a small town. There are about 35 thousand Evenks in the world.

5. Chum salmon

Kets live in the north of the Krasnoyarsk region. The number of this people is less than 1500 people. Until the middle of the 20th century, representatives of the ethnic group were called Ostyaks, as well as Yeniseians. The Ket language belongs to the group of Yenisei languages.

4. Chulym people

The number of this indigenous people of Russia is 355 people as of 2010. Despite the fact that most of the Chulym people recognize Orthodoxy, the ethnic group carefully preserves some traditions of shamanism. Chulyms live mainly in the Tomsk region. It is interesting that the Chulym language does not have a written language.

3. Basins

The number of this people living in Primorye is only 276 people. The Taz language is a mixture of one of the Chinese dialects with the Nanai language. Now this language is spoken by less than half of those who consider themselves to be Taz.

2. Livs

This extremely small people lives on the territory of Latvia. From time immemorial, the main occupations of the Livs were piracy, fishing and hunting. Today the people have almost completely assimilated. According to official data, there are only 180 Livs left.

1. Pitcairns

This people is the smallest in the world and lives on the small island of Pitcairn in Oceania. The number of Pitcairns is about 60 people. All of them are descendants of the sailors of the British warship Bounty, who landed here in 1790. The Pitcairn language is a mixture of simplified English, Tahitian and maritime vocabulary.

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Books

• The peoples of the world in morals and customs. Issue 10. South India, Ceylon, Malaysia
• The peoples of the world in morals and customs. Issue 11. Malay Peninsula, Dutch East Indies, Borneo, . Petrograd, 1916. Publishing house P. P. Soykin. Richly illustrated edition. Typographic cover. The condition is good. “The Peoples of the World in Morals and Customs” is a collective work of more than...
• The peoples of the world in morals and customs. Issue 12. Philippine Islands, Afghanistan and Balochistan, Persia, . Petrograd, 1916. Publishing house P. P. Soykin. Richly illustrated edition. Typographic cover. The condition is good. “The Peoples of the World in Morals and Customs” is a collective work of more than...

Modern science is not yet able to answer the question of what is the exact number of peoples on Earth and how many of them are nations, nationalities and other types of ethnic groups. Most often, ethnographers determine the total number of peoples on the planet to range from 2200 to 2400.
Only 24 of them have a population exceeding 50 million people. And out of twenty-four, nine represent India.

The largest people on Earth are the Chinese (self-name - Han), who currently number 1 billion 310 million people. This represents 19% of the total population of our planet.
Chinese actor and director Jackie Chan

In second place among the largest nations on Earth are the Arabs, who currently number about 350 million people.
Arab actor Omar Sharif

The Hindustanis are in third place among the largest nations on Earth, but they can only be called a single people conditionally. Hindustani are a group of ethnic groups in India who are united by the unity of the language - Hindi. Currently, more than 330 million people speak Western and Eastern dialects of Hindi.
Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan, Hindustani by nationality

The fourth largest population among the peoples of the Earth is occupied by Americans (314 million people). Americans are a group of national groups of different origins who are citizens of the United States and bearers of American culture, and as a result, claim to be called a single people.
US President Barack Obama with his family

In fifth place among the largest peoples on the planet are the Bengalis - the main population of the state of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India. The total number of Bengalis in the world is more than 250 million (about 150 million in Bangladesh and about 100 million in India).
Indian writer and poet Rabindranath Tagore, Bengali by nationality

In sixth place among the largest nations on Earth are the Brazilians (193 million people) - a nation that was formed in the same way as the American nation - by mixing different ethnic groups.
Brazilian fashion model Camila Alves

The seventh largest people on Earth are Russians, of whom there are about 150 million people in the world, of which 116 million live in Russia, 8.3 million in Ukraine, 3.8 million in Kazakhstan. Russians are the largest people in Europe.
19th-century Russian writer Leo Tolstoy

Miss World 2008 Ksenia Sukhinova

The eighth largest people on the planet are Mexicans, of whom there are 147 million people in the world, of which 112 million people. live in Mexico and 32 million in the USA.
Mexican Ximena Navarrete - Miss Universe 2010

The ninth largest people in the world are the Japanese (130 million people).
Japanese actress Kyoko Fukada

Punjabis close the top ten largest nations on Earth. There are 120 million Punjabis in the world, of which 76 million are lives in Pakistan and 29 million in India.
Indian actor Hrithik Roshan, Punjabi by nationality

There are 11 nations in the world, numbering more than 100 million people. These peoples, in addition to the above, also include the Biharis, who mainly live in the Indian state of Bihar. There are 105 million Biharis in the world.
Indian actress Sonakshi Sinha of Bihari origin

The 12th largest people in the world are the Javanese (85 million people), the indigenous population of the island of Java in Indonesia.
Javanka Megawati Sukarnoputri, 5th President of Indonesia

The 13th largest people on the planet are Koreans. There are 81 million Koreans in the world, of which 50 million live in South Korea and 24 million in North Korea.
South Korean actors Song Seung Heon (left) and Song Hye Kyo

The 14th largest people in the world - the Marathas (80 million people) - are the main population of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Indian actress Madhuri Dixit is from the Maratha people.

The 15th largest people on Earth are the Tamils, of whom there are 77 million people in the world, of which 63 million live in India.
Indian chess player Viswanathan Anand (Tamil by nationality), current world chess champion.

There are approximately the same number of Vietnamese (Viets) in the world as there are Tamils ​​(77 million people).
Truong Tri Truc Diem (born 1987) - singer, actress, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. She has twice represented Vietnam in international beauty pageants: in 2007, she took part in the Miss Earth pageant, and in 2011, in the Miss International pageant.

Another large nation is the Germans. There are 75 million Germans in Germany. If we also count people of German origin, we get a more impressive figure - 150 million people. For example, in the United States, 60 million people have German ancestry, making them the largest ethnic group among Americans.
German actress Diane Kruger

The Telugu people, the main population of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, also number at least 75 million.
Indian spiritual teacher Jiddu Krishnamurti, Telugu by nationality.

About 70 million people are Thai - the main population of Thailand.
Thai Piyaporn Deejin, Miss Thailand 2008

About 65 million people are Turks.
Tuba Büyüküstün is a Turkish actress.

Also, at least 65 million people are Gujaratis - the main population of the Indian state of Gujarat.
Indian politician Mahatma Gandhi, Gujarati by nationality

One of the largest peoples in Europe and the world is the French (64 million people).
Catherine Deneuve - French actress

Another European nation, one of the largest nations in the world, is the Italians. 60 million Italians live in Italy
Claudia Cardinale - Italian actress

About 60 million people are Sindhis. 53.5 million Sindhis live in Pakistan and about 6 million Sindhis live in India.
Former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto is a Sindhi.

I recently asked myself this question and tried to find the answer. Surprisingly, despite the level of science in our time, scientists cannot clearly determine the exact number. However, the topic is quite interesting, and therefore I will share the information I found.

How many peoples are there on Earth?

Even scientists find it difficult to answer accurately - there is simply no clear answer. Every time this topic is raised, a new figure is heard, but official science believes that our planet is inhabited by from 2 to 4 thousand nationalities and peoples. Agree, the spread is quite large. The thing is that it is almost impossible to give an exact definition of the term “people” - everyone has their own understanding of this word. For example, there are states whose residents communicate using the same language, but in fact are different peoples, and it happens the other way around.

If you try to find definition of a term in a dictionary, then one can find that the term is used both in a political sense and in a cultural one. There are several meanings:

• a certain set of art consumers, in other words - the public;
• population of a state;
• a crowd of people in a certain place;
• working population:
• an ethnic group with distinct common characteristics.

The last definition is generally accepted; as for the mentioned characteristics, they are:

• culture;
• traditions;
• language.

How do peoples differ?

The main feature is the language, therefore its unity is considered a paramount indicator. Exists about 4000 languages, which are identified by scientists into separate groups. There are about 20 such groups. Half of humanity speaks languages ​​included in the largest - Indo-European group. What else could be different? Certainly, by number. Research suggests that most peoples are not particularly numerous - no more than 1 million people. However, there are also quite numerous ones, for example, the Chinese and Indians.

Culture is one of the characteristic differences. They distinguish both spiritual and material. The first group includes legends, songs, dances and so on. The second group includes the type of housing, clothes, kitchen features etc.