Sections: MHC and ISO

Lesson topic: Interior and interior decoration peasant house. Collective work “Come to the hut.”

Lesson type: combined.

Goals:

• Develop creative and cognitive activity.
• To develop practical skills to work in a small team (group).
• Continue to form the concept of the unity of benefit and beauty in the interior of the home and household items
• Foster love for the Motherland and folk culture.

Lesson format: a game.

Equipment and materials:

1. Schemes - tables depicting the elements of a Russian stove, the “red corner”.
2. Illustrations for Russians folk tales, epics, riddles.
3. Examples of peasant home interiors
4. Art materials.

Musical series: Russian folk songs.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizing time.
2. Updating.
3. The game is a fillword.
4. Statement of the artistic task of completing the interior of a Russian hut.
5. Work in small groups on the details of the composition.
6. Summing up and defending the work “Who Lives in a Hut?”

DURING THE CLASSES

The class is divided into three groups; each group sits around its own table.

1. Organizational moment

- Hello guys! Sit down.

2. Update

– Guys, we have been preparing for this lesson for several lessons in a row. Let's remember what we studied in previous lessons?

Student. We got acquainted with signs - symbols; got acquainted with the hut, its design and decor; tried to use the knowledge gained about ornamentation in decorating a model of a spinning wheel; got acquainted with the symbolic meaning of the towel, the motifs of the ornament on it; learned about the structure of the internal space of a peasant house and its symbolism.

Teacher. And today you and I, based on the topics we have already studied, will deal with the arrangement of the internal space of a peasant house. The topic of our lesson is “Interior and interior decoration of a peasant house.” By the end of the lesson, you and I will have to do the collective work “Come to the hut.” To do this, you will need to complete the interior decoration elements. To make it easier for you to complete this work, let's remember that lesson when we got acquainted with the traditional Russian dwelling - the hut.

3. Word game

The game will help us with this - the word “Interior” decoration. You must find answers - words denoting elements of the interior and interior decoration of a peasant house. Words in fillwords can be read up, down, right and left, but do not intersect.

The fillword is posted on the board. The teacher himself marks the guessed words.

Questions are asked to groups in turn.

Question No. 1. What object played a very important role in the life of a Russian person.

Answer. Spinning wheel.

Question No. 2.

It’s built well from even bricks,
And it’s never cool next to her.
Doesn't smoke, but sends rings into the sky
And loves dry firewood and planks.

Answer. Stove.

Question No. 3. In which Russian folk tales is the stove often mentioned?

Answer.“At the command of the pike”, “Kolobok”, “Geese and swans”, “Baba Yaga”, etc.

Question No. 4. What was the name of the place opposite the mouth of the furnace?

Answer. The corner opposite the mouth of the stove was called the housewife's workplace. Everything here was adapted for cooking.

Question #5. What tools were located near the stove?

Answer. Poker, grip, broom, wooden shovel.

Question No. 6. Also, what items should have been near the stove?

Answer. Next to the stove there was always a towel and a washstand - a clay jug with two drain spouts on the sides. Underneath there was a wooden basin for dirty water.

Question No. 7. Attention! What is it about?

I was dug
I was trampled
I was at a fire
I was on a circle
He fed a hundred heads,
got old
began to leak,
thrown out the window
and dogs don't need it.

Answer. Pot

Question No. 8.

Fish in the sea
Tail on the fence.

Answer. Ladle.

Question No. 9. Where was the non-cunning peasant utensils located?

Answer. On shelves along the walls.

Question #10. What was the name and where was the place of honor in the hut?

Answer. The place of honor was called the “red corner” and was located diagonally from the stove.

Question No. 11. What else was in the “red corner”?

Answer. In the “red corner” there were icons on a special shelf and a lamp was burning.

Question No. 12. What piece of furniture in the hut was considered the most important?

Answer. The main piece of furniture was the table.

Question No. 13. Where was he standing?

Answer. He stood in the “red corner”.

Question No. 14. What was in the hut along the walls?

Answer. Stalls

Question No. 15. Does anyone know how they differ from a bench?

Answer. The benches were firmly attached to the walls, and the benches could be freely moved from place to place.

Question No. 16. Where did the peasants keep their clothes?

Answer. Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The greater the wealth in the family, the more chests there were in the hut.

4. Statement of an artistic task.

Now let's look again at the illustrations that we looked at on
lessons this school year. Using them, we will come up with our own composition for the interior of the hut. And in
The main artists will help us with this. Each of you will give your inner element
decorations to the main artists, and they will paste them into our interior.
In the last lesson, we determined the size of each element, talked about color, signs and symbols, the main artists worked on the image of the interior. At home you should have cut out the silhouette of the element.
Today you will work in groups. Please listen to each other, consult. If you have any questions, please contact the main artists.

5. Independent work of students

Individual (work with one student).
Frontal (working with the whole class when there is a common error).

Working on a pre-selected composition. We make a montage of collective work against a pre-prepared background

6. Summing up the lesson.

At the end of the lesson, each group tells which of them fairy-tale heroes lives in this hut

The interior decoration of a Russian hut is an integral part of the history and culture of Russia. It was she, the old hut, who became the main part of folklore and even the heroine of many fairy tales and legends. Just remember the hut on chicken legs - the fabulous home of Baba Yaga, a terrible witch who scares small children. She is often fooled by the main fairy-tale characters.

So, Ivan Tsarevich turns to her for help in order to save his beloved from the terrible fate, and, not without cunning, receives the gifts of the old witch. Grandma-Yozhka is a negative character who helps Koshchei the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych and the Cat Bayun in committing atrocities. But at the same time, this “heroine” is quite cheerful, funny and satirical.

About the origins

The word “izba” in Rus' had many interpretations depending on where people lived, which is why it was called differently. There are synonyms such as: yzba, istba, izba, istoka and istoka. These words are often used in Russian chronicles, which, again, speaks of the inseparability and connection of housing with human life. This phrase has a direct connection with Russian verbs such as “to drown” or “to heat.” This building had primarily a functional purpose, since it was designed to provide warmth in cold weather and shelter from natural conditions.

What was the hut like in general?

It is difficult to imagine the interior decoration of a Russian hut without the stove, since it was the center of the room and its favorite part. It is known that many East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians, retained the term “istanka”. Well, as mentioned earlier, it designated a heated building. These were pantries for storing supplies of vegetables, and living quarters of various sizes.

To know how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut, you need to understand what it meant to a person. A significant event was the construction of a house for a peasant. It was not enough to solve a practical problem and provide a roof over your head. First of all, the house was a full-fledged living space for the whole family. The decoration of the hut should, as far as possible, be filled with all the necessary blessings of life, provide the residents with warmth, give them love and a sense of peace. Such housing can only be built according to the long-standing behests of their ancestors, and the peasants have always followed traditions very carefully.

About traditions

When building a house, special importance was given to the choice of location so that the building would subsequently be light, dry and high. Ritual value was no less important.

A happy place is one that has passed the strict test of time and was inhabited earlier: it became prosperous for the previous owners who lived here. Territories near burials, bathhouses that were built there earlier, as well as near the road were considered unsuccessful. It was believed that the devil himself walked along this path and could look into the home.

About the building material

The materials for the construction of the hut were chosen very carefully. The Russians used pine or larch logs for the construction. These trees have long and even trunks, lie evenly and fit tightly together. They retain internal heat well and do not rot for a long time. Selecting logs in the forest was a rather difficult task; for centuries, a set of rules, an algorithm for selecting a log, was passed down from fathers to children. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong, unsuitable material, the house will bring troubles and misfortunes.

Even for the interior decoration of a peasant's hut it was forbidden to cut down sacred trees. They could bring serious illnesses into the house. There was a belief that said that such special breeds should live only in the forest and die a natural death. If you break the ban, they will bring death and grief to the house.

Dry wood was also unsuitable for construction. The location where the trees grew was also important. A tree that grew at the crossroads of forest roads is “violent” and can bring great misfortune to a house - it can destroy a log house and thereby kill the owners of the house.

Rituals

The Slavs did not complete the process of building a house without rituals. At the beginning of construction, a sacrifice was made. In this case, the victim was considered to be a chicken or a ram. This process was carried out when laying the first crown of the hut. Money, wool and grain were placed under the logs as symbols of wealth, prosperity, love, and family warmth. Incense was also placed there as a sign of the holiness of the house, as well as a kind of amulet against evil spirits. At the end of the work (construction), all participants in the process sat down at the table and were treated to delicious dishes.

The sacrifices were carried out for a reason. The sacrifice was supposed to create a fortress for the house and protect it from misfortunes. Sometimes a person was brought as a gift to the gods, but this was in rare cases, in order to protect the entire tribe from enemies. Most often, large livestock were subjected to suffering: a bull or a horse. During archaeological excavations Their skeletons, as well as horse skulls, were found on old houses.

For the ceremony, a special hole was made, and the remains had to be placed there. It was located under the red corner, where icons and other amulets were located. There were other favorite animals for construction sacrifice. The rooster or chicken became such a favorite for the Slavs. This is evidenced by the tradition of placing weathercocks in the shape of cockerels, as well as an image or figurine of this animal on the roof of the house.

One can cite as an example the immortal classic work of N.V. Gogol “Viy”. All evil spirits disappeared after the rooster crowed. Therefore, the “screamer” is called upon to protect the home from evil spirits. Photos showing the decoration of the Russian hut in all its glory are presented in this article.

Roof structure diagram

The roof was also made according to a special scheme:

• gutter;
• stupefied;
• stamic;
• slightly;
• flint;
• prince's sleg (knes);
• general illness;
• male;
• fall;
• hairline;
• chicken;
• pass;
• oppression.

General view of the hut

The decoration of the Russian hut on the outside, the way our great-grandfathers imagined and built it, was special. According to old traditions, huts have been built for thousands of years. The Russian decoration of a hut depended on where the person lived and what tribe he belonged to, since each tribe had its own traditions and laws by which they can be distinguished.

And even now it is impossible not to distinguish the huts on the European territory of Russia. After all, in the north, log houses predominated, since there was plenty of forest there. In the south there were huge reserves of clay, so mud huts were built from it. It was also designed in the same way interior decoration Russian hut. Photos are a clear example of this.

According to ethnographers, not a single popular thought was not created immediately in its original form, such as we can observe now. History, culture, and with them the thought of people, changes and develops, bringing harmony, beauty and the great power of love to everything that has been created. This also applies to the home, which was formed and became more and more functional and comfortable. These statements are also proven by the mass of archaeological excavations carried out.

The Russian decoration of the hut largely depended on the climatic conditions in which people lived and on the available building material. Thus, in the north there was moist soil and dense forests full of logs suitable for building houses, while in the south other products predominated and were actively used. Based on this, the half-dugout was widespread in the southern regions. This dome was one and a half meters deep into the ground and, accordingly, had a bulk floor. This type of housing in Rus' existed until the 14th-15th centuries.

After this time period, they began to build above-ground buildings with wooden floors, as they learned how to process logs and make boards from them. Houses were also made that were raised above the ground. They were more multifunctional, since they had 2 floors and provided opportunities for a comfortable life, storage of vegetable supplies, hay and housing for livestock in one house.

In the north, with an abundance of dense forests and a fairly damp, cold climate, semi-dugouts quickly turned into above-ground houses, faster than in the south. The Slavs and their ancestors occupied a fairly large territory and differed from each other in centuries-old traditions, including in the construction of housing. But each tribe adapted to the surrounding conditions in the best possible way, so it cannot be said that some huts were worse. Everything had its place. Now you can understand how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut.

More about construction

Below is a photo. The decoration of the Russian hut is demonstrated in the most typical way for Ladoga, corresponding to the time period of the 9th-11th centuries. The base of the house was square, that is, the width was equal to the length, which reached 5 meters.

The construction of a log hut required a careful and thorough approach, since the crowns had to match, and the logs had to fit tightly to each other, otherwise all the work was in vain.

The beams had to fit as tightly as possible in order to protect residents from cold winds and drafts. Therefore, recesses were made in the log house through one log. Another beam was placed into this hole with a convex edge. The grooves between them were insulated with swamp moss, which had not only thermal insulation value, but also antibacterial value. The top of this building was coated with clay.

About the nuances of construction

The interior decoration of a Russian hut sometimes involved watering it and compacting it, causing it to become hard and smooth. During cleaning, a layer of dirt was simply swept away with a broom. But more often than not, the interior decoration of a peasant hut involved a wooden floor raised above the ground to a height of one and a half meters. This was done in order to build an underground. A hatch led from it to the living space with the stove. All vegetable supplies were kept underground.

The Russian decoration of the hut for wealthy people required another superstructure on top. From the outside, this house looked like a three-story house.

About extensions

The interior decoration of the Russian hut also had several nuances. Russian people often added a hallway with large wide windows to their homes. It was called the canopy. So, when entering the house, you first had to go into the vestibule, and then enter the upper room. This hallway was 2 meters wide. Sometimes the canopy was connected to a barn for livestock, so they were made larger accordingly.

In addition, this extension had a lot of other purposes. There they stored goods and made something necessary in bad weather, since the peasant never sat idle. In summer, you can also put guests to bed there after a noisy celebration. Archaeologists gave this type of dwelling the name “two-chamber”, since it consisted of 2 rooms.

The interior decoration of a peasant hut would not be complete without a cage. Since the early 10th century, this room has served as an additional bedroom, used only in the summer as it was not heated. Ibid. all year round food could be stored. And in winter - even perishable food, because it’s always cold there.

How the carpet was built

The roof of the hut was made using several techniques: it could be wooden, shingled, planked or shingled. With the development of history, and with it the skills of the people, in the time period of the 16th-17th centuries, the Slavs developed a unique concept of covering the roof with birch bark, which protected it from leakage. It also served an aesthetic purpose, as it represented the diversity of the building. A little earth and turf was placed on the roof. This was an old "smart technology" to protect your home from fire.

Dugouts and half-dugouts, as a rule, did not have windows. Because of this, the interior decoration of the Russian hut looked, of course, not the way we used to imagine. There were small window openings covered with cattle stomachs. However, later, when the hut “grew” above the ground, they began to make large glazed windows that not only let in light, but also made it possible to see what was happening on the street. The external decoration of the Russian hut was glazed, which in the beginning (10th century) was only available to wealthy owners.

The toilet in Rus' was called “zadok” and was located, as a rule, in the entryway. It was a hole in the floor that “looked” down towards the ground level, where cattle were usually kept. It has appeared in huts since the 16th century.

About the construction of windows

The Russian decoration of a hut in later times could not be imagined without windows. Usually the window opening consisted of 2 adjacent logs, which were cut in half. A rectangular frame was inserted there, having a valve that “moved” in the horizontal direction.

The interior of the hut

The interior decoration of a Russian hut consisted of one to three living spaces. The entrance to the house began with the entryway. The room intended for living was always very warm and heated by a stove. The interior decoration of the hut (photo) perfectly illustrates the life of commoners of those times.

As for wealthy peasants and people with high rank, then in their home there was a place for an additional room, which was called the upper room. The owners received guests in it, and it was also very warm, bright and spacious. It was heated by a Dutch oven.

The interior decoration of a Russian hut could not be imagined without an oven, which occupied most of the room, which was located at the entrance. However, in the southern part of the country it was located in the far corner.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut was distinguished by a special, but at the same time quite simple, placement of objects. The dining table usually stood in the corner, diagonally from the stove. Directly above it was a “red corner” with icons and other amulets. There were benches along the walls, and above them there were shelves built into the walls. Such interior decoration of a Russian hut (photo) was found almost everywhere.

The stove had a multifunctional load, since it brought not only warmth and tasty food, but also had a sleeping place.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut also demonstrates that there were many similarities with the traditions of the East Slavic peoples, but there were also differences. In the north of Rus', people built stone stoves. They got their name because they were made of stone without the use of any fastening mortar.

In the areas of Staraya Ladoga, the base of the stone firebox was one and a half meters in diameter. The decoration of a peasant hut in the Izborsk region involved a stove made of clay, but on a stone base. It reached up to 1 meter in length and width, as well as in height.

In the southern regions of the East Slavic countries, the furnace was built larger and wider, its stone foundation was laid with an approximate calculation of one and a half meters in length and 2 in width. Such ovens reached a height of 1.2 meters.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Slide description:

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Proverbs and sayings about home. My home is my castle. Each hut has its own toys. Being a guest is good, but being at home is better. It is not the owner's house that is painted, but the owner's house. Even the frog sings in his swamp. There is nothing like leather. And the mole in his corner is vigilant.

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Houses of different peoples Since ancient times, the houses of different peoples of the Earth have been different. The special features of the traditional dwellings of different peoples depend on the characteristics of nature, on the uniqueness of economic life, on differences in religious beliefs. However, there are also great similarities. This helps us better understand each other and mutually respect the customs and traditions of different peoples of Russia and the world, be hospitable and present the culture of our people to other people with dignity.

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Izba Izba- traditional home Russians. This is a wooden residential building in a wooded area of ​​Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In Rus', a thousand years ago, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. Aspen planks - ploughshares or straw - were placed on the roof. The log house (from the word “felling”) consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The hut was built without using nails.

5 slide

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Hata Hata, (among Ukrainians), is a living space with a stove or an entire building with a hallway and a utility room. It can be made of timber, wattle, or adobe. The outside and inside of the hut is usually coated with clay and whitewashed.

6 slide

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Saklya In the mountains there are not enough trees to build houses, so houses there are built from stone or clay. Such housing is called SAKLYA. Saklya, the home of the Caucasian peoples. Often it is built directly on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, for construction they choose the side of the mountain slope where the winds are quieter. Its roof is flat, so sakli were often located adjacent to one another. It turned out that the roof of the building below was often the floor or courtyard of the house that stands above. Sakli are usually made of stone adobe or adobe brick, with a flat roof.

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Chum Chum – nomadic, portable hut of Siberian foreigners; poles composed of sugar loaf and covered, in summer, with birch bark, in winter - with whole and sewn deer skins, with a smoke outlet at the top. The Russians also have a summer hut, cold but habitable, with a fire in the middle.

8 slide

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Yurta Yurta, a portable dwelling among the Mongolian nomadic peoples in the Central and Central Asia, Southern Siberia. It consists of wooden lattice walls with a dome of poles and a felt covering. In the center of the yurt there is a fireplace; the place at the entrance was intended for guests; utensils were stored on the women's side, and harnesses on the men's side.

Slide 9

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Kibitka Kibitka is a covered cart, covered wagon. Russian name portable home nomadic peoples Central and Central Asia.

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Cell Cell (from Latin cella - room), living quarters in a monastery. According to monastic regulations, most Russian monasteries allowed each monk or nun to build his own cell.

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Wigwam Wigwam is the home of the forest Indians of North America. Entered into literature as the name of an Indian dome-shaped dwelling. When building a wigwam, the Indians stick flexible tree trunks into the ground in a circle or oval, bending their ends into a vault. The frame of the wigwam is covered with branches, bark, and mats.

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Igloo A dwelling made of snow or ice blocks is built by Eskimos in the north, where there is no other building material except snow. The dwelling is called an IGLU. The interior is usually covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also covered with skins. Light enters the igloo directly through the snow walls, although sometimes windows are made of seal guts or ice. A snow house absorbs excess moisture from the inside, so the hut is quite dry. Eskimos can build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour.

Slide 13

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Konak Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. It is a dramatic building with a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates deep shade. Often such “mansions” resemble the letter “g” in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. The buildings are oriented to the east (a tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a spacious covered balcony and a steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfy all the needs of the owners, so outbuildings are not needed.

Slide 14

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Tree dwellings Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. The structure, balancing on the branches, cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, a flooring made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.

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Pallasso Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval in cross-section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical thatched roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or only a small window opening.

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Hut South India. The traditional home of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and reeds, without windows, with one small entrance.

Slide 17

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Underground dwellings The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits in which interior rooms and a courtyard are made. There are about seven hundred caves on the hillsides and in the desert around them, some of which are still inhabited by troglodytes (Berbers). The craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the courtyard (hausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Troglodyte dwellings often have several floors, with tied ropes serving as stairs between them. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber housewife needs a shelf, she simply digs it out of the wall. However, near some pits you can see TV antennas, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings provide good protection from the heat - these chalk caves are cool. This is how they solve the housing problem in the Sahara.

18 slide

Man has always strived for warmth and comfort, for inner peace. Even the most avid adventurers, who are always attracted by the horizons, sooner or later return to home. People of different nationalities and religions have always created their homes taking into account the beauty and convenience that they could imagine being in certain natural conditions. The amazing shapes of buildings, the materials from which the home was built and the interior decoration can tell a lot about its owners.

The human home is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the shape of the house comes from an organic feeling. It has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, a beehive, or a clam shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main rooms and plan of the house - in the upper room, vestibule, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gyneceum.

BORDEY


Bordei is a traditional half-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reeds. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature changes during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a fireplace on the clay floor, but the stove was heated black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of ancient types housing in this part of Europe.

AIL "WOODEN YURTA"


Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of Southern Altai. A log hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a fireplace in the middle of the earthen floor.

SHOW


Balagan is the winter home of the Yakuts. Sloping walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low, sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

VALKARAN


Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling among the peoples of the Bering Sea coast (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). A semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: the summer one - through a hole in the roof, the winter one - through a long semi-underground corridor.

WIGWAM


Wigwam is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made of curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of fabric. From the outside, the covering was additionally pressed with poles. Wigwams can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such structures are called “long houses”). The cone-shaped dwellings of the Great Plains Indians - "teepees" - are often mistakenly called wigwams. The dwelling was not intended to be moved, however, if necessary, it was easily assembled and then erected in a new place.

IGLOO


Truly an amazing invention. It was invented by the Alaskan Eskimos. You understand that not everything is good with building materials in Alaska, but people have always used what they have at hand and in large quantities. And in Alaska, ice is always at hand. That is why the Eskimos began to build themselves domed houses from ice slabs. Everything inside was covered with skins for warmth. This idea really appealed to the residents of Finland, a northern country where there is also plenty of snow. There are restaurants there built on the principle of igloos, and even competitions are held in which participants assemble igloos from ice blocks as quickly as possible.

KAZHUN


Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). The cajun is cylindrical in shape with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry masonry method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially it served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

MINKA


Minka is the traditional home of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. The minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls, sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the layout of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that snow and rain would roll off immediately and the straw would not have time to get wet.
Since many Japanese of simple origin were engaged in raising silkworms, when building a dwelling, it was taken into account that the main space in the room was allocated for silkworming.

KLOČAN


A clochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, walls were laid out “dry”, without a binder mortar. Narrow slits-windows, an entrance and a chimney were left. Such simple huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so you can’t expect much comfort inside.

PALLASO


Pallasso is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes large pallasos had two rooms: one for living, the other for livestock. Pallasos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

IKUKWANE


Ikukwane is a large domed reed house of the Zulus (South Africa). They built it from long thin twigs, tall grass, and reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers believe that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

RONDAVEL


Rondavel is a round house of the Bantu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was made of poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grass ropes.

SMOKE


Kuren (from the word “to smoke,” which means “to smoke”) is the home of the Cossacks, the “free troops” of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, and Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in plavny (river reed thickets). The houses stood on stilts, the walls were made of wicker, filled with earth and coated with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

SAKLYA


Stone dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders. It is built of clay and ceramic bricks, the roof is flat, narrow windows look like loopholes. It was both a dwelling and a kind of fortress. It could be multi-story, or it could be built of clay and have no windows. An earthen floor and a fireplace in the middle are the modest decoration of such a house.

PUEBLITO


Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwestern US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were allegedly built by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who defended themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interior is also covered with clay coating. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, on top of which rods are laid. Pueblitos were located on high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

TRULLO


Trullo is an original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Puglia. The walls of the trullo are very thick, so it is cool there in hot weather, but not so cold in winter. The trullo was two-tiered; the second floor was reached via a ladder. Often a trullo had several cone roofs, under each of which there was a separate room.


An Italian dwelling, now classified as a monument. The house is notable for the fact that it was built using the “dry masonry” method, that is, simply from stones. This was not done by accident. This construction was not very reliable. If one stone was pulled out, it could completely fall apart. And all because in certain areas the houses were built illegally and could be easily liquidated in case of any claims from the authorities.

LEPA - LEPA


Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Badjao people of Southeast Asia. The Badjao, "sea gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives on boats in the Coral Triangle. Pacific Ocean– between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they cook food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go to land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and also bury the dead.

TYPI


Dwellings of Native Americans. This structure was portable and was built from poles, which were covered with reindeer skins on top. In the center there was a fireplace, around which the sleeping places were concentrated. A hole for smoke was always left in the roof. It’s hard to believe, but even now people who support the traditions of the indigenous population of America still live in such huts.

DIAOLOU


Diaolou is a fortified multi-story building in Guangdong Province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers operated in Southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortified houses were built simply by following tradition.

HOGAN


Hogan is the ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often a “hallway” was added to this simple structure. The entrance was curtained with a blanket. After the first Railway, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

YURT


Housing for nomads - Mongols, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz. Why is it convenient in conditions of steppes and deserts? Assembling and disassembling such a house takes a couple of hours. The base is built from poles and covered with mats on top. Shepherds still use such buildings to this day. Probably, many years of experience suggest that good is not sought from good.

SLAVIC IZBA


Log house, Slavic construction. The hut was assembled from logs (the so-called log house), the logs were laid according to a certain principle. The stove was being fired up in the house. The hut was heated in black. They began to install a chimney on the roof later, and then the smoke was removed from the house through it. The log houses could be dismantled, sold and laid out again, erecting new house from an old log house. This method is still used by summer residents.

NORTH RUSSIAN IZBA


The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is utility. Servants, children, and yard workers lived in the basement; there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows or doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts several meters deep! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced residential and outbuildings to be combined into a single whole.

VARDO


Vardo is a gypsy tent, a real one-room house on wheels. It has a door and windows, a stove for cooking and heating, a bed, and drawers for things. At the back, under the folding side, there is a drawer for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels, there is luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The entire cart is light enough that it could be pulled by one horse. Vardo was decorated with skillful carvings and painted with bright colors. Vardo flourished in late XIX– beginning of the 20th century.

YAODONG


Yaodong is a cave house of the Loess Plateau of the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial have dug their homes right into the hillside. The inside of such a house is comfortable in any weather.

TRADITIONAL HOUSING OF THE BONGU PEOPLE

SODD HOUSE


The turf house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the shortage of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. They lived in one half of such a house, and kept livestock in the other.

No matter how ridiculous the structure may seem, it is a home for the one who built it. People lived in these strange buildings: they loved, created families, suffered and died. Life flowed through the houses of these people, history with all its features, events and miracles.

Wigwam, North America

The ball from the cartoon “Winter in Prostokvashino” actually incorrectly imagined a wigwam - the national dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. This is a hut on a frame, and it is covered with a mat, bark or branches and most often has a dome shape. Most often it is small, but the largest ones could accommodate 25-30 people. Nowadays wigwams are mainly used as ritual premises.

And what Sharik drew is a tipi, it is really conical in shape, the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains live in such structures.

Igloo/Eskimos

Igloo, Eskimos

Another recognizable image is the Eskimo ice houses called igloos. Eskimos live in the territory from Greenland to Alaska and the eastern edge of Chukotka. An igloo is built from snow or ice blocks compacted by the wind; the height of the structure is 3-4 m.

You can, of course, simply “carve” a house into a suitable snowdrift, and they do that too.

The entrance can be made in the floor, a corridor is broken through to the entrance - this is done if the snow is deep. If the snow is shallow, the entrance is made in the wall, and an additional corridor from the outside is attached to it from the blocks.

When the entrance is located below floor level, exchange between threads is easier carbon dioxide and oxygen, while warm air does not leave the room. Light penetrates either directly through the walls or through windows made of seal guts and ice. The inside of the room is usually covered with skins.

Tent / Sahara

Tent, Sahara

And this type of housing, it would seem, is incomprehensibly not falling apart. However, if you look closely, you will notice many reinforcing sticks inside. The African Bedouin tent, sometimes called a felij, is essentially a blanket of camel or goat hair spread over poles. The number of these poles determines the wealth of a Bedouin; the maximum number of such supports is 18.

With the help of a canopy, it is divided into two parts, one is allocated to women, the second is occupied by men.

The inside of the tent is covered with mats. Despite the apparent simplicity of the design, it takes two to three hours to assemble. During the day, the tent is completely open: the blankets are lifted up, at night the makeshift house is closed, it does not have a single skylight - this is the only way to protect yourself from the cold and winds that come to the desert with the onset of darkness.

Minka / Japan

Minka, Japan

Another transformable housing is the traditional Japanese minka. Such a house was the home of peasants, artisans and traders; now such huts are usually found in rural areas.

Minks have their own characteristics in different areas, but there are also general rules, in particular the use of a rectangular frame structure made of load-bearing posts and crossbars. These houses are built using cheap and readily available materials and are often made from wood, bamboo, grass, straw and clay.

Instead of walls there are movable panels made of cardboard, they allow you to “play” with the layout.

The floor is earthen, with wooden flooring, and they sleep and eat on it.

Pallasso / Spain

Wikimedia Commons

This is a more solid structure. Spanish pallasso houses are made of stone, their height is 4-5 m, their diameter is from 10 to 20 m. The house itself is round or oval, the roof is conical, made of a wooden frame covered with straw.

There may be no windows at all, or only one, purely symbolic one.

This type of housing is especially popular in the Sierra de los Ancares district. Pallasos were used as permanent residences until the 1970s.

Saklya / Caucasus