Periodization: Early Middle Ages - 4th - 9th centuries Heyday of the Middle Ages - 9th - 13th centuries Late Middle Ages– centuries

Frankish Kingdom Charles Martell created a system of benefits. Benefice = feud (land plot) Land plot issued for service

Empire of Charlemagne

Knights Ritter- rider Future knight from the very early age received a special knightly education. At the age of 21, knighting took place, which was a complex ritual action (taking the sacrament, washing, kneeling before the master, demonstrating the ability to wield a spear, etc.). A full-fledged knight received homage

Punishment of knights A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was demoted and shamefully expelled from noble society and the country, if he survived at all. As a rule, such a sad ceremony was attended by all representatives of the knightly class, as well as the church synod. The condemned man was publicly led to the scaffold, where the knight's inverted shield was already hanging on the pillory. All the armor was removed from the criminal one by one, and he was deprived of titles, awards and estates. Then the clergy betrayed him eternal damnation and were buried alive, deprived of their name and status. Then followed the death penalty or in best case scenario, exile. The shame that the demoted and cursed knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family.

CASTLE, fortified dwelling of a feudal lord. Castles of Europe, Middle East, Caucasus, Wed. Asia were built in well-protected places; the main tower (donjon, keshk) was surrounded by ramparts, ditches, and walls. Severe, powerful castles from centuries. become more picturesque, free in layout, from centuries. turn into complex complexes of buildings and, finally, into palace ensembles.
Consolidation: 1. the basis for receiving a fief 2. senior in Latin 3. the main quality of a knight 4. the meaning of the word vassal 5. Vassal of the Duke 6. A brief statement about the character of a knight 7. lord of a baron 8. land ownership

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Western European Middle Ages

General characteristics Works of architecture speak most eloquently about the time of the Western European Middle Ages. Wooden buildings are no longer popular; now feudal castles and temples come forward. Stone temples in the Middle Ages had a special status. It was public building, where people came not only to pray, but also to learn last news. With the increase in the number of stone buildings, Medieval city. In the architecture of this period, two styles are distinguished: Romanesque (10th - 12th centuries) and Gothic (13th - 15th centuries).

Romanesque style of architecture In the Middle Ages, the most common public building became the ancient Roman basilica, which laid the foundation for the Romanesque style of architecture. Largest centers romanesque architecture- France, Italy, Germany.

Romanesque Basilica The beginning of the Romanesque era is characterized by the development of church architecture. The dominant type of temple is the basilica, a symbol of the way of the cross, suffering, and atonement for sins. A temple of this type should have been designed for a large number of of people. Not only architects, but also sculptors and painters participated in the creation of such temples.

Structure of the Romanesque Basilica of the Aspida (altar projections); Gable; Eastern Towers; West Tower; Arcade; Gallery.

Pisa Cathedral, 11th – 12th centuries, Italy The Pisa Cathedral is a five-nave basilica. In the central part there is a dome. The surface of the walls is decorated with white and black marble and arcades of columns. The nearby tower has 6 tiers of the same arcaded columns.

"Leaning" tower of the cathedral. (Deviation from the vertical line by 4.5 m.)

Feudal castle It is difficult to imagine the architectural appearance of the Middle Ages without a feudal castle. The castle is not only the dwelling of the feudal lord, but also a defensive structure, the center cultural life. They hosted knightly tournaments, competitions, theatrical performances, balls, and court hearings.

The simplest castle consisted of a massive tower with narrow windows - donjons. The feudal lord lived in the upper floors; on the lower floors there were warehouses, stables, kitchens, and servants' rooms. All castles were built in hard-to-reach places: in the middle of lakes, on mountain cliffs. The architecture of the castles is simple, they were built not for beauty, but for reliability and had a terrifying image.

Gothic architecture The Gothic style originated in France, from where it spread to Central and partially Eastern Europe. The term “Gothic” is associated with the name of the German tribe of the Goths, who barbarously sacked Rome in 410, and therefore denoted “barbaric”, crude art. The main Gothic architectural structures are cathedrals.

Cathedral in Amiens, 13th-15th centuries. The Gothic cathedral is based on a somewhat simplified Romanesque basilica in plan. The cathedral building consists of 2 massive towers, turning into thin spiers, and many windows in the form of pointed arches. All Gothic cathedrals are very richly decorated. Thus, thanks to the windows, Gothic churches became lighter and did not seem as dark and gloomy as Romanesque churches.

Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris 12th – 14th centuries The masterpieces of early French Gothic include Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.

Cathedral in Cologne, Germany 13-15 centuries. The Cathedral in Cologne is a work of Gothic architecture typical of German architecture. This is a huge building with 2 towers topped with pointed spiers.

Church of St. Anne, Lithuania 15th century

Questions and tasks 1. Name character traits Romanesque style in architecture. What religious ideas does the temple - basilica reveal? 2. Describe the image and structure of the Gothic cathedral. How is it different from a Romanesque basilica? 3. Compare the cathedrals in Reims and Amiens. What are their similarities and differences? 4.What is the structure and purpose of a medieval castle? 5. Try to compile a dictionary of Romanesque and Gothic architecture terms.

Cathedral in Amiens Cathedral in Cologne

When studying the topic, you need to pay attention to the following questions:

Ancient man is part of an eternal, harmonious world. The main virtues of antiquity are justice, wisdom, courage.

Buddhism – 6th century BC India. Siddhartha Gautama (623 – 544 BC) Four noble truths: 1. life is suffering;

Christianity – 1st century BC in the eastern part of the Roman Empire - Palestine. Later, three trends emerged in Christianity:

Literary sources for the study of early Christianity are:

Islam (submission, humility) - 7th century AD in Arabia. Muslims are “faithful”, “submissive to Allah”

Early Middle Ages. Pre-Romanesque period.

Theodoric (493 – 529)

Scholasticism (from the Latin Schola - school) is the dominant direction of medieval philosophy, which sought to theoretically justify

Architecture, applied and fine arts of barbarian peoples.

Roman catacombs - underground burial places of the first Christians

The architecture of the early Middle Ages had a cult character. The main buildings are temples and monasteries. Two types of buildings -

Monastery of Saint Riquier.

Book miniature.

Music and literature.

Literature:

Mature Middle Ages. Romanesque period.

Architecture. Roman style.

The Romanesque temple in the form of a Latin cross personified the model of the world and reflected the Catholic idea of ​​the “way of the cross” of suffering and

St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim. Germany. XI century.

Pisa architectural ensemble.

Castle Krak - de Chevalier in Syria.

Wartburg Castle in Germany. XI-XIV centuries

Fine, applied and musical entertainment arts.

Bronze doors in the Church of St. Michael in Hildesheim. Germany.

Romance literature:

Western European Middle Ages. Development of the feudal system. General history

The concept of the Middle Ages: The period between antiquity and modern times 476 (the fall of the Western Roman Empire. - By the 15th century, the beginning of the Great Geographical Discoveries.)

Periodization: Early Middle Ages - 4th - 9th centuries Heyday of the Middle Ages - 9th - 13th centuries Late Middle Ages - 13th - 15th centuries

Sources: “Salic Truth” “Annals of the Saint-Berteng Monastery” “Life of Charlemagne” Eingard the epic “Beowulf” “The Tale of the Nibelungs”

The Great Migration of Peoples of the VI-VII centuries. completion of the migration of peoples. The Huns, Germans, Slavs, Hungarians, and Arabs came to Europe. The expansion of the Scandinavian peoples continued until the 12th century.

Frankish Kingdom 800-843 Charles Martell created a system of benefits. Benefice = feud (land plot) Land plot issued for service

Empire of Charlemagne 800-843

Feudal society: praying working fighting

"Feudal ladder" vassal of my vassal not my vassal lord - "senior"

A sign of a feudal society is corporatism. Knightly orders Monastic brotherhoods Craft guilds City communes Unions of cities Merchants' guilds Rural communities Fellowships and sects

feudal lords FEODAL, in the era of feudalism, a land owner (owner of a fief), exploiting the peasants dependent on him.

Peasants

Residents of the city - artisans marking workshops

Knights Ritter-rider The future knight received a special knightly education from a very early age. At the age of 21, knighting took place, which was a complex ritual action (taking the sacrament, ablution, kneeling before the master, demonstrating the ability to wield a spear, etc.). A full-fledged knight received homage

Knights code of chivalry: courage, honesty, generosity, generosity, hospitality, courtesy, devotion to duty, nobility towards women.

Knight's Armament

Myths about a beautiful lady

Punishment of knights A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was demoted and shamefully expelled from noble society and the country, if he survived at all. As a rule, such a sad ceremony was attended by all representatives of the knightly class, as well as the church synod. The condemned man was publicly led to the scaffold, where the knight's inverted shield was already hanging on the pillory. All the armor was removed from the criminal one by one, and he was deprived of titles, awards and estates. Then the clergy consigned him to eternal damnation and buried him alive, depriving him of his name and status. This was followed by the death penalty or, at best, exile. The shame that the demoted and cursed knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family.

Knight tournaments

Knightly tournaments Lists - battle of 2 knightly detachments Jostra - battle of two knights Bagardo - ceremonial departure of one knight to demonstrate dexterity and bearing

Castle-dwelling of the feudal lord

Castle-dwelling of a feudal lord CASTLE, fortified dwelling of a feudal lord. Castles of Europe, Middle East, Caucasus, Wed. Asia were built in well-protected places; the main tower (donjon, keshk) was surrounded by ramparts, ditches, and walls. Severe, powerful castles from the 11th-12th centuries. became more picturesque, free in layout, from the 13th-14th centuries. turn into complex complexes of buildings and, finally, into palace ensembles.

The principle of vassal-seigneurial relations: “The vassal of my vassal is not my vassal”

Consolidation: 1. the basis for receiving a fief 2. senior in Latin 3. the main quality of a knight 4. the meaning of the word vassal 5. Vassal of the Duke 6. A brief statement about the character of a knight 7. lord of a baron 8. land ownership