Paintings are made with what. What are the genres of painting? Types of painting and their brief characteristics

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Paintings are made with what. What are the genres of painting? Types of painting and their brief characteristics

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

INTRODUCTION

1. TYPES OF PAINTING

2. PAINTING AND ITS GENRES

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The word “painting” is derived from the words “vividly” and “write”. “To paint,” explains Dahl, “to depict faithfully and vividly with a brush or words, a pen.” For the painter, depicting correctly means accurate rendering appearance what he saw, its most important signs. It was possible to convey them correctly using graphic means - line and tone. But it is impossible to convey vividly with these limited means the multicolor of the surrounding world, the pulsation of life in every centimeter of the colored surface of an object, the charm of this life and constant movement and change. Truthfully reflect the color real world painting helps - one of the types visual arts.

Color is the main visual and means of expression in painting - has tone, saturation and lightness; it seems to fuse into a whole everything characteristic of an object: both what can be depicted by a line and what is inaccessible to it.

Painting, like graphics, uses light and dark lines, strokes and spots, but unlike it, these lines, strokes and spots are colored. They convey the color of a light source through glare and brightly lit surfaces, sculpt a three-dimensional form with subject (local) color and color reflected by the environment, establish spatial relationships and depth, and depict the texture and materiality of objects.

The task of painting is not only to show something, but also to reveal inner essence depicted, to reproduce “typical characters in typical circumstances.” Therefore, a truthful artistic generalization of the phenomena of life is the basis of the foundations of realistic painting.

1. TYPES OF PAINTING

Monumental painting is a special type of large-scale paintings that decorate the walls and ceilings of architectural structures. It reveals the content of major social phenomena that have had a positive impact on the development of society, glorifies them and perpetuates them, helping to educate people in the spirit of patriotism, progress and humanity. The sublimity of the content of monumental painting, the significant size of its works, and the connection with architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconicism of composition, clarity of contours and generality of plastic form.

Decorative painting used to decorate buildings and interiors in the form of colorful panels, which with realistic images create the illusion of breaking through the wall, visually increasing the size of the room, or, on the contrary, using deliberately flattened forms, they assert the flatness of the wall and the enclosure of the space. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor that adorn works of monumental painting and sculpture tie together all the elements of the interior, emphasizing their beauty and consistency with the architecture.

Theatrical and decorative painting(scenery, costumes, makeup, props, made according to the artist’s sketches) helps to further reveal the content of the performance. The special theatrical conditions for perceiving the scenery require taking into account multiple points of view of the audience, their great distance, the influence of artificial lighting and colored backlights. The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. Theater artist strives in sketches of costumes and makeup to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, style of the era and much more.

Miniature painting received great development in the Middle Ages, before the invention of printing. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest headpieces, endings, and detailed miniature illustrations. Using the miniature painting technique, Russian artists were the first to half of the 19th century centuries were skillfully used to create small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Pure deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, and the exquisite fineness of the writing distinguish these portraits, full of grace and nobility.

Easel painting, performed on a machine - an easel, as material basis uses wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting, being an independent work, can depict absolutely everything: factual and fictional by the artist, inanimate objects and people, modernity and history - in a word, life in all its manifestations. Unlike graphics, easel painting has a richness of color, which helps emotionally, psychologically, multifacetedly and subtly convey the beauty of the world around us.

According to technique and means of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel. These names were derived from the binder or from the method of using material and technical means.

Oil painting done with paint washed with vegetable oils. Thick paint thins out when oil or special thinners and varnishes are added to it. Oil paint can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.

Tempera painting is done with paint prepared with egg yolk or casein. Tempera paint is dissolved with water and applied paste or liquid onto the wall, canvas, paper, wood. In Rus', tempera was used to create wall paintings, icons and patterns on household items. Nowadays, tempera is used in painting and graphics, in decorative and applied arts and in artistic design.

Fresco painting decorates interiors in the form of monumental and decorative compositions applied to wet plaster with water-based paints. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Wax painting(encaustic) was also used by artists of Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous “Fayum portraits” (1st century AD). The binder in encaustic painting is bleached wax. Wax paints are applied in a molten state to a heated base, after which they are burned.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, is assembled from individual pieces of smalt or colored stones and fixed on a special cement primer. Transparent smalt, inserted into the ground at different angles, reflects or refracts light, causing the color to flare and shimmer. Mosaic panels can be found in the subway, in theater and museum interiors, etc. Stained glass painting - works decorative arts, intended for decorating window openings in any architectural structure. Stained glass is made from pieces of colored glass held together by a strong metal frame. The luminous flux, breaking through the colored surface of the stained glass window, draws decoratively spectacular, multi-colored patterns on the floor and walls of the interior.

2. PAINTING AND ITS GENRES

Genres of painting (French genre - genus, type) are a historically established division of works of painting in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.

Although the concept of “genre” appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences have existed since ancient times: images of animals in caves of the Paleolithic era, portraits of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from 3 thousand BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as a system in easel painting began in Europe in the 15th-15th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, when, in addition to the division of fine art into genres, the concept of “high” and “low” genres appeared, depending on the subject of the image, theme, plot.

The “high” genre included historical and mythological genres, and the “low” genre included portrait, landscape, and still life. This gradation of genres existed until the 19th century. Thus, in the 17th century in Holland, it was precisely the “low” genres that became leading in painting (landscape, everyday life, still life), but the ceremonial portrait, which formally belonged to the “low” genre of portraiture, did not belong to such.

Having become a form of displaying life, genres of painting, despite the stability of their general features, are not immutable; they develop along with life, changing as art develops. Some genres are dying out or gaining new meaning(for example, a mythological genre), new ones arise, usually within previously existing ones (for example, an architectural landscape and a marina appeared within the landscape genre). Works appear that combine various genres (for example, a combination of an everyday genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).

A genre of fine art that reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people is called portrait. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are the transfer of external resemblance and disclosure inner world, the essence of human character. Based on the nature of the image, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial and chamber portraits. Ceremonial portrait shows a man in full height(on horseback, standing or sitting), against an architectural or landscape background. A chamber portrait uses a half-length or chest-length image against a neutral background. Self-portrait stands out in a special group - the artist’s depiction of himself.

Portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art; initially it had a cult purpose and was identified with the soul of the deceased. IN ancient world portrait developed more in sculpture, as well as in picturesque portraits-- Fayyum portraits of the 1st - 3rd centuries. In the Middle Ages, the concept of a portrait was replaced by generalized images, although in frescoes, mosaics, icons, and miniatures there were some individual features in the depiction of historical figures. Late Gothic and Renaissance is a rapid period of development of the portrait, when the formation of the portrait genre takes place, reaching the heights of humanistic faith in man and understanding of his spiritual life.

A genre of fine art dedicated to historical events and characters is called historical genre. The historical genre, which is characterized by monumentality, has been developing for a long time in wall painting. From the Renaissance to the 19th century. artists used subjects from ancient mythology and Christian legends. Often real historical events depicted in the picture were saturated with mythological or biblical allegorical characters.

The historical genre is intertwined with others - the everyday genre (historical and everyday scenes), the portrait (depictions of historical figures of the past, portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), and merges with the battle genre.

The historical genre is embodied in easel and monumental forms, in miniatures, and illustrations. Originating in ancient times, the historical genre combined real historical events with myths. In the countries of the Ancient East, there were even types of symbolic compositions (the apotheosis of the military victories of the monarch, the transfer of power to him by a deity) and narrative cycles of paintings and reliefs. IN Ancient Greece there were sculptural images of historical heroes, in Ancient Rome reliefs were created with scenes of military campaigns and triumphs.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, historical events were reflected in miniature chronicles and icons. The historical genre in easel painting began to take shape in Europe during the Renaissance, in the 17th - 18th centuries. it was considered as a “high” genre, highlighting (religious, mythological, allegorical, historical subjects).

Paintings historical genre filled with dramatic content, high aesthetic ideals, and the depth of human relationships.

A genre of fine art dedicated to the heroes and events that the myths of ancient peoples tell about is called mythological genre(from Greek mythos - legend). The mythological genre comes into contact with the historical and takes shape during the Renaissance, when ancient legends provided rich opportunities for the embodiment of stories and characters with complex ethical, often allegorical overtones. In the 17th century -- beginning In the 19th century, in works of the mythological genre, the range of moral and aesthetic problems expanded, which were embodied in high artistic ideals and either came closer to life or created a festive spectacle. From the 19th - 20th centuries. Themes of Germanic, Celtic, Indian, and Slavic myths became popular.

Battle genre(from the French bataille - battle) is a genre of painting that is part of the historical, mythological genre and specializes in depicting battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying military virtues, fury of battle, triumph of victory. The battle genre may include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

A genre of fine art that shows scenes of a person’s everyday, personal life, everyday life from peasant and urban life is called everyday genre. Appeals to the life and morals of people are already found in the paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in ancient vase painting and sculpture, in medieval icons and books of hours. But he stood out and acquired characteristic forms everyday genre only as a phenomenon of secular easel art. Its main features began to take shape in the 14th - 15th centuries. V altar paintings, reliefs, tapestries, miniatures in the Netherlands, Germany, France. In the 16th century in the Netherlands, the everyday genre began to develop rapidly and became isolated. One of its founders was Hieronymus Bosch.

The development of the everyday genre in Europe was greatly influenced by the work of Pieter Bruegel: he moves to a pure everyday genre, shows that everyday life can be an object of study and a source of beauty. The 17th century can be called the century of the everyday genre in all painting schools in Europe.

In the 18th century in France, genre painting is associated with the depiction of gallant scenes, “pastorals”, and becomes refined and graceful, ironic. Works of the everyday genre were varied: they showed the warmth of home life and the exoticism of distant countries, sentimental experiences and romantic passions. Everyday genre, focused on showing peasant life and the life of a city dweller, developed vividly in Russian painting of the 19th century: for example, in the works of A.G. Venetsianov, P.A. Fedotov, V.G. Perov, I.E. Repin.

A genre of fine art in which the main focus is on the depiction of nature. environment, views of countryside, cities, historical monuments, is called landscape(French paysage). There are rural, urban, architectural, industrial, sea (marina) and river landscapes.

In antiquity and the Middle Ages, landscapes appear in paintings of temples, palaces, icons and miniatures. In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance were the first to turn to the depiction of nature. From the 16th century landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. In the 19th century creative discoveries of landscape masters, saturation of it social issues, development of plein air (depiction of natural natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the pictorial transmission of spatial depth, variability of the light-air environment, and the complexity of the color scheme.

A genre of fine art that shows objects of everyday use, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, killed game, caught fish, placed in a real everyday environment, is called still life(French nature morte - dead nature). A still life can be endowed with a complex symbolic meaning, play the role of a decorative panel, or be the so-called. “trick”, which gives an illusory reproduction of real objects or figures that evoke the effect of the presence of a genuine nature.

The depiction of objects is known in the art of antiquity and the Middle Ages. But the first still life in easel painting is considered to be the painting by the artist from Venice Jacopo de Barbari “Partridge with an arrow and gloves.” Already in the 16th century, still life is divided into many types: a kitchen interior with or without people, a set table in a rural setting, “vanitas” with symbolic objects (a vase of flowers, an extinguished candle, musical instruments). The Dutch still life was especially rich, modest in color and in the things depicted, but exquisite in the expressive texture of objects, in the play of color and light.

A genre of fine art showing animals is called animalistic genre (from lat. animal - animal). The animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, the decorative expressiveness of the figure and silhouette. Often animals are endowed with traits, actions and experiences inherent in humans. Images of animals are often found in ancient sculpture and vase painting.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, let's summarize the above:

Painting is divided into monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature and easel.

According to technique and means of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel.

In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.

Historical painting is images of certain historical moments, as well as figures public life of the past.

Battle painting aims to capture battles, battles and wars. Mythological painting depicts events described in myths, epics and legends.

Everyday (genre) painting is the depiction of scenes real life, its realities and attributes.

Landscape (landscape) painting is an image of natural nature or any area.

Portrait painting - artistic image person. A specific type of portrait is a self-portrait.

A still life is an image of various inanimate objects, for example, fruits, flowers, household items, utensils, placed in a real everyday environment and compositionally organized into a single group.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Batrakova SP Artist of the 20th century. and the language of painting. M., 1996.

2. Whipper B.R. Introduction to historical study art. M., Fine Arts, 1985

3. Western art of the 20th century. Classical heritage and modernity. M, 1992.

4. History of foreign art. M., Fine Arts, 1984

5. History of world art. 3rd edition, Publishing House "Academy", M., 1998.

6. From constructivism to surrealism. M., 1996.

7. Polyakov V.V. History of world art. Fine arts and architecture of the 20th century. M., 1993.

8. Sadokhin A.P. Culturology: theory and history of culture: Tutorial. -- M.: Eksmo, 2007.

9. Contemporary Western art. XX century: problems and trends. M., 1982.

10. Suzdalev P. About the genres of painting. // Creativity, 2004, No. 2, 3. P. 45-49.

Easel painting

The most popular and famous type of painting is easel painting. It is called this way because it is performed on a machine - an easel. The base is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work made in a specific genre. It has a richness of color.

Oil paints

Most often, easel painting is done with oil paints. You can use oil paints on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.

Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. Used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.

V. Perov “Portrait of Dostoevsky” (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created using tempera, gouache, pastels, and watercolors.

Watercolor

Watercolor paints

Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique that uses special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, which creates the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.

J. Turner “Firvaldstät Lake” (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)

Gouache

Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paint, denser and more matte than watercolor.

Gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety quality, but when drying the colors become somewhat whitened (lightened), which the artist must take into account during the drawing process. Using gouache paints you can cover dark tones with light ones.

Vincent Van Gogh "Corridor at Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)

Pastel [e]

Pastel (from Latin pasta – dough) – art materials, used in graphics and painting. Most often it comes in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, shaped like bars with a round or square cross-section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.

I. Levitan “River Valley” (pastel)

Tempera

Tempera (Italian tempera, from the Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-based paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder for tempera paints is the yolk of a chicken egg diluted with water or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and spread of oil paints until the 15th-17th centuries. tempera paints were the main material for easel painting. They have been used for more than 3 thousand years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs were made with tempera paints. Tempera painting was mainly done by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera painting was dominant until the end of the 17th century.

R. Streltsov “Chamomiles and violets” (tempera)

Encaustic

Encaustic (from ancient Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique. Originated in Ancient Greece.

"Angel". Encaustic technique

We draw your attention to the fact that you can find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (richness of tone, construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in constructing the image, the absence of the specific relief of the brushstroke characteristic of a painting surface).

Monumental painting

Monumental painting is painting on architectural structures or other foundations. This oldest species painting, known from the Paleolithic. Thanks to its stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remain from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, secco, mosaic, stained glass.

Fresco

Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, making the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the upper and southern side of the Arc de Triomphe

A secco

And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) is wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows you to paint a larger surface area in a working day than with fresco painting, but is not as durable a technique.
The a secco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially widespread in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.

Leonardo da Vinci " last supper(1498). Technique a secco

Mosaic

Mosaic (French mosaïque, Italian mosaico from Latin (opus) musivum – (work) dedicated to the muses) is decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.

Mosaic panel "Cat"

Stained glass

Stained glass (French vitre - window glass, from Latin vitrum - glass) is a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as painting on glass.

Stained glass window of the Mezhsoyuzny Palace of Culture (Murmansk)
The types of painting also include diorama and panorama.

Diorama

The building of the diorama “Storm of Sapun Mountain on May 7, 1944” in Sevastopol
Diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved pictorial picture with a foreground subject. The illusion of the viewer’s presence in natural space is created, which is achieved by a synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas: “Storm of Sapun Mountain” (Sevastopol), “Defense of Sevastopol” (Sevastopol), “Battles for Rzhev” (Rzhev), “Breaking the Siege of Leningrad” (St. Petersburg), “Storm of Berlin” (Moscow), etc.

Panorama

In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are used mainly to depict events covering a large area and big number participants.

Panorama Museum "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Panorama Museum “Battle of Borodino”, “Battle of Volochaev”, “The defeat of the Nazi troops at Stalingrad” in the Panorama Museum “ Battle of Stalingrad", "Defense of Sevastopol", panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Franz Roubo. Panorama canvas “Battle of Borodino”

Theatrical and decorative painting

Scenery, costumes, makeup, props help to further reveal the content of the performance (film). The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. The theater artist strives to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and makeup.
In Russia, the flourishing of theatrical and decorative art occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. began working in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.

M. Vrubel “City of Lollipop”. Set design for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)

Miniature

A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Particularly popular was portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), distinguished by the special subtlety of writing, a unique execution technique and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his decision or at the request of the customer, into a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is considered to be a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.

Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.

Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)

Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Jusupov jewelry)

It's no secret that painting has its own typology and is divided into genres. This phenomenon originated in Europe in the 15th century, when the concept of first-class painting was formed, which included paintings of a mythological and historical nature, and second-class paintings included landscapes, portraits, and still lifes. But this sorting lost its relevance around 1900, when there were too many genres and styles and it would have been too old-fashioned to use a clear division into just these two groups. That's why I want to tell you about current types painting today.

Still life (nature morte- “dead nature”) - pictures of inanimate things. This genre originated in the 15th century and gained independence in the 17th, thanks to Dutch artists. The genre became independent due to the advent of the Golden Age in Holland; artists were spoiled by the abundance of food and other things that had previously been considered items of luxury and wealth; it was on this basis that such a narrow genre as the Dutch still life appeared. Nowadays, still life is a widespread type of painting, and is in great demand among painting buyers.

Portrait- a person or group of people depicted in the picture. The scope of this style is very vague; portraiture often overlaps with other styles, such as landscape or still life. Portraits can also be historical, posthumous, or religious. There is also a self-portrait, which is when the artist draws himself.

Scenery- a very important genre in painting. In it, the artist paints either pristine or man-transformed nature or terrain. It has long gone beyond the usual sea or mountain views, and today it is one of the most popular types of painting. Landscapes can be urban, rural, sea, mountain, etc. Previously, landscapes were painted only in plein air, when the artist painted from life what he saw. This practice is becoming less and less common these days, and contemporary artists prefer to work from photographs.

Marina- the same sea still life, only with the correct name. The marinas depict events that take place at sea, battles, big waves, cargo ships, etc. A bright representative This genre was Ivan Aivazovsky.

History painting- arose out of necessity, during the Renaissance, artists painted important cultural and historical events. Historical paintings is not always based on history, it also includes different kinds paintings such as: mythology, gospel and biblical events.

Battle painting- a topic that reveals the theme of war and military life. The artist tries to depict an important, epic, key moment battles or battles. At the same time, reliability can gradually fade into the background.

Animalistics-depictions of animals, the most ancient paintings were in this genre, because even primitive artists painted animals and hunting them. Almost always merges with the landscape.

Having become a form of displaying life, genres of painting, despite the stability of their general features, are not immutable; they develop along with life, changing as art develops. Some genres die out or acquire a new meaning (for example, the mythological genre), new ones arise, usually within previously existing ones (for example, an architectural landscape and a marina appeared within the landscape genre). Works appear that combine various genres (for example, a combination of an everyday genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).

A genre of fine art that reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people is called portrait. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are the conveyance of external resemblance and the disclosure of the inner world, the essence of a person’s character. Based on the nature of the image, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial and chamber portraits. A ceremonial portrait shows a person in full growth (on a horse, standing or sitting), against an architectural or landscape background. A chamber portrait uses a half-length or chest-length image against a neutral background. Self-portrait stands out in a special group - the artist’s depiction of himself.

Portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art; initially it had a cult purpose and was identified with the soul of the deceased. In the ancient world, portraiture developed more in sculpture, as well as in painting portraits - Fayyum portraits of the 1st - 3rd centuries. In the Middle Ages, the concept of a portrait was replaced by generalized images, although in frescoes, mosaics, icons, and miniatures there were some individual features in the depiction of historical figures. Late Gothic and Renaissance is a rapid period of development of the portrait, when the formation of the portrait genre takes place, reaching the heights of humanistic faith in man and understanding of his spiritual life.

The historical genre is embodied in easel and monumental forms, in miniatures, and illustrations. Originating in ancient times, the historical genre combined real historical events with myths. In the countries of the Ancient East, there were even types of symbolic compositions (the apotheosis of the military victories of the monarch, the transfer of power to him by a deity) and narrative cycles of paintings and reliefs. In Ancient Greece there were sculptural images of historical heroes, in Ancient Rome reliefs were created with scenes of military campaigns and triumphs.

Paintings of the historical genre were filled with dramatic content, high aesthetic ideals, and the depth of human relationships.

Battle genre(from the French bataille - battle) is a genre of painting that is part of the historical, mythological genre and specializes in depicting battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying military valor, the fury of battle, and the triumph of victory. The battle genre may include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

A genre of fine art that shows scenes of a person’s everyday, personal life, everyday life from peasant and urban life is called everyday genre. Appeals to the life and morals of people are already found in the paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in ancient vase painting and sculpture, in medieval icons and books of hours. But the everyday genre stood out and acquired characteristic forms only as a phenomenon of secular easel art. Its main features began to take shape in the 14th - 15th centuries. in altar paintings, reliefs, tapestries, miniatures in the Netherlands, Germany, France. In the 16th century in the Netherlands, the everyday genre began to develop rapidly and became isolated. One of its founders was Hieronymus Bosch.

In the 18th century in France, genre painting is associated with the depiction of gallant scenes, “pastorals”, and becomes refined and graceful, ironic. Works of the everyday genre were varied: they showed the warmth of home life and the exoticism of distant countries, sentimental experiences and romantic passions. The everyday genre, focused on showing peasant life and the life of a city dweller, developed vividly in Russian painting of the 19th century: for example, in the works of A.G. Venetsianov, P.A. Fedotov, V.G. Perov, I.E. Repin.

The genre of fine art, where the main thing is the depiction of nature, the environment, views of the countryside, cities, historical monuments, is called landscape(French paysage). There are rural, urban, architectural, industrial, sea (marina) and river landscapes.

In antiquity and the Middle Ages, landscapes appear in paintings of temples, palaces, icons and miniatures. In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance were the first to turn to the depiction of nature. From the 16th century landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. In the 19th century the creative discoveries of landscape masters, the saturation of it with social issues, the development of plein air (depiction of the natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the pictorial transmission of spatial depth, the variability of the light-air environment, and the complexity of the color scheme.

The depiction of objects is known in the art of antiquity and the Middle Ages. But the first still life in easel painting is considered to be the painting by the artist from Venice Jacopo de Barbari “Partridge with an arrow and gloves.” Already in the 16th century, still life was divided into many types: a kitchen interior with or without people, a set table in a rural setting, “vanitas” with symbolic objects (a vase of flowers, an extinguished candle, musical instruments). The Dutch still life was especially rich, modest in color and in the things depicted, but exquisite in the expressive texture of objects, in the play of color and light.

A genre of fine art showing animals is called animalistic genre(from lat. animal - animal). The animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, the decorative expressiveness of the figure and silhouette. Often animals are endowed with traits, actions and experiences inherent in humans. Images of animals are often found in ancient sculpture and vase painting.

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