Let us indicate several types of impersonal sentences from the point of view of the nature of their construction.

1. When describing natural or natural phenomena, impersonal sentences are used, the predicate of which is not associated with any person or object and does not require addition: Already it was dawn.(P.) Already quite It got dark and started to get cold.(T.) At the sawmill yard burns.(Ch.)

2. When depicting natural phenomena, such impersonal sentences are also used, the predicate of which is expressed by a transitive verb with a direct object and is accompanied by another object in the instrumental case: All the sky clouded gray clouds. (Hertz.) Lit up thunderstorm tree. (N.) Stormy ship smashed. As can be seen from the examples, the active subject in these sentences is known (clouds, thunderstorm, storm), but it is understood as an instrument of elemental power and is designated by the instrumental case.

Figuratively, sentences with the same construction are used when depicting acute and strong human experiences: It's like I'm under attack hit.(Ch.) Like a knife to the heart slashed me. (L.T.) I feel the same way got through fear. (G.)

3. When depicting such states, the source of which is unknown, impersonal sentences with a predicate, an expressed transitive verb are used. The direct object denotes the person affected by the condition: Me chills. In the morning of the old man was feverish. Me blew up.(T.) And how does that make you feel got it right!(Ch.) The same type of sentences with a transitive verb are used when depicting actions whose subject is unknown: Tarantas pushed: Lavretsky straightened up. (T.)

4. When describing various sensations caused by an external cause, impersonal sentences can be used, the predicate of which is expressed by an intransitive verb and is accompanied by an object in the instrumental case. This addition indicates the cause, source, manufacturer of this condition: From afar pulled quiet and soft warmth. (T.) Through the open windows smelled needles (A.N.T.) From rye, as if from an oven, also warm pours over.(N.)

5. Impersonal sentences are very widespread, the predicate of which is accompanied by an object in the dative case. Such sentences depict states of persons that do not depend on their will: To me can't sleep. Home for him couldn't sit. Something for me got sad. To me sad involuntarily. (P.)

6. The addition in the dative case is also used in those impersonal sentences that indicate the need for action; the predicate in this case is expressed by a combination of modal words like must, must, should, must with an infinitive form of the verb, for example: Us Need to work. To you you should hurry up. Personal the composition must be in full combat readiness.

7. A completely special construction is represented by impersonal sentences with an object in the genitive case. They come in two types:

1) When expressing negation. Match: in the affirmative form: Some noise was heard in negative: I didn't hear no noise; in the affirmative: There was an opportunity to go in negative: Did not have opportunities to travel;

in the affirmative: I have time in negative:

I have No time. Such negative sentences denote the complete absence of an object or phenomenon.

2) When expressing a statement. The entire sentence is of a quantitative-evaluative nature, and the addition in the genitive case denotes the whole from which the part is taken: Bread for us enough until the end of the excursion. Porridge left for two.

Exercise 40. Using the examples, replace personal sentences with impersonal ones (in writing).

Sample. I want to study the history of Moscow. -I want to study the history of Moscow.

1) I didn’t want to lag behind others. 2) He doesn't sit at home. 3) Grandma is not sleeping. 4) I didn’t believe in the success of the trip.

Sample. All the roads are covered with snow. - All the roads are covered with snow.

1) The rain refreshed the greenery. 2) The wind broke a branch on the tree. 3) The hail damaged the seedlings. 4) Thin ice covered the puddles. 5) The fire immediately engulfed the entire roof. 6) The whole sky was covered with gray clouds. 7) The hurricane demolished many huts.

Sample. I have skis.- I don’t have skis.

1) I have skates. 2) There were porcini mushrooms here. 3) I had a horse. 4) I had free time. 5) He had a desire to draw.

41. Write by inserting the missing letters. Determine the type of impersonal sentence by the absence or presence of additions in it and the nature of these additions (in the accusative, instrumental, dative and genitive cases).

1) It’s already completely crazy. (L.T.) 2) It got dark. A whitish cloud was barely visible at the zenith... . (Cor.) 3) It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at their overnight camp. (L.T.) 4) September died - and the dahlias were scorched by the breath of the night. (F.) 5) In the first year, the house sparkled, it even hurt the eyes with its freshness. (Cor.) 6. My whole head is all over...cute! (Sharp) 7) His lips twitched. (T.) 8) She passionately wanted a garden, darkness, clear sky, stars. (Ch.) 9) He always had no...leisure. (N.) 10) Lavretsky felt sorry for the old man. (T.) 11) At the reception I... had to wait a long time.

§ 35. Nominal sentences- these are one-part sentences consisting only of a subject or a subject with explanatory words, for example: Winter. The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on wood. (P.) Blue hillocks of forget-me-nots. Yellow fields of Sverbigus. The gray-black bee hums, and curls, and digs in. (L.T.) Nominal sentences are pronounced with a special intonation.

The meaning of nominal sentences is to affirm the existence or presence of a phenomenon in the present tense. Consequently, nominative sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, or in the subjunctive or imperative mood. In these tenses and moods they correspond to two-part personal sentences with a predicate was or will: Winter (nominal sentence). It was winter. It will be winter(two-part personal sentences).

Nominal sentences are often found in literary descriptions. They give speech conciseness and expressiveness:

Noise, laughter, running, bowing,

Gallop, mazurka, waltz...Meanwhile,

Between two aunts at the column,

Unnoticed by anyone

Tatyana looks and doesn’t see,

He hates the excitement of the world... (P.)

Nominal sentences accompanied by a particle Here, used when indicating: Here is the willow. There was a gate here. (P.)

Nominal sentences can be exclamatory: Spring! The first frame is exposed. (Mike.)

One of the most common types of one-part sentences. The peculiarity is that, unlike definite-personal and indefinite-personal, they do not indicate the bearer of the attribute.

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences in which a single main member denotes an action or characteristic with the producer or carrier eliminated.

An impersonal sentence is used when the speaker’s attention is entirely focused on the action, and not on the one who produces it. This emphasis on action occurs when:

a) manufacturer unknown:

Ex: There was thunder and hooting all around.

b) the action is spontaneous in nature:

Ex: The bridge was flooded in the spring.

c) the actor is known, but in itself he is not important, but the result is important:

Ex: My head is pounding.

It's drizzling.

The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

Impersonal verb:

Ex: It's getting light. It's freezing. Not feeling well. It was getting dark. It's fun.

Personal verb in impersonal meaning:

Ex: It’s getting cooler outside.

There's a howling in the chimney.

The boat was broken by a wave.

An impersonal predicate word (with or without an infinitive):

Ex: It’s solemn and wonderful in heaven.

What do you want, old man?

You can see far all around!

A short passive participle in the neuter form:

Ex: The Tushin battery was forgotten.

How few roads have been traveled

How many mistakes have been made (S. Ksenia).

A negative word or construction expressing negation:

Ex: There’s no counting of centuries

There is no rye, no trail

No letters, no spring.

Infinitive sentences- these are one-part sentences with the main member being a predicate, an expressed independent infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action:

Ex: You, no see such battles. (Yu. Lermontov)

Face to face not see.

No friends count we have.

And until dawn rage fire.

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative basis.

In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate includes a verb or a word of the state category to which the infinitive adjoins:

Pr.: Yes, you can survive in the heat, in thunderstorms, in frosts, yes, you can go hungry and cold, go to death, but these three birches cannot be given to anyone during your lifetime (Simonov).

In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words are subject to it in semantic and grammatical terms:

Ex: No catch up with you 6shen threes! (Nekrasov).

Azamat, no blow your heads off!

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in general meaning. As we have already said, the bulk of impersonal sentences denote an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor, while in infinitive sentences the actor is encouraged to take active action; the desirability and necessity of active action are noted: Ex: Stand up. Get out!

In infinitive sentences, modality is determined by the form of the sentence itself and intonation.

Ex: Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days, shine - and no nails! This is my slogan and the sun! (M.).

Sometimes modality can be expressed in particles:

Ex: I should pick a big, big bouquet here and quietly bring it to the bedside (C).

It’s not for you to tell, it’s not for me to listen (proverb).

The issue of infinitive sentences in grammar is controversial. Some linguists distinguish them as an independent type, others consider them a type of impersonal. (In school textbooks, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal sentences).

Nominative sentences - These are one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by the idiom of a noun (sometimes a pronoun) or a quantitative-nominal combination. Together with intonation, nominative sentences express the idea of ​​being, the existence of named objects and phenomena.

Etc.: Evening. Night. Autumn. Silence.

The concept of being acts as the logical basis of grammatical meaning. This concept is manifested by special grammatical means: the form of the idiom of the noun, the quantitative-nominal combination, and especially intonation. Nominative sentences, in principle, do not depend on the context, are not constrained, are not connected, but the existential meaning is often clarified by the context. The main meaning is the affirmation of existence, on which indicative, emotional meanings and expressions of will are layered. Intonation plays an important role in nominative sentences.

By composition nominative sentences can be uncommon and widespread (even widespread):

Project: 1916 Trenches... Mud. (unexpanded proposals).

Cold government paper, absurd beloved land.

(common suggestion)

By function nominative sentences are:

1) descriptive (being, existential):

Ex: Fog. River.

2) index (particles here, there, indicate the proximity and distance of an object):

Pr.: Here is the forest. Here is the school, etc.

3) predicative nominatives or message nominative (evaluative-existential):

Ex: Warm. Sunny. Joyfully - beauty!

4) incentive offers, which are divided into 2 groups:

Incentives and wishes:

Ex: Attention. Hello. Good afternoon.

Incentive-imperative, conditioned by a situation requiring a quick response from the addressee.

Ex: Scalpel (operation in progress). Fire (fighting in progress).

5) proper names (these include names of books, magazines, paintings, inscriptions on signs, etc.)

Not all linguists consider them to be sentences.

Vocative sentences ("sentences-addresses") are assessed differently. Some scientists distinguish them into a special type of one-component sentences, while others include them among the nominative ones, while others consider them as indivisible.

Vocative sentences are addresses complicated by the expression of an undifferentiated thought, feeling, or expression of will. An address can be easily distinguished from a vocative sentence

Pr.: Save me, Vania, save me (appeal).

Vania, she called - Ivan Andreevich! (vocative sentence, the name of the interlocutor is complicated by the desire to attract his attention).

The following groups of vocative sentences are distinguished by meaning:

1) vocative sentences-appeals, in which the addressee of the speech is named in order to attract his attention:

Ex: Sentinel! - Novikov called out sternly.

2) vocative sentences expressing an emotional reaction to the words and actions of the interlocutor:

Ex: -Mom! - Katya moaned, not knowing where to hide from shame and praise.

Grandmother! - Olesya said reproachfully, with emphasis.

The main member of a vocative sentence cannot be considered either a predicate or a subject, however, it can be determined by other members, for example, an application, which is the case with the main member - a pronoun.

Vocative sentences stand on the border between monocomponent and indivisible sentences. Conditionally including vocative sentences into one-part sentences (following A.A. Shakhmatov), ​​it should be said that they are not typical one-part sentences, and this determines the ability of vocative sentences to pass into the category of indivisible sentences when they lose the lexical significance of nouns.

Control questions

1. What are the structural features of each type of one-part sentence?

2. How do infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences?

3. What types of sentences should not be confused with one-part sentences?

4. Why can’t nominative sentences be negative or interrogative?

The existence of impersonal-infinitive sentences as transitional constructions has been revealed.

CONCLUSION

When approaching the study of impersonal sentences, one must always remember that only the study of the grammatical and stylistic aspects of linguistic phenomena in their organic unity will make it possible to study them not formally, but deeply, consciously, to reveal in each individual phenomenon its true content, to see it in movement and functioning in various speech and functional language styles. Literacy is not only the ability to write correctly, but also the ability to correctly and appropriately use speech in various contexts, circumstances, situations and purposes. Only such a study of grammatical phenomena, including impersonal sentences, will ensure high speech culture.

In our work, we examined various classifications of impersonal sentences: Lekant P.A., Peshkovsky A.M. and Skoblikova E.S., which made it possible to study all aspects of the functioning of impersonal sentences in modern Russian.

Such a variety of points of view on the problem of impersonal sentences is due to the fact that scientists have not yet come to a consensus regarding impersonal sentences, and there is also no unified classification of these sentences. However, the existence of such a variety of approaches allows us to consider impersonal sentences from different points of view: based on the grammatical form of not only the main member (predicate), but also other members required in this construction; by ways of expressing real and grammatical meanings; based on the semantic features of such sentences.

We examined impersonal sentences from the point of view of the definition of impersonality, as well as from various points of view: structural, semantic.

Most scientists are of the opinion that impersonal sentences represent a legacy of that era when primitive people, having no idea about the laws of the outside world or the structure of their bodies, felt completely helpless in the fight against natural elements and diseases. Due to ignorance of the true causes of natural and social phenomena, distorted, fantastic ideas of savages about the reality around them arise, the belief that diseases are caused and the weather is caused by an unknown force.

In the modern Russian literary language, in the overwhelming majority of cases, when the choice falls on impersonal constructions in the presence of synonymous personal ones, it is explained by the need, for one reason or another, to eliminate from speech the designation of the producer of the action and the bearer of the attribute. We noted that such constructions exist in parallel, which allows native speakers to diversify their speech.

The main, most frequent, part of impersonal sentences expresses the intellectual perception of reality (the state of nature and the environment, the physical state of the living world, the psycho-emotional state of a person), as well as the will of a person or his aspirations, desires (the function of influencing other people).

It is also necessary to note the advantage of studying impersonal sentences based on literary texts. This allows the teacher to clearly demonstrate to students how impersonal sentences function in a real speech situation, to show them the variety of such sentences. And implement the integration of Russian language and literature lessons.

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In many languages ​​there is such a thing as an impersonal sentence. But what is it? Does it have the same structure in different languages?

What is the difference between impersonal sentences and what is it?

Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member does not imply a subject of action in the nominative case, but names the state or process of the main action. In sentences of this type there is no grammatical subject as such, since in the predicate itself there is no designation of the active person, which is expressed by the nominative case form. Also, the subject cannot be determined through the remaining parts of the sentence.

For example, if in a generalized-personal or indefinite-personal sentence the subject was not defined or designated, but it is implied by the context, then in the structure of an impersonal it is not present at all. Thus, in impersonal sentences, the subject is not only absent from the construction, but is also not implied by the text. An example is a simple impersonal sentence: “It was getting light.”

Historical development at different times

The impersonal sentence had different forms in different historical eras. For example, according to A.M. Peshkovsky and D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, the very first impersonal ones were constructions with a directly impersonal verb. These include the following: “Freezing”; "It's getting evening"; “It’s getting cold” and so on.

Impersonal sentences in English have the same meaning. (For example: It's cold. - "Cold.") Unlike the Russian version, English constructions have a subject, but do not directly indicate the subject.

It is assumed that in more distant times such sentences consisted of two words, that is, they were two-part, for example: “Frost freezes”; "The weather is getting colder"; "The evening is getting dark." Similar tautological constructions of sentences are present in modern Russian, for example: “Thunder rumbles.”

Why did impersonal offers appear?

Their occurrence is the result of abstract thinking, since the departure of thought from the immediate subject that produces or causes the action is visible. Based on such constructions, you can create an impersonal sentence with a predicate, which is expressed in the impersonal form of verbs. For example: “The wind knocked down the tree” or “The wind knocked down the tree.”

According to A. M. Peshkovsky, the appearance of a large number of varieties of impersonal sentence constructions is associated with the process of replacing the name with a verb. This is what is observed in modern Russian.

A large number of impersonal sentences are widespread in fiction, which often contains fragments of spoken language. The use of such constructions makes it possible to describe various states that are characterized by lack of motivation or unconsciousness, due to which actions are given a certain special shade of lightness and calm. In this case, the process itself is isolated with detachment from the actor himself. It is thanks to such opportunities that the spread and development of impersonal sentence structures that are used in fiction and colloquial speech occur.

How can different members of a sentence be expressed in impersonal constructions?

In such constructions, the main member of the sentence can be expressed:

• a personal verb having an impersonal meaning;
• impersonal verb;
• passive short participle, having a neuter form;
• a negative word or phrase that expresses negation;
• an impersonal predicative word that is used with and without an infinitive.

The structure of impersonal sentences

Due to the widespread use of such structures, their structure is very diverse:

Features of different types of offers

For impersonal verbs that are used as the main member in an impersonal sentence, such as: chills, sleepy, drizzling, dawn, hungry, dozing, freezing, sick and so on - a form is needed that coincides with the form in the 3rd person singular. And when used in the past tense, you need a neuter form in the singular, for example: it was getting dark, unwell, evening and so on. For example: “He wasn’t feeling well.”

However, due to their meaning, these verbs do not allow the use of nouns and pronouns in the nominative case with them. In constructions of this type, the general meaning of the sentence is determined based on the meaning of the impersonal verb. Thus, depending on the chosen verb, such sentences can express the state of the environment and nature, the physical and psychological - of the actor or those around him, necessity, obligation or the moral side of what is happening.

Personal verb as the main member of a sentence

Constructions in which the main member is expressed using a finite verb in an impersonal meaning are widespread in the Russian colloquial language. Moreover, such proposals have a fairly large number of variants of structure and meaning. Personal verbs that are used in the impersonal form are deprived of their initial form and are used in the 3rd person singular or in the neuter past tense.

The Russian language contains a large number of personal verbs that can be used in an impersonal form. For this reason, it is possible to create a variety of constructions with this verb. Such sentences can express the state of nature, the environment and natural phenomena, emotional experiences, psychological and physical sensations of the character, a description of inexplicable phenomena and actions of fictitious, fantastic force.

Impersonal predicative words

You can often find impersonal constructions in which the main member of the sentence is expressed by an impersonal predicative word. Sometimes such words can be used as the main part of a sentence, but only together with the infinitive. The meaning of such a construction will be determined as the meaning of the impersonal predicative word itself.

As a rule, impersonal sentences containing an impersonal predicative word ending in -O, can be used to designate and characterize the state of the environment and nature, the psychological and physical state of living organisms, indicating necessity, obligation and possibility, as well as visual, auditory and psychological perception of the surrounding reality. For example: “When we finish, it will be fun.”

Features of the use of impersonal predicative words

It should be noted that the impersonal predicative words mentioned earlier are often used together with the infinitive. In sentences with this structure, impersonality may disappear depending on the word order. The same change can occur in constructions that use modal words. For example, a connotation of impossibility or difficulty. An example would be the impersonal sentence: “It’s hard for me to argue with that.” When changing the order of words, as a rule, the meaning of impersonality is lost. This happens because the infinitive, when changing its position, especially when a long pause appears, acquires the functional meaning of the subject.

Personal offers

The subject of a personal sentence can be expressed by various parts of speech or can be implied, as, for example, with a predicate expressed by a verb in the imperative mood:

• Don "t go there. - Don't go there! (implied: you - you)!

Vaguely personal proposals

Indefinite sentences in English contain a subject denoting an indefinite person. In Russian, indefinite personal sentences do not have a subject:

• They say there will be a good harvest.
• The quieter you go, the further you'll get.

The subject in English indefinite-personal sentences is expressed by the pronoun one in the meaning of the indefinite-personal pronoun. one is not translated into Russian, and the entire sentence corresponds to the Russian indefinite-personal or impersonal sentence:

• From the other window one saw the four large blocks of university buildings. =>From another window, four large blocks of university buildings were visible
• One cannot see a reactor itself, only its cover. => You cannot see the reactor itself, you can only see its body.

As the subject of indefinite personal sentences, the pronoun they is also used in the meaning of an indefinite person, excluding the speaker:

• They say he will be back on Monday. => They say he will be back on Monday.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal sentences in English do not have a subject of action, although, due to the grammatical structure of English sentences, they always contain a subject expressed by the pronoun it.

It in impersonal sentences has no lexical meaning; it performs only the grammatical function of a formal subject in a sentence and is not translated into Russian.

Note. The predicate in such sentences can be: 1) a compound nominal predicate, consisting of a linking verb to be and a nominal part expressed by an adjective or noun. The verbs to become, to get, to grow can also be used as a linking verb in the meaning of becoming, being done; 2) a simple predicate, expressed by verbs denoting the state of the weather: to snow, to rain, to freeze, etc.

Impersonal sentences are used to denote natural phenomena, weather conditions, time and distance:

• It is cold. => It's cold.
• It was spring. => It was spring.
• It snows. => It's snowing.
• It was raining when the plane landed. => It was raining when the plane landed.
• It is far to my native town from here. => It's a long way from here to my hometown.
• It is late. => It's too late.
• It is 5 o"clock. => 5 o'clock.
• It is getting dark. => It's getting dark.

In addition, impersonal sentences include sentences that include: the pronoun it as a formal subject and verbs expressing doubt, probability, chance, as a linking verb. This includes such impersonal phrases as it seems - it seems, it appears - apparently, obviously; it happens - it turns out, etc.:

• It seemed that nobody knew anything about the matter. => No one seemed to know anything about this matter.