Even someone who has never seriously studied English knows that I is me, you is you, and so on. This article is intended for both beginners who are at the very beginning of learning, and for students with an intermediate level and above, since it never hurts to remember the basics and learn something new.

All of the above pronouns answer the questions Who? What? Please note that they can denote not only animate, but also inanimate objects. For example, it, as a rule, denotes an inanimate object, and they are not only people, but also objects.

One of the reasons why I love English is the pronoun you. After all, it is translated both as “you” and as “you”, that is, in English communication always happens on equal terms. The universal pronoun you saves us from having to choose between “you” and “you” when addressing a person and from many other contradictory situations.

Personal pronouns in English language there are two types: subjective(subject pronouns) and object(object pronouns). Subjects perform subject to(subject) in a sentence and answer questions Who? What? Object ones act addition(object) and answer the case questions: Whom? What?, To whom? To what?, By whom? How? and so on.

At first glance this may seem complicated, but let's think about it native language. Those who study Russian have to memorize many more forms: I - me - me - me. And so on for every pronoun! In English, we have to remember only one form at a time. Let's look at them:

As you can see, it is much more difficult for those who study Russian
The pronouns you and it do not change at all, but the rest are not difficult to remember.

Object personal pronouns are used after prepositions, after many verbs. Remember that in the case when in Russian we use a pronoun in any of the cases (except for the nominative), in English it is worth using an objective pronoun:

I can see him. - I see him.
He loves her. - He loves her.
We will invite them. - We will invite them.
Tell them about us. - Tell them about us.

If you mistakenly use a subjective rather than an objective pronoun, you will end up with something like: I see you, He loves her and so on. In other words, the pronouns will not "agree" with the previous verb.

The pronoun it and its use.

The pronoun it has a number of special functions. In addition to the fact that it denotes inanimate objects and animals, it is also the equivalent of the word "This". It can refer to a fact or an entire situation:

We played hide-and-seek with the children. It was very amusing! — We played hide and seek with the children. It was very funny!
Robert told me that he had fallen. I didn't believe it. — Robert told me that he quit. I didn't believe it.

It also replaces words something, anything, nothing, everything:

It often acts as impersonal subject. Remember the rule that in English there must be a subject? Even if this subject is not translated into Russian, it must still be present in English sentence. So when they talk about time, distance, weather and temperature, the subject of the sentence is it:

It is raining. - (It) will rain / It is raining.
It was hot yesterday. — Yesterday it was hot.
It is five miles to the south. — It's five miles south.
It is half past six already! - It's already half past six!

As you can see from the examples, in Russian a sentence can exist without an impersonal subject “it”, but in English it cannot.

Another one important function it - function designations of people. it is translated in this case also as “this”:

Who is that girl with dark hair? — It is my cousin, Laura. -Who is that girl with dark hair? - This is my cousin, Laura.
Is this man your boss? - Yes, it is! — Is that man your boss? - Yes, it’s him!
It is Max standing over there, isn't it? - This is Max standing over there, isn't it?

In a telephone conversation, when calling yourself, you should also use it , but not I :

Good morning! It"s Peter Jackson. I would like to speak to Mr Parker, please. — Good morning! This is Peter Jackson. I'd like to talk to Mr. Parker.
Hello Anna! It is Maria! - Hello, Anna! This is Maria!

The pronouns he and she usually refer to people, but can also be used to refer to animals, cars, ships, countries. Read more in the dedicated category of gender in English.

A few words about the pronoun I.

I is the only pronoun in English that is always capitalized.

If the subject or object of a sentence is two persons or pronouns, one of which is I or me, then you should put yourself last. This sounds more polite:

My sister and I like music. — My sister and I love music.
You and I can meet next week. “You and I can meet next week.”
The teacher asked Tom and me. — The teacher asked Tom and me.

You and me or you and I?

We often find ourselves faced with a difficult choice: You and me or you and I?
Both options sound familiar and seem correct. Indeed, both options can be found in speech, but one of them will be grammatically correct (and therefore considered standard), and the second will be grammatically incorrect, but still used in informal speech.

How to determine the correct option? First of all, look at which part of the sentence this combination is: subject or object.
Let's look at an example:

You and I will work tomorrow.
You and me will work tomorrow

To determine which pronoun to use, you need to remove you . What we get:

I will work tomorrow.
Me will work tomorrow.

It is immediately clear that the second sentence contains an error, since the object pronoun me cannot appear at the beginning of the sentence as a subject. However, as mentioned above, a combination with an objective pronoun can also be used as a subject, but only in informal colloquial speech, that is, the sentence You and me will work tomorrow, although it is grammatically incorrect, can be found in communication.

Let's take another example:

They invited you and I.
They invited you and me.
To determine the correct option, let’s remove the pronoun you:
They invited I.
They invited me.

In this case, the second sentence is correct because the subject pronoun I cannot be an object.

Personal pronouns in comparisons.

Often mistakes are made in sentences that contain comparisons. Which pronoun should be placed after the comparative words than and as: subjective or objective? The answer, as always, is ambiguous: you can use both pronouns. In Russian there are also two options. We can say: " You are below me" And " You're shorter than me"Do you feel the difference?

Object pronouns are typical for informal, conversational style and there should not be a verb after them:

You are shorter than me. - You are shorter than me.
She can sing better than him. “She can sing better than him.”
We have done as much as them. “We did as much as they did.”

Subjective pronouns in comparisons are used only with auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb is determined by the first part of the sentence and is never translated into Russian. The semantic verb is not repeated after the pronoun. If the verb in the first part is modal or to be, then it does not change:

You are shorter than I am. -You are shorter than me.
She can sing better than he can. — She can sing better than him.
We have done as much as they have. “We did as much as they did.”

Pronouns after the words except and but.

After the words except (except) and but (meaning “except”) you should only use object pronouns:

Nobody but us arrived in time. “No one but us arrived on time.”
Everyone except her stood up. - Everyone stood up except her.
All the students except them were ready. “All the students except them were ready.”
I will invite all my friends but him. - I will invite all my friends except him.

These examples are given without context, and in a real conversation it should be clear to your interlocutor who exactly you are talking about we're talking about.

Using personal pronouns in informal conversation.

Personal subject and object pronouns can be used differently depending on the style of speech: formal and informal. There are several nuances about this.

An object pronoun cannot be the subject of a sentence, but there are also cases when the object pronouns me, him, her, us, them are used as the subject. This use can be found after the verb to be, usually in short answers:

Such answers sound quite informal, so in formal and formal communication, try to use subject pronouns in short answers, if possible: Who told you about it? — He didn’t.

Usually pronouns cannot be left out of a sentence, but sometimes in informal conversation are missing out personal pronouns together with auxiliary verbs when they appear at the beginning of a sentence:

Don"t know. (= I don"t know).
Just wondering. (= I am just wondering).

In questions, pronouns with auxiliary verbs may also be omitted:

Understand? (Do you understand?)
Clear? (Is it clear?)
Met Liz today? (Have you met Liz today?)

In informal communication, set expressions with adjectives and the pronoun you are used:

Poor you! - Poor thing!
Clever you! - Good girl!
Lucky you! - Lucky!

When are personal pronouns not used?

It is also useful to mention that personal pronouns are not used after infinitive constructions, if the subject and object are the same person:

You are so difficult to understand (you). - You are so difficult to understand.
It was a nice thing to think about (it). - It was nice to think about it.
This car is easy to drive (it). — This car is easy to drive.

But if the infinitive construction is introduced by the impersonal subject it, then the pronoun should be used:

It is so difficult to understand you. - You are so difficult to understand.

After the verb know, the pronoun it is rarely used when talking about any information:

I was waiting for you. - I know it. - I was waiting for you. - I know.
Jack won the competition. - I know it. — Jack won the competition. - I know.

After some verbs believe, hope, expect, imagine, guess, suppose, think, be afraid it is not used, but the word so is used instead:

Is she his girlfriend? - I guess so. - Is she his girlfriend? - I think yes.
Will the party be fun? - I hope so. — Will the party be fun? - Hope so.
Was the article useful? - I believe so. — Was the article useful? - I think yes.

The topic of "Personal Pronouns" is not limited to seven pronouns. After reading this article, you were able to see that this topic is not so simple. I hope this knowledge will be useful to you and you will use it successfully. Continue to improve your English with Enginform!

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Pronunciation and usage of the pronoun - one

Pronunciation of the pronoun

• - -
• one, someone, some

listen online

Pronoun usage

The pronoun one is used as pronoun-noun.

1 One is used to denote an indefinite person in sentences corresponding to indefinite personal sentences in Russian. One in this case serves as the subject:

• One never knows what his answer may be. - You never know what he will answer.
• One should be careful when crossing the street. - You should be careful when crossing the street.

One as a subject is often used with the verbs must, should, ought, can, may. In Russian, such combinations correspond to the words must, must, should, can:

• One must observe... - Must comply...
• One should take into consideration... - It should be taken into account...
• One can find...- You can find...

One can also be used in the form of the possessive case - one "s:

One must always keep one's word. - You must always keep your word.

2 One is used to avoid repeating a previously mentioned singular count noun when it should be repeated with an indefinite article:

I haven't got a dictionary. I must buy one (= a dictionary). - I don't have a dictionary. I must buy a dictionary.

To replace the previously mentioned countable noun in the plural or uncountable noun some is used in affirmative sentences and any in negative:

Take my stamps. - Thank you, I've got some. Take my stamps, - Thank you, I have stamps.

3 One is used to avoid repeating a singular noun when it should be repeated with a definite article, in the presence of an individualizing definition. In this case, one is preceded by the article the. The one means that, that, that:

This book is more interesting than the one we read last week. - This book is more interesting than the one we read last week.

4 One is used after adjectives to replace a previously mentioned countable noun, to avoid repeating it. In this case, to replace a countable noun in the singular use one, and to replace a countable noun in the plural - ones:

This is a black pencil and that is a red one. This is a black pencil, and this is a red one.

These cases are too small; we need some bigger ones. These boxes are too small; we need big boxes.

Note. . One is not used to replace a preceding uncountable noun. Uncountable nouns after adjectives they are not replaced by anything: I prefer cold milk to hot. - I prefer cold milk to hot milk.

5 One is used after pronouns this, that, which, another, the other to replace the previously mentioned singular count noun:

• This wireless set is better than that one. - This radio is better than that.
• I don't like this pen. Give me another one. - I don't like this pen. Give me another.
• Here are two books. Which one would you like? - Here are two books. Which one would you like?

After these pronouns one may not be used:

• This wireless set is better than that.
• I don't like this pen. Give me another.
• Here are two books. Which would you like?

To replace a plural noun, ones can be used after which:

Here are some books. Which ones would you like? - Here are some books. Which ones do you want?

After these and those the pronoun ones is not used:

Ones is also not used after other; To replace a plural noun, use the form others:

I like this pen, but I don't like the others. - I like this nib, but I don't like the others.

6 One is sometimes used after the first, the next, the last:

January is the first month of the year, and December is the last one. - January is the first month of the year, and December is the last.

7 One is not used after possessive pronouns my, his, her, our, your, their, which must always be followed by a noun. If the noun is not mentioned, then the possessive pronoun is used in the form of a noun pronoun mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs:

This isn't my pencil, mine is blue - This is not my pencil, mine is blue.

8 One is not used after nouns in possessive case: My fountain pen isn't very good. Kate's is much better. - My fountain pen is not very good. Katina is much better.

We will learn to use personal pronouns correctly. Let's find out their meanings. Let's learn how to correctly determine the case endings of personal pronouns.

My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. She was very elegant and festive.

(It’s unclear who was dressed up, the girl or the Christmas tree)

How to write. My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. The tree was very elegant and festive.

And here’s another thing: The clown gave balloons to the guys. They were round, elongated and long.

(The guys were elongated and long).

How to write. The clown gave balloons to the children. The balls were round, elongated and long.

We were confused by the pronoun.

Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.

Places of pronouns by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself (He will not offend himself. His hopes were not justified).

3. Possessives : mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone (obsolete), every kind (obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special pronouns question words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantity.

7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (conjunctive words).

8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix some or the suffixes -to, -or, -any.

Pronoun grades

Personal pronouns have morphological feature faces :

1st person: I, we;

2nd person: you, you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we, you, they).

All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker.

Pronouns me and you general kind: I, you came - I, you came.

The pronoun he is masculine: he came.

Pronoun she female: she came.

The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.

Pronouns plural we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. (there is no you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined. In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to 3rd person pronouns: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.

Say the pronoun IH correctly!

Their clothes

Boy - I learned it.

Girl - I learned it.

Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons do not change according to gender.

Rice. 4.

You, Petya, have learned your lesson, and you, Masha?

“Yes!” said Masha, “I learned it!” “And I,” said Petya.

Rice. 5.

Boys, have you learned your lessons?

Girls, are you going to school?

“We,” both boys and girls will answer to themselves.

Let's correct the sentence by indicating the person, number, case, and if possible the gender of the pronouns.

1. Once during a break a friend came up to me.

Came (to whom?) to me - this is a 1st person pronoun singular dative case.

2. Give (you) a monkey?

To give (to whom?) to you is a 2nd person singular pronoun of the dative case.

3. (She) is called Yashka.

Her name (who?) is the 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine genitive case.

4. Dad is angry with (us) Yashka.

Angry (with whom?) at us is a 1st person plural accusative pronoun.

5. Let her live with (you) for now.

Will live (with whom?) with you - this is a 2nd person singular genitive pronoun.

6. (she) is fun.

(With whom?) with her is a 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine dative case.

7. So (I) got a monkey.

(For whom?) For me, this is the 1st person singular accusative pronoun.

1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baykova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book/Textbook.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.

3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.

3. Russian language in the CIS countries ().

1. Read Tsvetaeva’s verse. Find pronouns in the text and determine their category.

I will win you from all lands, from all heavens, Because the forest is my cradle, and the grave is the forest, Because I stand on the ground with only one foot, Because I will sing about you like no one else.

I will win you from all the others - from that one, You will be no one's groom, I will be no one's wife, And in the last dispute I will take you - shut up!

2. Read. Write it off. Emphasize personal pronouns. Write case questions for them in brackets.

A third of the Earth is occupied by land. The rest is water! A variety of marine animals live in it. Among them there are tiny ones, about the size of a pinhead, and large ones, such as whales. Sharks live in the oceans. They are also different. There are dwarf sharks. And there are giant sharks. They weigh up to 20 tons.

3. Copy the sentences, inserting the missing pronoun in the correct form.

1) I liked the pianist’s concert. His performance made a... wonderful impression.

2) I called ... all evening yesterday, but ... was always busy.

3) I have been studying with Volodya since my first year. I know very well...and for a long time

I'm friends with...

4) I have a younger sister. In the evening I go to kindergarten.

4.* Write a dialogue on any topic, using as many personal pronouns as possible in different case forms.

Pronoun- This independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their quantity), but does not name them: you, them, so much. Pronouns answer noun questions Who? What?, adjectives Which? whose? and numerals How many?: I I laugh my sister, some horses.

Morphological and syntactic features of the pronoun depend on which part of speech in this case it replaces.

Pronoun categories.

Pronoun grades vary by lexical features and grammatical features.

According to lexical characteristics pronouns are:

• personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.

• possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers. Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or something: my home, your bed.

• demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so much, and outdated this And this one. As you can guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or attribute of an object: this closet, so many hands.

• reflexive pronoun: myself. This pronoun means that the person or thing that is the subject is identical to another person or thing (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.

• interrogative pronouns : what, who, which, which, whose, how many. These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, characteristics or quantity: Who's come? What kind of students? How many are there?

• relative pronouns- the same interrogatives, but they do not serve to form questions, but to connect in complex sentences, acting as allied words: I understood, Who was my secret admirer. It was a guy which studied with me at the same faculty.

• definitive pronouns: most, himself, every, all, every, other, any, outdated - everyone And all kinds. Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object: most best husband, every rogue, every Tuesday.

• negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one, no one, nothing, nobody's, none, not at all. These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or attribute: I not at all was not offended. Nobody was not to blame for my absent-mindedness.

• indefinite pronouns: something, someone, some, some, several. The remaining indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes -this, -either, -something and the basics of the interrogative pronoun: some candy, someone knocked, give me at least something.

By grammatical features pronouns can be divided into:

• Pronouns-nouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, we, you, they, someone, something, no one, yourself and others. These pronouns have their own peculiarities.

1. They point to objects or persons.
2. They answer the same questions that nouns answer: who?
3. Declined by cases: who, whom, to whom, by whom, etc.
4. They have such syntactic connections in a sentence as a noun.

• Pronouns-adjectives: yours, mine, yours, ours, which, such, that etc. They also have their own peculiarities.

1. Like an adjective, they indicate a characteristic of an object.
2. They answer the question: what? whose?
3. They vary in number, gender and case in the same way as adjectives.
4. They are associated with nouns like adjectives.

• Numeral pronouns: how many, as many, several.

1. Answer the question: How many numerals?
2. They indicate the number of objects, but do not name it.
3. Usually they are declined according to cases.
4. They interact with nouns like numerals.

Syntactic role of the pronoun.

Pronoun Maybe protrude in a sentence V roles

• Subject: You will you come to the meeting?
• Predicate: This He.
• Definitions: I want to return my notebook.
• Add-ons: Mom called me.
• Circumstances: How could this happen?

Pronouns are words that indicate an object, attribute, quantity or circumstance, but do not name them. Indicativeness with the simultaneous absence of nominativity, i.e. ability to name what is pointed to is categorical grammatical meaning pronouns. Their specific content varies depending on the situation and context. For example:

Loparev, standing on a hill, looked around and asked Reutsky:

• - Well, And what she will do?..
• - Who? Who she?
• - I'm asking about larch!
• - Don't know, Don't know, Don't know... (S. Zalygin).

Zalyginsky's hero Reutsky, who all the time thought jealously about his bride, who had gone with a trainee on a march into the forest, did not immediately realize who or what the botanist was talking about, and his confusion resulted in the perplexed question “Who is she?”

The general function of most pronouns, which manifests itself in the flow of speech, is substitution. For example:

• - Really We , physicists , let's follow the officials' lead and let them create, as it is now customary to express, chaos? For the sake of truth, Anatoly Ivanovich, her , darling, we'll just use a trick.
• - On which one cunning?
• - Oh, So what’s incomprehensible here? Well, let's just rewrite conclusion , where the number will correspond that , bureaucratic! So be it, Let's not tease the geese and prove from high stands, that there is no fundamental difference between these figures, and both of them are insignificant (A. Borkovsky).

IN this fragment pronoun which one serves to clarify a certain feature of the concept “cunning”, and the pronoun Here indicates an unnamed specific circumstance, the remaining pronouns not only indicate some persons, objects, signs, but also replace the corresponding names of these persons, objects and signs, highlighted in the context, given either before or after them. We are physicists them- officials, her- the truth, Where- this is the conclusion that- this is bureaucratic, these- the previously indicated official and unofficial figures of radiation dangerous to humans, both of them- both numbers.

Some linguists do not take into account the general categorical meaning inherent in all pronouns (indicative without nominative) in combination with their substitutive function in the speech stream and therefore do not recognize pronouns as a special part of speech.

The vast majority of pronouns change by case, and some - by gender and number. Their morphological characteristics are largely determined by their belonging to any lexical-grammatical category or functional similarity with certain nominative parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals or adverbs).

Depending on what the pronoun indicates (an object, attribute, quantity or circumstance), in a sentence it acts as the main or secondary members: That (subject), Who (subject) is a member of the commission, must sign this (definition) document, but after studying it first(addition); So many(circumstance) spent a lot of time somewhere (circumstance) and Nothing (addition) haven't decided. This is an invention - is our (predicate).

Lexico-grammatical categories of pronouns

Depending on the semantic correlation with other parts of speech and the commonality of their morphological categories and syntactic functions, all pronouns can be divided into four groups: noun pronouns, adjective pronouns, numeral pronouns and adverb pronouns.

Pronouns-nouns(pronouns) include the following categories: personal, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative. All of them are united by a generalized objective meaning (indication of an object), inflection (as a rule) and a syntactic role similar to the role of nouns.

Personal pronouns indicate a person (I, you, We, You) or any Living being and an inanimate object (he, she, it, They). Pronouns (singular), we (plural) refer to 1 l., You(units), You(plural) - to 2 liters, he, she, it (singular), They(plural) - to 3 l. Place - estate You used primarily in the plural meaning: Colleagues, You will But this pronoun can be used when politely addressing one person: Ivan Ivanovich, You will participate in this event? In this case, it is written with a capital letter.

Here Ludik intervened in the conversation again. Akimbo, she walked up to the table and boomed:

- Who is the saboteur? A? This You is this for us?..

The word “we” had a special meaning in Ludik’s words. " We" - it was she and Kondakov, all his subordinates and superiors. " They"was not just a pronoun for Ludik. This word contained a concept. This concept united all, who was outside her little world(A. Chakovsky).

Pronouns 1 l. and 2 l. I, You do not have genus forms. Verbs with them are put in the form of m.r. and f.r. depending on the gender of the individual: In the evening I (you) walked (went) to the theatre. Pronouns 3 l. he, she, it differ by gender.

When declension of personal pronouns, suppletive forms are sometimes used, for example in I.p. you, and R.p. you; alternation may occur at the root: you - you, me - to me. After prepositions, the pronoun has 3 l. n (y) appears her, they have). Considering that the pronouns of the category in question can indicate not only a person, but also an object, it would be more accurate to call them personal-objective.

Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the attitude of the actor towards himself. It has no gender, number or form I.p.: Stranger (stranger) didn't say anything(Not told) O to yourself. If another pronoun is used for a reflexive pronoun, the specific gender of the person in question must be taken into account. For example: I bought present to myself (we are talking about a male person). - I bought present to myself (we are talking about a female person).

Reflexive pronoun myself may refer to to different persons mentioned in the sentence: Girlfriend does not allow to me tell jokes above oneself. Here above oneself may refer to girlfriend and co to me. Therefore, you should be careful when constructing sentences with this pronoun to avoid ambiguity. So, it is better to construct the above proposal as follows: Girlfriend doesn't allow it, so that I joke about her (if we are talking about a joke addressed to a friend) and Girlfriend doesn't allow it, so I'm joking above oneself (if we are talking about a joke at my address).

To the reflexive pronoun myself semantically close reciprocal pronoun each other, indicating not one, but different subjects and objects, although connected by the same action: They looked Each other , their eyes met(M. Lermontov); Each other, I see, we are strangers... Come to your senses, my daughter! Maria(A. Pushkin). Each of the actors is both a subject and an object certain action or a carrier of a certain trait. Since the reciprocal pronoun simultaneously indicates a plurality of subjects and objects, it does not, like the pronoun myself, forms of gender and number, as well as forms of I.p. However, the second part of the pronoun each other, as we see, is inclined ( .each other, each other), it may be preceded by a preposition ( about each other, together), and the adverb is used before the entire pronoun as a whole ( away from each other).

Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences to obtain information about any person ( Who?) or subject ( What?): Who called? What you bought?

Interrogative pronouns do not have the morphological categories of gender and number. The meanings of these categories are expressed only syntactically. When pronoun Who The predicate verb is used in the m.r. ( Who of the girls came out winner?),

with a pronoun What- on average ( What's happened? ). In combination with a pronoun Who adjectives like such, another, other take the form of m.r. and f.r. depending on the actual gender of the person referred to by the pronoun ( Who are you? Who is this? Who is she? ), and even plural. ( Who are they? ).

When determining a person’s identity, and his character uses phrases that, what's happened: What the Is this man Ivan Ivanovich? In the end what's happened this Ivan Ivanovich?

IN rhetorical questions and exclamatory sentences with negation Not pronoun What means “everything without exception, very much”: What not a woman will do, striving to become level with the century!(A. Pisemsky).

Relative pronouns Who And What- the same interrogative pronouns, but used as allied words for communication simple sentences as part of complex ones. Therefore, they are often called interrogative-relative. Relative pronouns can act as subjects and objects: I don't know, Who did it(subject). I Don't know, who wasn't in class today(addition).

Indefinite pronouns someone, something; someone, something; somebody, something, anyone, anything, anyone, anything etc. indicate indefinite objects, change according to cases (except someone And something). In indefinite pronouns someone, something console Not- is always under stress and written together. When using indefinite pronouns with a preposition, the latter is placed between the prefix and the root: with someone, not about anyone, about nothing.

Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogatives who, that with the help of: a) prefixes not-, some (someone, something; someone, something); b) postfixes or, someday, -That (anyone, anyone, anything, anyone, somebody, something).

Prefixed pronouns some are used in situations where the speaker is not indifferent to a specific implied object, but does not want to name it: Well, write like this: son, I consulted here with someone... (V. Shukshin).

Pronouns with postfixes -or(has a book coloring), someday denote an indefinitely presented object: Let anyone will call the dean's office.

Negative pronouns indicate the absence of what the interrogative relative pronouns from which they are formed denote. For example: Who - nobody, What - nothing; whom - no one, what - nothing; Nothing, colloquial ( =nothing). Negative pronouns with prefix neither- used to strengthen negation in a sentence: All this became the current fashion and went, In my, as an echo of the long-standing experiences of the Russian nobility, Nothing common with real respect for the people Not had(O. Kuvaev); So what to do, If none wants to work... Nothing for anyone need to(G. Semenov). Negative pronouns with prefix Not- often have an additional connotation of the reason why the action could not or cannot be performed: No need perish! There's no point in dying!(M. Skorokhodov). In such constructions, the subject of the action is used in the d.p., and the verb-predicate be- in the form of s.r. past tense or future tense: Nothing to me was to say. When using a preposition in a negative pronoun, it is placed between the particle neither or Not and the rest of the pronoun: He, Cherepanov, will firmly walk the battle path, neither V how , will never bend anywhere, won't fail(M. Skorokhodov); Well done! Well Famusov! He knew how to name guests! Some freaks from the other world. AND no one with talk and no one with dance(A. Griboyedov).

Pronouns-adjectives(pronominal adjectives) are possessive, demonstrative and attributive pronouns. They are united into one group by a generalized qualitative meaning (indication or sign), inflection (as a rule) and a syntactic role, similar to the role of adjectives.

Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to someone or something. Pronouns my, our indicate that it belongs to 1 l., is yours, our- 2 l., his, her, their- 3 l. Pronoun your may refer to one person if that person is unfamiliar or respected, i.e. when addressed politely: This Yours book? In this case, the pronoun is written with a capital letter.

Possessive pronoun mine indicates that someone or something belongs to the person-subject specified in the sentence: [ She's everything] gave up for his Valki, who jokingly called her "navigator", for the sake of rare, but happy evenings(G. Semenov); Sitting down, he vigilantly monitored the impression of his arrival(B. Lavrenev). However mine cannot be used as a definition of this subject itself. You can't tell My friend is younger. In this case, pronouns should be used my, is yours, our, your, his, her: My (his) my friend is younger than me.

If the subject is personal pronouns of the 1st liter. or 2 l. (I - You, We - You), then the ownership of someone or something by the actor is expressed by the pronoun mine, and pronouns my, is yours, your, although in real speech the first is preferred: This is my candle, - Matvey answered. - I her for their [my] bought money(A. Chekhov). Wed: AND to me their [my] joys are abandoned. Widow's joys. The guys need to be raised, take care of their happiness(A. Arbuzov).

If the subject is a noun or a 3-liter pronoun, then belonging to the actor can only be expressed by a pronoun own: When the bandages were removed, he glanced at yours and now not yours face(A.N. Tolstoy).

It is necessary to distinguish between R.p. personal pronouns his(from him), her(from she), their(from They) and possessive pronouns his, her, their. Personal pronouns are used as a complement (object) and have an initial after prepositions n: Doctors he had (she has ,they have ) more than once. Possessive pronouns are used as a modifier and do not have an initial n: Doctors left his (her ,their ) apartments.

Demonstrative pronouns this, That, myself, most, another, other, such, sort of(colloquial), this, this one(both outdated) such(book) serve to highlight any objects from a number of homogeneous ones and at the same time to indicate them. These pronouns change according to gender, number and case. Pronoun such, being bookish, is now used in short form that's how it is, -A, -O, -s in the role of a predicate and does not change according to cases: The daily routine was that's how it is . Archaic pronouns this, this one used as part of stable revolutions: still, to this day, during it.

It is necessary to differentiate in the use of pronouns myself, most, which linguists call excretory-amplifying. Pronoun myself means “on its own” and is used with personal pronouns and animate nouns: The commander was surprised himself, why does he respond to his former subordinate with exaggerated deference(B. Lavrenev). For inanimate nouns, a pronoun myself can be used to clarify, emphasize, highlight something: [ Film authors] show in their works herself life in all its richness, in all the complexity of struggles and contradictions(Yu. Zhukov). Pronoun most used to draw attention to some feature of an object: Despite all his dexterity, he was almost constantly on himself poverty line(I. Turgenev). Pronoun herself in V.p. has two forms: the most(which is bookish and also outdated) and herself(which is perceived as more modern).

Demonstrative pronouns when used with a particle same or pronoun most form pronouns like same, same, the same, which no longer have a distinctive meaning, but indicate the identity of one object with another, already known, emphasize the speaker’s identification of these objects: It was wearing Same old coat, and in his tanned hands he held the same old cap(I. Turgenev).

Determinative pronouns indicate a possible generalization of the items in question and include pronouns all, any, every, any; pronouns are close to them in meaning, but are not interchangeable every, any, as well as any. For example: The negotiators were ready to meet every day(i.e. all days without exception); All sorts of(i.e. different) meetings. Wed: The meeting participants were ready to meet any day(i.e. on one of the days, on any day, it doesn’t matter which).

Adjective pronouns also include separate interrogative pronouns used to obtain information about the quality and property of an object ( Which? what?), its accessories ( whose?), order ( which?); relative, acting as allied words ( Which, which, whose, what), indeterminate, indicating an indeterminate sign ( some, some, someone's, such and such, some, any, some), negative, containing the negation of what interrogative pronouns mean ( Which - no, whose - nobody's, which - none). For example: What do you have an opinion about my Eugene?(I. Turgenev); You didn't ask, what Chichikov's guy?(N. Gogol); Whose accordion? - Whose was, Togo, Brother, No(A. Tvardovsky); Which Is Chatsky here?(A. Griboyedov); Both were silent and felt some awkwardness(A. Chekhov) ; Sleepy people, throwing it over yourself some clothes, jumped out of houses(N. Nikitin) ; No the listener is not able to hear everything, what did he want to say(G. Uspensky).

Numeral pronouns have a generalized quantitative meaning (indicate quantity), are characterized by inflection (as a rule), and their syntactic role is determined by the role of the quantitative noun phrase in which they are included. Pronouns of this group include: interrogative How many, how much, quantitative-indicative so many, so, uncertain for some time, so much, negative not at all. They do not have the categories of gender and number.

Pronouns-adverbs have a generalized circumstantial meaning (indicate a circumstance), are characterized by inflexibility and appear in a sentence in the same syntactic role, as are adverbs. This group of pronouns includes: interrogative-relative ( Where, Where, where, When, How, Why, For what), adverbial demonstratives ( there, there, here, Here, here, from here, everywhere, Then, before, So), undefined ( once - once upon a time, somehow, here and there, some day, once upon a time, sometime, somewhere, somewhere, from somewhere, for some reason, for some reason), negative ( nowhere, nowhere, out of nowhere, there is no need; never, nowhere, out of nowhere, nowhere, no way).

Thus, everything is personal and reflexive pronouns represent noun pronouns, all possessive, demonstrative and attributive pronouns belong to adjective pronouns, the remaining categories of pronouns (interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative) are distributed among all groups of pronouns, functionally correlative with one or another part of speech.

In some cases, words from other parts of speech act as pronouns. For example, the numeral one can acquire in context demonstrative meaning, which in some cases is combined with a replacement function: They knew about him one: he was a sailor (I. Sobolev); with uncertainty value: I carried several of these turtles on our train. one young man(M. Prishvin); or emphasis: Storm - one of the majestic phenomena in nature(N. Chernyshevsky).

Adjectives can act as pronouns if they acquire an emphatic-indicative or demonstrative-indefinite meaning - the, famous, definite, next, whole: Captain found, that he should speak out this question(M. Gorky) ; In every action we consider we see known share of freedom and known share of need (L. Tolstoy); Shalaev in certain trusted him within boundaries(G. Baklanov).

Nouns can also play the same role if they weaken or lose their direct meaning. lexical meaning: brother, thing, matter, woman, man, people, sister, Human. For example: This, Brother , can't be missed, - muttered Uncle Kolya(A. Fadeev) ; For such people, talent is superfluous thing (V. Belinsky) ; Mote case hymen, but not in the eye(N. Nekrasov) .

Pronouns move into other parts of speech extremely rarely: We will get the job done even without a spiritual will., - Anton Ivanovich was brave, - is our won't leave(D. Mamin-Sibiryak).

There is no consensus in linguistics regarding the assignment of many pronouns to one category or another or to one group or another. For example, in the “Russian Grammar” of 1990, personal pronouns include the actual personal pronouns I, you, He (she, it, They), We, You, possessive pronominal adjectives my, is yours, our, your, his, her, their and pronominal adverbs In my, in your opinion, in our opinion, In your, to the index fingers - so many, so; Here, there, there, from there, That's why, That's why, then, that's why, Then, So and others. In the textbook “Modern Russian Language”, ed. V. A. Beloshapkova personal pronouns are recognized only I, You, We, You, He, she, it, They, index - That, this, such, sort of, that's how it is, next; so many. It does not bring greater clarity to the understanding of the classification of pronouns and the dissimilarity in the use of the corresponding terms.

So, in contrast to the mentioned manuals, in the textbook “Modern Russian Language”, ed. L. A. Novikova introduced terms, and consequently, categories of words: emphasizing-demonstrative pronouns, qualitative-excretive, emphasizing-identifying, generalized-distributive (distributive), etc.