Royal regalia: Cap, scepter and orb of Michael's great outfit ... Wikipedia

Orb Royal regalia: hat, scepter, orb from the so-called Great Dress of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov Orb (Old Russian “dzha” power) a symbol of the state power of the monarch, which was a golden ball with a crown or ... Wikipedia

Catherine II with cor... Wikipedia

Scepter- (from the Greek σκηπτρον staff, rod) an honorary sign symbolizing dominion. Since ancient times it has been an attribute of supreme power. The prototype of S. shepherd's crook. S. was known. among other Greeks and Romans, Roman emperors and generals traditionally... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Power (from other Russian d'rzha dominion, power): Power is an independent, independent state. Power in Russia is a symbol of the power of the monarch - a golden ball with a crown or cross. Also, the symbols of the Russian tsars were the scepter and the crown. "Power" social ... Wikipedia

POWER- a golden ball symbolizing monarchical power. The name comes from the Old Russian "d'rzha" power. Sovereign balls were part of the attributes of power of the Roman, Byzantine, and German emperors. In the Christian era, the power was crowned with a cross.... ... Symbols, signs, emblems. Encyclopedia

A; m. [Greek skēptron] One of the signs of monarchical power: a staff decorated precious stones and carving. Royal village S. monarch. Crown, s. and power symbols of the monarchy. S. in the hands of the monarch. Gather under the village. monarch (to unite under the rule of ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

scepter- A; m. (Greek sk ēptron) One of the signs of monarchical power: a rod decorated with precious stones and carvings. Royal ski/pet. Ski/Peter Monarch. The crown, sky/peter and power are symbols of the monarchy. Ski/Peter in the hands of the monarch. Gather under the ski/peter... ... Dictionary of many expressions

This term has other meanings, see Scepter (meanings). The upper part of the Imperial scepter with the Orlov diamond ... Wikipedia

Imperial power. Treasury of the Hofburg Castle ... Wikipedia

Books

• Sovereign Russia, Butromeev V.P. “Sovereign Russia” - a book about the structure and history of the highest government agencies Russian Empire and about the most important state ceremonies - dedicated to the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the house...
• Sovereign Russia, Butromeev V.P. The publication of the book is timed to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. “Sovereign Russia” is a book about the structure and history of the highest government institutions of the Russian Empire and the most important state...

Plunging back into the depths of centuries, let's try to figure out what the scepter and the power mean in Russian history.

The scepter is a figured rod. It was made of silver, ivory, gold, framed with gems and used heraldic symbols. In the history of Russia, the scepter is the successor to the royal staff, which is a symbol of the power of the great princes and kings.

Speaking about the symbols of monarchical power, we need to focus on the power - a golden ball with a cross and a crown. The surface of the sphere was usually decorated with gems and symbols. This name comes from the ancient Russian word “dzha”, which means “power”. The scepter and orb of the Russian tsars are the oldest of the insignias of autocratic power.

Sovereign balls, or sovereign apples - as they were called in Rus', also served as attributes of the power of Roman, German and other emperors.

Crowns in the Russian Empire

Dwelling on the regalia of the Russian emperors, it is worth highlighting that the Monomakh's Cap was used for coronations in the kingdom.

In Russia, the ceremony of the first imperial coronation was performed on the wife of Peter the Great, Ekaterina Alekseevna, who later became Catherine the First. It was for Catherine I that the first imperial crown in Russia was specially made.

Monomakh's hat - ancient regalia

Mention of the Monomakh's Cap appeared in the 16th century. in "The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir". It talks about Constantine Monomakh, a Byzantine emperor who ruled in the 11th century. Hence the name. Most likely, Ivan Kalita was its first owner. According to available art historical data, the Monomakh Cap was made in the East in the 14th century. This is the most ancient crown of Russia. It was not worn as an everyday headdress, but was used to crown Russian monarchs from 1498 to 1682. The crown consists of gold plates with patterns. At the top of the crown is a cross inlaid with precious stones. Monomakh's hat is framed with sable fur. The weight of the crown without fur is 698 grams.

Thus, the Monomakh Cap, like the scepter and the orb, has been a symbol of Russia since pre-Petrine times. By the way, it is credited with medicinal properties. Thus, it is believed that it can relieve various ailments, especially headaches.

Scepter and orb of Tsar Boris Godunov

The appearance of such concepts and objects as the scepter and the orb as symbols of the power of the Russian state is associated with the reign of Boris Godunov. They were ordered from craftsmen at the court of Rudolf II. Manufacturing took place in Eger (modern city of Heb). When creating the set, jewelers followed the traditions of the Renaissance.

And although there is a legend that says that the scepter and orb were sent back in the 11th century. Prince Vladimir Monomakh, in fact they were presented to Tsar Boris by the Great Embassy of Emperor Rudolf II, who reigned in 1604, they found their use as part of his great outfit.

Monomakh's scepter was made of gold with enamel details. Twenty diamonds, a large emerald, and other precious stones were used as jewelry. The orb has an enamel inlay. The details depict scenes from the reign of David. The orb is decorated with 37 large pearls, 58 diamonds, 89 rubies, as well as emeralds and tourmalines.

The crown is the most important regalia of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

The king owned the crown from the “Great Dress”. It was made in 1627 by deacon Efim Telepnev. He was the chief master at the Armory. The crown of the crown consists of two tiers. Below on the outer frame is an eight-pronged diadem. The crown is framed in sable fur with precious stones. After the 18th century, the crown of the “Great Dress” became the crown of the “Kingdom of Astrakhan”.

Lost regalia of the Russian Empire

Only some regalia have survived to this day. They found a worthy place to exist in the Armory, but many of them were irretrievably lost. These include the “Great Crown” of Tsar Feodor I Ivanovich. Speaking about this work of art, we must say about its indescribable uniqueness. The crown was made in Istanbul at the end of the 16th century. As a gift, Patriarch Jeremiah II of Constantinople sent the crown to Tsar Feodor I Ivanovich, who was the last of the Rurik family. The “Great Crown” was worn by kings only for important celebrations. Around 1680 the crown was dismantled. Subsequently, its details were used for the “diamond hats” of Ivan V and Peter I.

Crown, scepter and orb on the royal coat of arms

In 1604, False Dmitry, on his small seal, appeared with an image of three crowns under an eagle. This was the first time such an image appeared and did not last long. However, already in 1625, instead of a cross between the heads of the eagle, a third crown appeared. This image appeared under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich on the small state seal. The same was done in 1645 for his son Alexei on the Great State Seal.

The orb and scepter were not on the coat of arms until the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich. In 1667, with the image of state regalia of power appeared state seal Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. For the first time on the fourth of June 1667, the king gave an official and clear explanation of the symbolism associated with the three crowns. Each of the crowns depicted on the coat of arms and seal corresponds to the kingdoms of Siberia, Kazan, Astrakhan. And the scepter and orb of Russia mean “Autocrat and Possessor.” And already in 1667, on December 14, the first Decree on the coat of arms appeared.

Crown, scepter and orb on the coat of arms of Russia

Centuries later, on December 25, 2000, the constitutional law “On the State Emblem” was adopted Russian Federation" This symbol of the state is represented by a heraldic shield. It is quadrangular and red. Its lower corners are rounded.

In the center is located with two heads, each of which is crowned with a small crown, and above them rises one large crown. The meaning of the three crowns is the personification of not only the sovereignty of the entire Russian Federation, but also its parts, that is, its subjects. The coat of arms also depicts a scepter and an orb. Photos of the regalia amaze with their beauty. The eagle holds a scepter in its right paw, and an orb in its left.

The scepter and the orb of Russia are symbols of a single state and power. Also on the eagle’s chest there is an image of a silver rider on a horse. A man kills a black dragon with a spear. It is allowed to reproduce the coat of arms of the Russian Federation not only in color, but also in a single color. If necessary, it can be depicted without a heraldic shield.

Ancient state regalia are among the most significant state symbols. These include crowns, crowns, scepters, orbs, swords, bars, shields, thrones. However, the sovereign appeared in full regalia only a few times a year - during the most important church holidays and at receptions of especially important foreign ambassadors. Some regalia were used only once during the life of the monarch. Currently, the original regalia of the Moscow, and later the Russian, state are stored in the collection of the State Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. In this article we will talk about the royal regalia in chronological order, starting with the most ancient.

Royal regalia in the collection of the Armory Chamber

The most ancient symbol of princely power is the sword. For the first time they began to depict him on ancient icons. A little later, a shield was added to the sword. Thus, princely power was primarily symbolized by weapons, in ancient times by a shield and a sword. However, the state shield and state sword in the collection of the armory date back to the 16th-17th centuries.

About the shield - below.

The most ancient regalia presented in our treasury is the Monomakh cap. It is described in detail in the article. Let us briefly repeat the main facts.

Royal regalia. Monomakh's hat

There is an ancient “Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”, according to which Vladimir Monomakh was married to the Great reign of Kiev with the Cap of Monomakh. The legend says that the crown was given to him by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh, who was the grandfather of the Kyiv prince. (Details about “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir” are described in the article ) .

On one of the bas-reliefs of the Monomakh throne you can see that Prince Vladimir is depicted wearing Monomakh’s hat.

The story that the Byzantine emperor granted this hat to the long-time ancestor of Ivan the Terrible was actively spread during the time of Tsar Ivan. However, this is nothing more than beautiful legend, invented to explain (legitimize) the new status title of Sovereign of All Rus'. Back in the 19th century, historians refuted the Byzantine version of the origin of the Monomakh Cap.

To this day, there are three versions about the place of manufacture of this regalia. According to the first of them, the Monomakh cap could have been made in Byzantium, but not under Emperor Constantine, but much later, during the reign of the Palaiologos in the 14th-15th centuries. This version is supported by the fact that the filigree on the product is very High Quality, characteristic of Byzantine masters.

There is another hypothesis, according to which the Monomakh cap is of Central Asian origin. This is indicated by the lotus flower motif in her decoration. The probable place of its manufacture could be Samarkand or Bukhara.

The third version says that this is the work of Greek craftsmen who worked in Moscow.
It is possible that the Tatar Khan Uzbek gave the Monomakh hat to Ivan Kalita. Such a gift was an offering from the khan to his vassal, so at the Russian court this version was hushed up and the crown was passed off as a Byzantine work.

They put the Monomakh cap not on the head, but on a special cap made of brocade.

Crowning ceremony

All medieval rulers, including Western ones, were guided by Constantinople in the symbols of the state. In many European states there were crowns that looked like a crown Byzantine emperor. Such crowns almost always depicted Christ wearing a crown. This reflected the idea of ​​the divine origin of power. The Sovereign is God's anointed and the conductor of the teachings of Christ on earth.

Regalia of Royal Power: Crown, Scepter, Orb

A crown, scepter, orb are regalia, signs of royal, royal and imperial power, generally accepted in all states where such power exists. The regalia owes its origin mainly to the ancient world. So, the crown originates from the wreath, which in ancient world placed on the head of the winner in competitions. Then it turned into a sign of honor given to a military leader or official who distinguished himself in war, thus becoming a sign of service distinction (imperial crown). From it the crown (headdress) was formed, which became widespread in European countries as an attribute of power back in the early Middle Ages.

IN Russian literature There has long been a version that among the Russian royal regalia belongs one of the oldest medieval crowns, allegedly sent as a gift to the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh. Along with the “Monomakh’s cap,” a scepter was allegedly sent from the Byzantine emperor.

Large outfit of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Crown - Moscow Kremlin Workshops, 1627. Power - Western Europe, end XVI century. Scepter - Western Europe, around 1600.

There is a well-known story from the Englishman Horsey, an eyewitness to the coronation of Fyodor Ivanovich, son of Ivan the Terrible:
“On the king’s head was a precious crown, and in his right hand was a royal staff, made of one-horned bone, three feet and a half long, set with expensive stones, which was bought by the former king from Augsburg merchants in 1581 for seven thousand pounds sterling.”
Other sources report that the crowning of Fyodor Ivanovich was in every way similar to the “seating on the table” of Ivan the Terrible, with the only difference being that the Metropolitan handed the scepter into the hands of the new tsar. However, the image of a scepter on the seals of this time was not accepted, as were the powers (otherwise - “apple”, “sovereign apple”, “autocratic apple”, “apple of the royal rank”, “power of the Russian kingdom”), although as an attribute of power it was known to Russian sovereigns from the 16th century.
During the crowning of Boris Godunov on September 1, 1598, Patriarch Job presented the Tsar with the usual regalia and an orb. At the same time, he said: “As we hold this apple in our hands, so hold the whole kingdom given to you by God, keeping them from external enemies.”

Mikhail Fedorovich

The crowning of the founder of the Romanov house, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, took place according to a clearly drawn up “scenario”, which did not change until the 18th century: along with the cross, barms and royal crown, the metropolitan (or patriarch) handed over to the tsar in right hand the scepter, and to the left - the orb. At the crowning of Mikhail Fedorovich, before handing over the regalia to the Metropolitan, the scepter was held by Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy, and the orb was held by Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky.

Calling of Mikhail Fedorovich

Great Outfit of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich

After liberation from the Polish invaders, the Russian state needed a lot of weapons for the troops defending its borders. In addition, the new Tsar - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - needed to restore the wealth and splendor of the Moscow court. In the royal workshops they began to hastily prepare new jewelry, gold and silver utensils, and ceremonial weapons.
And in 1627-1628, Kremlin jewelers made for Mikhail Fedorovich the “sovereign’s Great Attire,” which included a gold royal crown, scepter and orb decorated with bright enamel and precious stones. The Russian Tsar wore the “big outfit” only on especially solemn occasions - during “grand entrances” and when receiving foreign ambassadors.

The gold chased crown of the “Big Treasury outfit” is surrounded by typically Russian slotted “gorodki” and openwork cufflinks with precious stones. Their abundance in combination with white, blue and green enamels creates a sonorous colorful range.

The orb of the “Big Dress” is a golden belt divided into two equal hemispheres and crowned with a high cross. The upper hemisphere, in turn, is divided into four parts, each of which contains a chased image from the life of the biblical King David, symbolizing the wisdom of the ruler; skillfully chased reliefs are enlivened by multi-colored mosaics.

"Big outfit." Orb and scepter. Fragment Late 16th century, around 1600
Gold, precious stones, pearls, fur, armor; embossing, engraving, carving, shotting
Power: height 42.4 cm, circumference 66.5. Scepter: height 70.5 cm, minimum diameter 17, maximum diameter 25 cm

Solntsev Fedor Grigorievich

Enameled medallions are embossed and decorated with precious stones. In general, the state has 58 diamonds, 89 rubies and tourmalines, 23 sapphires, 51 emeralds and 37 large pearls.

The scepter consists of three columns connected to each other and completely covered with enamels and precious stones. It symbolized the world axis, was close to a magic wand, club, lightning; the scepter was the emblem of Zeus, as well as all gods associated with fertility.

The ancient scepter of the large outfit, stored in the Armory Chamber, in the inventory of the Sovereign's large outfit, compiled in 1642 by decree of the Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich, is described as follows:

“A scepter of gold, chased with pink enamel and stones, with diamonds and worm-like yachts and emeralds; at the top there are three eagles with their wings flattened together, with enamel; on the top of the eagles there is a crown, on the crown on the back there is a stone Yakhont Lazorev, on it is Gurmitsky grain. The azure yakhont was removed from the scepter, and an emerald was placed in that place.”

After replacing the azure yacht with an emerald, this scepter of a large outfit, as can be seen from subsequent inventories, has been preserved in the same form to the present day. He is also mentioned in the inventory of the treasury and royal outfit of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich:

“The scepter is gold with pink enamel, on it is an eagle with a crown, on the crown is an emerald; on the top and bottom of that emerald there are grains of Gurmitz; it contains twenty diamonds, nine worm-shaped jahonts, three emeralds; one diamond is missing; the vagina is covered with scarlet velvet, in the middle with worm-shaped satin.”

During the general reign of the kings and great princes John and Peter Alekseevich, this scepter belonged to John. And for Tsar Peter Alekseevich a scepter similar to it was made, gold with colored enamel and also decorated with a large emerald, on the back, with two Burmita grains, three small emeralds, twenty diamonds and nine yachts.

These royal regalia were intended to symbolize the wealth and growing power of the Russian state. And for Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, a saadak was made - a bow and a quiver of arrows, decorated with a gold and enamel pattern. The bow and quiver play with bright colors: among the grasses of the ornament, woven into it, sapphires, emeralds and rubies sparkle. Ornament is easy and free! covers the entire surface with fancy curls and bouquets.

In the center of the entire composition, the heraldic symbols of the Russian state are made in multicolor enamel: a double-headed eagle, St. George the Victorious, a unicorn, a griffin and an eagle.

Saadak was made relatively quickly: work began in August 1627, and by November 1628 it was already completed. It was created by a large group of craftsmen, including German jewelers who served in the Armory Chamber. And yet, these things corresponded to the original Russian tastes of that time.

About 3.5 kilograms of ash from more than 500 diamonds, rubies, emeralds and sapphires were used to make the saadak. The surface of the saadak was colored with a bright enamel pattern and gold ornament of herbs, flowers and bouquets, forming a very intricate composition.

Mikhail Fedorovich in the Great Dress.

The large outfit was kept in the State Yard, in the Big Treasury. Therefore, it was also called the outfit of the Big Treasury.

In pre-Petrine Rus', royal clothes and utensils were divided into outfits, that is, selected according to type and value. The precious items were kept in the State Yard, everything else was kept in the treasury of the Workshop Chamber; Each storage facility had a special account for the Order. Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the notebook of the Workshop Chamber listed thirty outfits of ordinary dress, and in the State Court there were 8 outfits.

State courtyard in the Kremlin
From the "Book on the election of the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom." Miniature. Fragment
Moscow, 1672-1673

The Great Treasury Order included the regalia that sovereigns wore on the day of their crowning, when receiving envoys and foreigners, during the consecration of bishops, and on great holidays (for example, the Donkey Procession).

Composition of the Big Outfit

1. Golden Cross from the Life-Giving Tree, with a golden chain (crossed chain).

The golden chain of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, made by Kremlin craftsmen, is the earliest of the royal chains in the collection of the Armory Chamber. It was first mentioned in documents of the royal treasury in 1640. It contains 88 round, slightly curved rings, on a canfared background of which there is an inscription similar to an ornament, passing from ring to ring. The inscription includes a prayer Holy Trinity, the full title of the king with a list of cities, principalities, lands that were then part of Russian state, and the instruction to the king to live “according to the commandments of God, to rule wisely and justly.”

2. Monomakh's cap and other royal crowns.

Monomakh's hat. Made in the East (Bukhara, Khorezm or Egypt). Since the 18th century - heraldic crown of the kingdoms of Great, Little and White Rus'.

Monomakh's hat is the main regalia of the Russian Grand Dukes and Tsars. The symbol of the crown of autocracy in Russia. It is a gold filigree pointed headdress, presumably of oriental work from the end of the 13th century. beginning of the XIV century with a sable edge, decorated with precious stones: pearls, rubies, emeralds and a cross.

“Monomakh's Cap” is one of the most ancient regalia stored in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Starting from Ivan Kalita, all the spiritual letters of the Moscow princes mention the “golden hat”. It is possible that it was for the first time in 1572 that it was called “Monomakh’s hat” in the will of Ivan the Terrible.

3. Tiara - a wide round necklace.

Barmy. Armouries

Barmy (by different sources, comes from the Greek. parmai - round shield, or from Pers. berme - guarding, protection, or from other Polish. brama - decorations on the hands and feet of women, or from ancient history. barm - edge) - a wide mantle with religious images and precious stones sewn onto it. Barmas made of round metal shields, fastened with cords and decorated with precious stones and enamels, appeared in Byzantium, where they were part of the ceremonial clothing of emperors.

According to legend, they were first sent to Russia from Byzantium by Emperor Alexei I Komnenos for Vladimir Monomakh. However, the first chronicle mention of them occurs in 1216 and reports that a “vestment” embroidered with gold was worn by all princes. The coronation regalia was first mentioned in 1498 - they were placed on Prince Dmitry (son of Ivan the Young). From the middle of the 16th century to the beginning of the 18th century, barmas were worn by Russian princes and tsars during coronation and during ceremonial exits.

Before the royal wedding, barmas were taken from the storage of royal clothes and regalia to the Assumption Cathedral and left on a golden platter in the altar. At the wedding after laying on the king pectoral cross The metropolitan sent two archimandrites and the abbot to the altar for barmas, who gave them to the bishops, who gave the barmas to the metropolitan. After three bows and a kiss, the Metropolitan, marking the king with barmas, placed them on him, blessing him with a cross. After the laying of the barm, the laying of the crown followed.

4. Scepter.
Scepter (ancient Greek σκῆπτρον “rod”) - ancient symbol power, was used by the pharaohs. The prototype of the scepter is a shepherd's staff, which was then assigned by the church to bishops as a sign of pastoral power; European sovereigns replaced it with shortened staffs - sceptres.

“Big Outfit”: the crown of Mikhail Fedorovich and the scepter and orb of Boris Godunov. Clickable

The composition of the attributes of Russian royal power The scepter entered in 1584 at the crowning of Fyodor Ioannovich. One of the synonyms for the word king was the word scepter holder.

View of the old building of the Armory Chamber
P.A. Gerasimov. Watercolor.
Mid-19th century

The scepters of the Moscow kings are kept in the Armory Chamber. The scepter, used by Russian sovereigns, was made for the coronation of Paul I, in the form of a golden rod, sprinkled with diamonds and precious stones; at the top is the famous Orlov diamond.

Upper part of the Imperial scepter with the Orlov diamond
Story
The scepter was made in the early 1770s for Empress Catherine II the Great. Materials used: gold, Orlov diamond, diamonds, silver, enamel.
Scepter length - 59.5 cm

The smoothly polished golden surface of the scepter is intercepted by eight diamond rims, the handle is embossed with flutes (vertical grooves), enhancing the play of chiaroscuro.
The scepter is completed with a cast gold double-headed eagle - the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, decorated with black enamel and diamonds.
The pomp of this emblem of monarchical power was enhanced by the luxurious Orlov diamond, which adorned the scepter in 1774.
Nowadays the imperial scepter is kept in the Diamond Fund of the Russian Federation.

A scepter is a staff generously decorated with gems and crowned with a symbolic (usually a coat of arms: fleur-de-lis, eagle, etc.) figure, made of precious materials - silver, gold or ivory; along with the crown, one of the oldest insignia of autocratic power. In Russian history, the scepter was the successor to the royal staff - an everyday, and not ceremonial, symbol of the power of kings and great princes, who once accepted these regalia from Crimean Tatars as a sign of their vassal oath.
IN National emblem The Russian scepter was incorporated a century later. He took his traditional place in the right paw of the double-headed eagle on the 1667 seal of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

5. A golden apple with a cross - that is, a power.

Derzhava (Old Slavic darzha - power) - a symbol of the state power of the monarch, which was a golden ball with a crown or cross.

Historically, the orb was the insignia of the emperors of the Roman Empire and English kings, later became an attribute of power for a number of Western European monarchs. With the advent of the Christian era, the power was crowned with a cross.

Power of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (second half of the 16th century); Imperial Power, 1762 (gold, diamonds, sapphire 200 carats, diamond 46.92 carats, silver, height with cross 24 cm)

Russia adopted this sign from Poland, where it was called an apple. The orb was first used as a symbol of the power of the Russian Tsar in 1557.

If the scepter is considered a symbol masculinity, then the power is female.

Power (or sovereign apple) in Russian Christian tradition symbolizes the Kingdom of Heaven and, often, in medieval painting and iconography it was customary to depict Jesus Christ or God the Father with an orb.

Power is a symbol of knowledge. "Apple" is a symbol of the fruit of the tree of knowledge in the Bible.

A power is a symbol of monarchical power (for example, in Russia - a golden ball with a crown or cross). The name comes from the Old Russian "d'rzha" - power.

Sovereign balls were part of the attributes of power of the Roman, Byzantine, and German emperors. In the Christian era, the orb was crowned with a cross.

The orb was also the insignia of the Holy Roman Emperors and English kings, starting with Edward the Confessor. Sometimes in fine arts Christ was depicted with the power as the Savior of the World or God the Father; in one of the variations, the orb was not in the hands of God, but under his foot, symbolizing the celestial ball. If the scepter served as a symbol of the masculine principle, then the orb – of the feminine.

Russia borrowed this emblem from Poland. It was first used as a symbol of royal power at the crowning ceremony of False Dmitry I. In Russia it was originally called the sovereign apple. Since the reign of Russian Emperor Paul I, it has been a ball of blue yacht, sprinkled with diamonds and crowned with a cross.

The orb is a sphere of precious metal crowned with a cross, the surface of which is decorated with gems and sacred symbols. Powers or sovereign apples (as they were called in Rus') became permanent attributes of the power of a number of Western European monarchs long before the crowning of Boris Godunov (1698), however, their introduction into use by Russian tsars should not be considered an unconditional imitation. Only the material part of the ritual could seem borrowed, but not its deep content and the symbolism of the “apple” itself.

The iconographic prototype of the power is the mirrors of the archangels Michael and Gabriel - as a rule, golden disks with the initials of Jesus Christ or a half-length image of Emmanuel (Christ the Youth). Such a mirror, and after it the sovereign apple, symbolizes the Kingdom of Heaven, the power over which belongs to Jesus Christ and through the rite of anointing is partly “delegated” to the Orthodox Tsar. He is obliged to lead his people to the final battle with the Antichrist and defeat his army.

6. Okladen - a chain or belt with an eagle.
Gold filigree chain

At the end of the 17th century. in the treasury there were more than 40 gold chains and chains of the 16th-17th centuries. - integral components of ceremonial royal clothing. Among those that have survived to our time, the most famous is the “Big Outfit” chain. It was presented to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1631 by the Dutch stadtholder Frederick Henry of Orange. Manufactured in Western Europe in the 1620s, it was remade by the masters of the Armory and became part of the “Great Order”. After alterations in the 1640s. the chain consists of 79 scanned rectangular triangular links.

Marshall's baton

The rod is a symbol of spiritual and temporal power, as well as the power of army commanders (in ancient times). The marshal's batons that have survived to this day have the shape of a short stick, are made of silver or gold and are decorated with precious stones and state emblems. In court life, the baton is used by some court officials: marshals, masters of ceremonies and others. These rods usually take the form of a metal or bone cane, topped with a state emblem. Currently, marshal and court batons are used only on special occasions.

8. Royal fee.

Royal payment - royal regalia; clothing included in the Big Outfit. It was used on especially solemn occasions: at royal weddings, at meetings of foreign ambassadors, during holidays.

Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in front of the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. 1686 Ivan Saltanov, Erofey Elin, Luka Smolyaninov. Moscow, Armory Chamber. Tree; tempera, oil. 244 x 119. Received in 1891. Comes from the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Description Paid

The cut was similar to the opashny. Long clothes with sleeves. It differed from opashnya platno by the absence of stripes. Stripes - transverse stripes according to the number of buttons. Each patch had a buttonhole, so later the patches came to be called buttonholes.

The royal cloth was made from expensive gold fabrics: altabas, axamite and others. Taffeta lining, satin edge. The length of the sleeves is 10 or 11 inches. Sleeve width 6, 7 or 8 cubits. The width at the hem is about 4 arshins. Along the edges and cuts, Tsarskoye was trimmed with pearl lace (border). It was fastened with 11 or 12 buttons.

Royal fur coat on ermine fur.
The royal coat was worn for a fee on the royal caftan.
Since 1678, Tsarskoye began to be called porphyry.
During burials, the king's body was covered with the Royal Toll. They covered it with a coffin cover for a fee.

9. Royal camp caftan.

Kaftan (Persian خفتان‎) - men's dress; there are Turkish, Persian and Moroccan kaftans.

Also called kavtan, koftan. A long garment that extends almost to the floor, with buttons and clasps at the front.

Sagittarius in caftans

10. Royal place.
The royal place is in a broad sense the throne, the throne of the Russian Tsar, in a more specific sense it is the Tsar’s place of honor in Orthodox church, adjacent from the side of the iconostasis to one of the eastern pillars in the cathedral or to the side wall in its interior; included a fenced seat behind a separate entrance and ended with a richly decorated wooden tent on carved columns, which was usually topped with an image of a crown or a double-headed eagle. The most famous such monument is in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (the so-called Monomakh throne).

Monomakh throne.1856

11. Items of clothing (tafya, cap, chebots, staff presented to Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613, wicket of Grand Duke Danil).
12. Other items: stoyan (stoyan), on which the orb was placed, ladles for treating ambassadors, bell axes, golden bell chains, and more.

***
Rynda was a squire-bodyguard for the great princes and tsars of Russia in the 16th-17th centuries.

Story
Ryndas accompanied the king on campaigns and trips. During palace ceremonies, they stood in ceremonial clothes on both sides of the throne with berdysh on their shoulders. They were recruited from young men of noble origin. During the reception of foreign ambassadors, bells stood on both sides of the royal throne, with small hatchets; standing on the right side was considered more honorable (hence localism). During the war, bells followed the sovereign everywhere, carrying weapons behind him. Each bell had 1-3 subrynds or taxes (also from stolniks). The main rynda enjoyed the right to add -vich to his patronymic. Since the bells were not court ranks, they did not receive a salary. They were in charge of the armorer.

Rynda with a large saadak is the king's main squire. There were also bells with another saadak, with a smaller spear, with a spear, etc.

The position of the bell was abolished under Peter I in 1698.

Ryndh clothing

Ivan Bilibin. Costume for the opera "Boris Godunov" by Mussorgsky.

Ryndas dressed in clothes white, embroidered with silver. The inventory of Mikhail Fedorovich’s treasury lists the “Ryndov dress”:

Four ermine coats under white damask, trimmed with ermine, on the coats there are eight ties with silver tassels.
four white terliks ​​made of Indian damask, white fox underwear, ermine necklaces, five stripes with silver tassels.
four Kyzylbash sashes with gold stripes and silk stripes of different colors.
four lynx caps, four white arctic caps.
white morocco boots.

Meek (mourning) clothing.

Four sable fur coats under black satin, fur coats with 8 ties with black tassels.
four terliks ​​of clove satin (or cherry).
four caps of clove or cherry taffeta.
black morocco boots.

Clothes and bell axes were kept as part of the Great Order.

Instead of a terlik, a feryaz could be used.

V. Semenov. Rynda.

Wearing outfits

IN different time The composition of the Great Dress may have changed slightly. For example, Fyodor Alekseevich, as part of the Big Dress, wore shoes instead of boots.

10 rings were kept in the Great Treasury, which the king wore along with the Great Attire to receptions of ambassadors. For example, on August 18, 1647, when receiving the Lithuanian ambassador, the king wore 4 rings. When receiving the Dutch ambassador on June 20, 1648 - 9 rings.

In different cases, items from the Big Outfit could be combined with items from other outfits. For example, on January 6, 1671, during the royal entrance, the king wore: a cross, a diadem of the second outfit, a royal hat of the first outfit, a royal cap of the second outfit, etc.

Kalita was passed down from generation to generation and kept as part of the Great Order, as a reminder of the mercy of Ivan Kalita. On April 19, 1635, a new gate was made from damask, modeled after the gate of Ivan Danilovich Kalita.

Stoyanets (stoyans) - silver pyramids about an arshin high. On the truncated top of the pyramid there was a dish for placing the power. The man standing stood to the left of the throne.

Illustrations - Solntsev Fedor Grigorievich

The solemn and peaceful ringing of bells resounded over evening Moscow; in monasteries and churches they prayed for the happy enthronement of the young king. And the 16-year-old boy, in the near future one of the most grandiose figures in Russian history - Ivan the Terrible, repeated again and again the ritual gestures and words that he would perform and utter tomorrow. His excitement is quite understandable: for the first time in Moscow, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, a Russian tsar and autocrat will be enthroned.

This ritual was invented by his grandfather, the Sovereign of All Rus' IvanIII.His wife Sophia Paleolog helped him in this. Greek by origin, she knew a lot from the customs of other sovereigns: the “beloved daughter of the Holy See” grew up at the court of the Pope. For a long time, the boyars in the Kremlin remembered her and told different stories. About how she begged the Khansha for the Tatar courtyard, which had long been located in the Kremlin: she did not want to see the Tatars so close to her courtyard, because she was afraid of Muslims since childhood, ever since she was taken to Rome as a child, saving her from Turkish detachments... About how tearfully she persuaded her husband, the Grand Duke of Moscow, not to meet the Tatars at the princely court, not to lead the horse of the Tatar ambassador by the bridle. The heiress of the Byzantine emperors could not see such humiliation. And, as the old boyars recalled, she persuaded him. True, Ivan Vasilyevich himself did not really believe in this: his grandfather was always wise, stern and formidable, from his mere glance women lost their senses, and it is unlikely that his wife’s tears could become the reason for the decisions he himself made.

Tomorrow the childhood of the future autocrat will end. All boyars are relatives, everyone will want to take a higher place, get more. Tomorrow he, the grandson of Sophia Paleologus, will become taller than everyone else - the anointed sovereign, the vicegerent of God on earth.

There is information that the German emperor once offered to send a crown as a gift to his grandfather and father as a sign of royal power. But the Russian princes decided differently - it was inappropriate for them, born sovereigns, whose family, according to legend, goes back to the Roman Caesar Augustus, and whose ancestors occupied the Byzantine throne, to accept handouts from the Catholic emperor, from the Holy Roman Empire, the main core of which the swarm was German territory. In the Moscow treasury lay gifts from the Byzantine Emperor Constantine, according to legend sent many centuries ago to Kyiv to Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh, and then transferred to Moscow.

It is they who will be entrusted tomorrow to the future sovereign, and from now on they will indicate the royal rank of the owner and will become symbols of power. First, with prayer, they will put on cross on a golden chain, then - saints barms(special shoulder pads made of expensive fabric with precious decorations) and, most importantly, they will crown the head with a royal crown

Ivan Vasilyevich loved to look at these little things in his treasury, especially the crown. It was taken out of a specially made box, where it was kept under lock and key. This beautiful golden hat, shining with expensive stones, is said to have belonged to Vladimir Monomakh himself. It is true that it is heavy and inconvenient, but it contains the power of the ancestors, power over the entire Russian land.

Tomorrow morning he himself will place the gifts on a golden plate, cover them with a precious blanket and send them to the cathedral. Once again he will check whether reliable people are guarding the royal regalia: the rules are strict - they should not be touched by those who do not have the right to do so.

His grandfather, Ivan III,Once upon a time, with his own hands, he crowned another grandson, Dmitry Ivanovich, to the kingdom. Is it true, scepter- he did not give up the rod, symbolizing state power. The future sovereign saw letters stored in the treasury, which said that the Byzantine basileus also personally installed heirs to the throne. And ambassadors from other countries confirmed: their sovereigns sometimes crowned their heirs during their lifetime. This was done so that later there would be no disputes about who should rule. This custom seemed quite appropriate: so it should be in Rus'.

Soon, however, Ivan Vasilyevich put Dmitry in prison. Greek woman Sofia Paleolog could not allow IvanIIIThe children from Prince Ivan’s first wife inherited and her five sons passed the throne. That is why the descendants of the Byzantine basileus now reign in Moscow, and not the offspring of the Tver princes.

On Sunday, January 16, 1547, the solemn enthronement of the first Russian Tsar, Ivan Vasilyevich, took place in Moscow with appropriate pomp.

In the Assumption Cathedral, decorated with scarlet velvet, in the flickering of candles near the altar, the regalia of royal power lay on a golden platter. The few present - the grand ducal family and court - “with fear and trembling”, in reverent silence, watched as Metropolitan Macarius, together with other members of the sacred cathedral, placed them on the young Tsar Ivan under prayerful chants: life-giving cross, barmas and “a royal crown from a stone more honest” - the ancient grand-princely cap of Monomakh.

The Metropolitan took the sovereign by the hand and led him to the richly decorated throne. There he handed him the scepter, and then, carefully supporting him, helped him sit in the royal place. The landing is complete.

* * *

The tradition of the rite of enthronement goes back centuries. All the Moscow great princes, starting with Ivan Danilovich Kalita, having received the label for the great reign from the Horde khans, “sat down” on the throne in the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral. Only inXVV. this ritual began to be performed in Moscow. Until that time, the regalia of power was different: from the wills of the great princes it is known that the most valuable things in their treasury, most likely having the meaning of symbols of power, were gold belts and chains. The famous Monomakh hat is mentioned in the will of Ivan Kalita not among the sovereign's regalia, but as a precious part of the prince's clothing. But by the endXVV. in the inventory of the sovereign treasury, certain ancient objects are always

Monomakh's hat.

were called at the beginning of the wills - this is a golden hat, barms and a golden pectoral (breast) cross on a chain. And at the very endXVcenturies, obviously when IvanIIIwas going to place his grandson Dmitry Ivanovich on the throne, a legend was created about the origin of the Moscow dynasty: “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir.” There appeared a story about the gifts sent by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine to the Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. These were precisely the “royal crown”, barmas, a cross on a gold chain, a carnelian box made of rare stone, trimmed with gold, and other items not specifically named. The same set, but as the regalia of the kings’ power, is also recorded in all official documents that determined the order of the enthronement ceremony (“the ranks of crowning”).

TO XVIc., when installations to the throne in Moscow became regular, a similar coronation ceremony had already taken shape in European states. A set of symbols of power was also formed, which, with their loud names and their appearance, testified to the prestige of the sovereign and his powers of power. Traditionally, such regalia in different countries were crown, scepter, orb, sword; however, in every state except generally accepted insignia(signs of supreme power) also established their own.

Throne chair of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.

In Rus' it was a kind of grand ducal headdress. For the first time his image appeared on the walls of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, whereXIV. ancient masters laid out a mosaic portrait of Yaroslav the Wise surrounded by his family. The shape of the hat has remained virtually unchanged centuries later. In official documents starting fromXVIV. this headdress came to be called the royal crown, and its name indicates the symbolism of the item, and not its appearance.

When Ivan was enthronedIVthey also presented the scepter. But it was not the short staff familiar to Europe, but a marvelously beautiful carved walrus ivory staff, decorated with gold and precious stones. This staff has survived to this day, although without expensive decorations. In all royal wedding ceremoniesXVIV. the established ritual was strictly observed: the regalia of power was brought into the cathedral, placed on a specially prepared dais (naloy), and the scepter was placed nearby.

Power- a round ball with a cross (interestingly, in neighboring Poland the state was officially called the “apple”) - appeared later: it was first presented at the crowning of Boris Godunov.

So throughoutXVIV. the set of “gifts of Emperor Constantine” was gradually replenished and became an attribute of the regalia of power, similar to those used by many European monarchs. But in Russia, unlike other European states, there was never a sword among the regalia of royal power. This is quite strange, because the Russian people associated the idea of ​​victory over the sword with evil forces and a symbol of personal courage. (Let’s just remember the “treasury sword” that is found or received as a reward epic heroes or heroes of Russian fairy tales.) In European countries, the sword was certainly included in the royal regalia and was presented to the monarch during the coronation.

It was precisely the fact that for centuries during the enthronement the same symbols were presented, the same words were pronounced in a certain sequence, testified, according to the people of the Middle Ages, to the eternity and stability of a given state, a given power. That is why it was so important to capture or destroy coronation insignia during wars and uprisings - this meant breaking the state itself, the existing power.

In Russia, the symbols of power of the reigning persons were treated with the same reverence as in other countries. INXVIIV. those regalia used to consecrate enthronement were kept in the treasury separately from others. The kings, Mikhail Fedorovich and his son Alexei Mikhailovich, ordered to make several of their own sets of insignia: scepters and orbs of amazing beauty, outwardly similar to European ones. The shape of the crown repeated the ancient cap of Monomakh, only instead of precious stones it was placed on top of filigree lace (filigree - a pattern made of the finest gold wire. - Note ed.) gold, diamond-studded, double-headed eagles appeared for the first time; the upper part of the headdress was decorated with diamond and pearl crosses.

Later, when in 1682, contrary to Russian tradition, two tsars, Ivan Alekseevich and Pyotr Alekseevich, were crowned simultaneously on the throne, the attributes of power were divided between them and subsequently became the property of each. For centuries, the established single set of royal regalia was violated. INXVIIIV. Imperial regalia had already appeared, and the ancient accessories of the tsarist power became museum values ​​and were transferred for storage to the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Since they lost their original meaning, scepters began to be issuedcourtiers for masquerade costumes, precious chains were melted down into jewelry.

True, over time, the “gifts of Emperor Constantine” were placed in one specific place, but among them, by mistake, were a scepter and an orb made for Alexei Mikhailovich. As we remember, the power was not among the list of gifts, and the ancient scepter was sharply different from the one made in Europe inXVIIV. rod for Tsar Alexei. Bone staff-scepter, which was given back inXVIV. to the great sovereign Fyodor Ivanovich, it turned out to be dismantled, without gold and stones. Gradually its purpose was forgotten, and inXIXV. Museum staff described the strange objects as “chair legs.” Some ancient regalia from the “gifts of the emperor” were later kept in Moscow cathedrals. As a result, toXIXV. the ancient complex of symbols of royal power finally fell apart.

The rituals of enthronement in many countries have remained unchanged for centuries. They, as a rule, were held in the same temple, the king (or king) was entrusted with the regalia of power in a certain sequence, and from century to century the poses and gestures of the participants in the ceremony were repeated, the same words of oaths were pronounced, instructions, prayers.

This was the case in Russia as well. Designed at the endXV V. Ivan IIIThe ritual of crowning the kingdom was repeated almost unchanged half a century later, when another grandson of Ivan took the royal throne.IIIand Sophia Paleolog - IvanIV.It was then, as indicated above, that the ritual was introduced into the ritual ceremony anointing, which was always held at the coronation of European monarchs. Holy myrrh(fragrant oil made in a special way), subject to strictly established rules, applied to the monarch, according to the ideas of the Christian religion, sanctified the sovereign and endowed him with the gift of communication with God, placing him above all his subjects. In Russia, where many princely families considered the legendary Varangian Rurik their common ancestor and could calculate the degree of their relationship with him, this ritual not only distinguished the tsar among his subjects, but also elevated him above the rest of the Rurikovichs.

The ceremony of placing on the sovereign throne has existed since the endXV V. to end XVII in., and in XVIIIcentury, the rite of coronation of emperors has already appeared. In the middleXVIIc., during the elevation of Alexei Mikhailovich to the kingdom, the Patriarch of All Rus', just like Metropolitan Macarius a hundred years ago, in his instructions to the monarch called to take care of his subjects, to have a righteous and merciful court towards them, to observe the laws of the Orthodox Church.

In European coronations, the monarch himself took an oath, which obligated him to observe the laws of the state, the rights of his subjects, and preserve the borders of his state. The main text of the oath has not changed over the centuries, but with the changes that took place in society, with the adoption of new codes of laws, the number of obligations assumed by the king increased. Thus, the regalia of power remained unchanged and inviolable: they were taken from the treasury only for the coronation. They symbolized state power, its stability, eternity. Also, the ritual of enthronement did not change; it was carried out in the same cathedral, always on Sunday, by the hierarchs ( senior officials) churches. But this is one side of the coin. And the oaths that the king began to take, the promises that he made to his people, are a phenomenon that, of course, reflected new stages in the development of the state.

In Russia, the royal regalia were not surrounded by legends about their miraculous origin; their complex itself was formed over the course of a whole century. The new Romanov dynasty that came to power remained indifferent to the legend about the appearance in Rus' of royal regalia sent as a gift to the Rurik princes, because it had very distant family ties with them. And the ceremony of enthronement itself did not reflect the development of Russian society; according to the instructions and other speeches heard in

Nikolay II with all the regalia of imperial power in the crown and mantle, with the scepter, orb and insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Emperor Peter II with the badge of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Empress Anna Ioannovna with the sign and star of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna with a star of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and an order ribbon.

Empress Catherine II with a star of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and an order ribbon.

During the ceremony, the sovereign was seen as God’s anointed, a shepherd in his state, a merciful, fair judge, and he did not make any promises to his subjects.

But also in the coronation rite in the Russian EmpireXVIII— XIXFor centuries, some rules have been strictly observed. All the emperors who succeeded the Russian tsars were enthroned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. At that time the capital was in St. Petersburg, but

on the appointed day, the authorities delivered the regalia to Moscow, to the Armory Chamber, and from there, as inXVIc., carried into the cathedral. And the throne on which the Russian emperors were elevated was an ancient royal seat, crafted by old craftsmen for the first Russian Tsar - Ivan the Terrible.

Restored after a fire in 1547, this royal place is still located in the Assumption Cathedral.