And the production environment affecting the employee of the enterprise.

Characteristics of the production process and are determined by the equipment used, objects and products of labor, technology, and workplace maintenance system.

Work environment, first of all, is characterized by sanitary and hygienic working conditions (temperature, noise, lighting, dust, gas contamination, vibration, etc.), safety labor activity, work and rest schedule, as well as relationships between employees of the enterprise.

Labor intensity characterizes the amount of labor expended per unit of working time.

• the degree of employment of the employee during the working day;
• temp ;
• the efforts required to perform the work, which depend on the mass of the goods being moved, the characteristics of the equipment, and the organization of labor;
• number of serviced objects (machines, workplaces, etc.);
• sizes of objects of labor;
• workplace specialization;
• sanitary and hygienic working conditions;
• forms of relationships in production teams.

Classification of working conditions

Working conditions— a set of factors in the production and labor process that influence human performance and health.

Based on the hygienic criteria R 2.2.2006-05 “Guide to the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions” working conditions are divided into four classes: optimal, acceptable, harmful and dangerous.

Optimal working conditions

Optimal working conditions (1st class) - conditions under which the health of workers is maintained and the prerequisites are created for maintaining high level performance.

Acceptable working conditions

Acceptable working conditions (2nd class) - characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated breaks or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect actions in the immediate and long term on the health of workers and their offspring. Acceptable working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

Harmful working conditions

Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - the presence of harmful production factors exceeding hygienic standards and having an adverse effect on the worker’s body and his offspring. Harmful working conditions, according to the degree of exceeding hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers, are divided into four degrees of harmfulness.

Hazardous working conditions

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) - levels of production factors, the impact of which during a work shift creates a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational diseases, including severe forms.

The class of working conditions is determined by the degree of deviation of the parameters of the production environment and the labor process from current hygienic standards in accordance with the identified influence of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers.

Hygienic standards for working conditions (MPC, MPL) - levels that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week, during the entire working period, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected modern methods research, in the process of work or in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygiene standards does not exclude health problems in people with hypersensitivity (hygienic criteria).

Ensuring comfortable living conditions in production premises

The meteorological conditions in the room or the microclimate, which depends on the thermophysical characteristics of the process equipment, the season of the year, heating and ventilation conditions, have a significant impact on performance. The microclimate is determined by the combinations of temperature, relative humidity, air speed, temperature of surrounding surfaces, and the intensity of thermal radiation acting on the human body.

The main microclimate factor is temperature - degree of air heating. Changes in air temperature in industrial premises are affected by heat (kinetic energy of molecules) coming from various sources, mainly due to thermal radiation from heated surfaces and convection.

Humidity

Air humidity is the content of water vapor in it, it is characterized by the following concepts:

• absolute humidity (expressed as water vapor pressure (Pa) or in weight units in a certain volume of air (g/m3) at a certain pressure and temperature);
• maximum humidity (the amount of moisture when the air is completely saturated at a given temperature, g/m3);
• relative humidity (characterizes the degree of saturation of air with water vapor and is defined as the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum), %.

For saturated air, relative humidity is taken as 100%. To determine relative humidity, there are psychrometric tables, graphs and diagrams that allow you to find the value of relative humidity depending on the air temperature using dry and wet thermometers.

Air mobility

Air mobility in rooms is created by convection currents due to the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, as well as by the operation of mechanical ventilation. The unit of measurement is m/s.

Thermal irradiation intensity

The intensity of thermal irradiation of the human body is the thermal energy of the source per unit surface of the human body, W/m2.

Thermoregulation of the human body

Thermoregulation of the human body. The human body has a constant temperature of 36.6 °C. To maintain its constancy, there are two types of analyzers on human skin: some react to cold, others to heat. Temperature analyzers protect the body from hypothermia and overheating and help maintain a constant body temperature. The set of processes of heat generation and heat transfer that occur in the body and make it possible to maintain a constant body temperature is called thermoregulation.

The heat generation mechanism has chemical thermoregulation, and heat transfer has physical thermoregulation. Increased heat generation is achieved by increasing the intensity of energy metabolism, and the main contribution to it is made by muscle activity. So, at rest, heat generation is 111.6-125.5 W, and during intense muscular work - 313.6-418.4 W.

• in the form of infrared rays emitted by the surface of the body in the direction of surrounding objects with a lower temperature (radiation);
• heating the air washing the surface of the body (convection);
• evaporation of moisture (sweat) from the surface of the body (skin) and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract;
• thermal conductivity through clothing;
• heat transfer from exhaled air.

Deviation of microclimate parameters from standard values ​​significantly affects health and labor productivity. High temperature causes intense sweating, which leads to dehydration of the body, loss of mineral salts and water-soluble vitamins. The consequence of this is blood thickening, disruption of water-salt balance, changes in gastric secretion, and the development of vitamin deficiency. High temperature causes increased breathing (up to 50%), weakened attention, poor coordination of movements, and slower reactions. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures leads to the accumulation of heat in the body, and body temperature can rise to 38-40 °C. As a result, heat stroke with loss of consciousness may occur. Low temperatures can cause cooling and hypothermia in the human body. When the body cools, heat transfer in it reflexively decreases and heat generation increases due to the intensity of oxidative metabolic processes. Compensation for heat loss occurs until energy reserves are depleted. Body trembling is an attempt by the body to generate additional heat through micro-movements and speed up the movement of blood.

Hygienic regulation of microclimate

The standards for microclimate parameters are established by SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 “Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises”, which presents the optimal and permissible values ​​of microclimate parameters in the working area of ​​industrial premises in the warm, cold and transition periods of the year for work of various categories of severity - light , medium and heavy. The warm period of the year is characterized by an average daily outside air temperature above 10°C, the cold (transition) period of the year is less than or equal to 10°C.

Optimal microclimatic conditions

Optimal microclimatic conditions are a combination of microclimate parameters, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provides a feeling of thermal comfort and creates the prerequisites for high performance.

Acceptable microclimatic conditions

Acceptable microclimatic conditions are a combination of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause tension in the thermoregulatory mechanisms that does not go beyond the limits of physiological adaptive capabilities. In this case, no health problems occur, but quickly normalizing uncomfortable heat sensations are observed.

According to the standards, the optimal relative humidity does not depend on the time of year and the category of severity of work and is 40-60%.

Optimal microclimate parameters in industrial premises are provided by air conditioning systems, and acceptable parameters are provided by conventional ventilation and heating systems.

Aeroion composition of air

Along with temperature, humidity and air mobility in industrial premises, human life is influenced by the aeroionic composition of the air. Negatively charged air ions have a beneficial effect on the human body and increase labor productivity. In rooms with negative ions, the number of microorganisms decreases, the concentration of dust in the air decreases, electrostatic charges on the surface of equipment are eliminated, and some gases are neutralized. Air ions are called light ions. Light air ions, encountering suspended particles on their way, combine with them, imparting their charge to them. As a result of such compounds, charged particles are formed, which are called heavy ions, which are harmful to health.

Air ionization

Air ionization- the process of transforming neutral atoms and molecules of the air into electrically charged particles (ions). Natural ionization occurs as a result of exposure of the air to cosmic radiation and particles emitted by radioactive substances during their decay. Technological ionization- when the air is exposed to radioactive, x-ray and ultraviolet radiation, thermal emission, photoelectric effect and other ionizing factors caused by the technological process. Artificial ionization is carried out by special devices - ionizers, which provide a given concentration of ions of a certain polarity in a limited volume of air.

In personnel breathing zones at workplaces where there are sources of electrostatic fields (video display terminals, copy machines, televisions), the absence of air ions of positive polarity is allowed.

To normalize the aeroionic composition of air, aeroionizers that have passed a sanitary and epidemiological assessment and have a valid sanitary and epidemiological conclusion are used. In this case, it is also necessary to use supply and exhaust ventilation, devices for automatic control of the ionic regime of the air environment.

Lighting in industrial premises

The main task of industrial lighting— maintaining lighting in the workplace that corresponds to the nature of visual work.

Illuminance (E)— surface luminous flux density; The unit of illumination is lux (lx). This is the illumination of 1 m2 of surface when a light flux of 1 lumen (lm) falls on it. Lumen is a unit of measurement of the luminous flux of a light source.

Luminous flux (F)- the power of light energy, assessed by the sensation of light experienced by the eye.

Light intensity (I)— spatial density of the light flux within the solid angle. The unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd).

Brightness (B)- surface density of luminous intensity in a given direction. The unit of brightness is candelas. square meter(cd/m2).

Blindness rate (P) is a criterion for assessing the glare of a light source. Unit - %.

KP illumination pulsation coefficient- a criterion for assessing changes in surface illumination due to periodic changes in time of the luminous flux of a light source. Unit - %. The need for the “pulsation coefficient” indicator is caused by the widespread use of gas-discharge lamps. When they are powered by alternating current, a pulsation in time of the luminous flux of these sources is observed with a frequency twice the frequency of the current in the network.

Natural lighting and its regulation

Natural lighting and its regulation. Lighting in industrial premises in daylight hours day is carried out by a natural source of light - the sky. Natural lighting is created in rooms with constant occupancy. It may be absent in rooms with short-term occupancy and where the presence of light is unacceptable due to technological operating conditions.

Types of natural lighting There are: side (through windows), top (through skylights) and combined. The use of one or another natural lighting system depends on the purpose and size of the room, its location in the building plan, as well as the light climate of the area.

When there is a lack of natural light, artificial lighting is used, the combination of which is called combined lighting.

The intensity of natural light is estimated by the natural light coefficient (NLC), which shows how many times the indoor illumination is less than the outdoor illumination, as a percentage. The KEO value is standardized according to SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting” and SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03 “Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings” taking into account the nature of visual work, the level of visual work, the type of natural and combined lighting, the light climate where the building is located. KEO ranges from 0.1 to 6%.

Artificial lighting and its regulation. Artificial lighting according to its intended purpose is divided into working, emergency, security and duty. Work lighting is provided for all premises and buildings intended for work.

Artificial lighting system— for general, local and combined lighting systems.

General lighting - into general uniform and general localized. General uniform lighting provides the required visibility conditions over the entire illuminated area as a result of the uniform arrangement of lamps on relatively high altitude under the ceiling. General localized lighting is determined by the location of the equipment.

The combined lighting system is used where precision of the process being performed is required and general lighting creates shadows on working surfaces located vertically or obliquely. For combined lighting, in addition to general lighting lamps, local lamps with non-translucent reflectors are used. The use of local lighting alone is not permitted. This is due to the fact that sharp unevenness of illumination in the workplace and indoors reduces the performance of vision and causes fatigue.

Artificial lighting is standardized according to SNiP 23-05-95 and 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03, taking into account the nature of visual work, the category and subcategory of visual work, the contrast of the object with the background, the characteristics of the background, the lighting system and ranges from 5,000 to 20 lux for any observation of the production process.

Sources of light

Sources of light. For artificial lighting, incandescent lamps and gas-discharge (fluorescent) lamps are used. When choosing sources of artificial lighting, their electrical, lighting, design, operational and economic indicators should be taken into account.

The lamps are placed in lighting fixtures (together they are called lamps), designed to redistribute the light flux, protect the eyes from glare and the lamp from contamination, ensure electrical, explosion and fire safety, and protection from moisture.

Important characteristics of a luminaire are the protective angle and the luminaire efficiency factor (COP). The protective angle of the lamp is the angle within which the observer's eye is protected from the glare of the lamp and which is formed by the horizontal and a line tangent to the luminous body and the edge of the reflector edge. The smallest angle value is 15 degrees.

The efficiency of a luminaire is the ratio of the luminous flux of a luminaire to the luminous flux of the lamps in this luminaire. In modern lamps, the efficiency is 60-80%.

Classification of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and (or) danger

In accordance with the classification provided for in Article 14 of Law No. 426-FZ, working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and (or) danger are divided into four classes - optimal (class 1), acceptable (class 2), harmful (class 3) and dangerous (class 4). class) working conditions. In this case, hazardous working conditions (class 3) are divided into 4 subclasses corresponding to a certain degree of harmfulness:

• - subclass 3.1 (harmful working conditions of 1st degree);
• - subclass 3.2 (harmful working conditions of the 2nd degree);
• - subclass 3.3 (harmful working conditions of the 3rd degree);
• - subclass 3.4 (harmful working conditions of 4 degrees).

Since 2014, an additional tariff of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund for special working conditions has been introduced (Table 1).

Table 1. Qualitative composition of workers by age

But if the employer improves working conditions and reduces harmful and dangerous factors, then the additional tariff will decrease.

The difference between a special assessment of working conditions and the workplace certification procedure

A special assessment of working conditions (SOUT) was introduced on January 1, 2014 to replace the certification of workplaces (AWC). Unlike the automated workplace, which described actual values state of working conditions, the new procedure represents a comprehensive scope of work to assess working conditions in the workplace, which addresses issues of labor protection, social security of workers, planning the organization’s expenses for measures to improve the created conditions.

Cancellation of ARM is associated with the unproductiveness of the procedure. Firstly, because one of the main goals was not achieved - improving working conditions in the workplace. Secondly, employers had no particular interest in either carrying it out or in the subsequent implementation of measures to improve the labor protection system at the enterprise.

With a special assessment, everything is a little different: by reducing many barriers in the established procedure, it thereby encourages employers to fulfill their obligations. For example, to reduce the amount of additional insurance tariff payments in Pension Fund Previously, in the Russian Federation, the results of the AWP were not enough; it was necessary to carry out a special assessment itself. By separating the SOUTH into an independent institute, the employer's labor costs were minimized - it is enough to carry out the procedure, and its results will be sufficient to achieve most goals in the field of occupational safety and health (OHS).

The special assessment was allocated to a separate institute, and the procedure has a unique procedure, since SOUT has retained the best experience of the traditional AWP procedure. At first glance, it seems that there are no differences in the procedure and that the special assessment is practically the same certification. But if we analyze in more detail, the special assessment differs from the AWP. SOUT was adopted as part of Federal Law“On a special assessment of working conditions” No. 426-FZ dated December 28, 2013, the automated workplace acted on the basis of Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 342n “On the procedure for conducting an automated workplace assessment on working conditions” dated April 26, 2011. The special assessment was raised to the level of federal law in connection with the Order of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin on replacing jobs with hazardous working conditions. The law was developed in an extremely short time frame in order to start 2014 with a “new leaf”. The Ministry of Labor met the deadline.

The organization of the special assessment remains the responsibility of the employer and the organization conducting the special assessment (Organization for the special assessment), which is engaged on the basis of a civil contract. The rights and responsibilities of organizations under SOUT, as well as employers and employees, in the new order were specified and separated into separate articles. With AWP, the obligations of the participants were contained in the text of the document in a separate form.

By the way, during a special assessment, a new participant appears - a special assessment expert.

Previously, the functions of assessing and recording results were assigned to an automated workplace specialist, who could be any employee who has worked in the laboratory for more than 3 years, has a higher technical education and has completed specialized training courses in the amount of 144 hours. The same requirements remain for the expert. The only thing is that the volume of professional training was reduced to 72 hours and certification was introduced for the first time in the Ministry of Labor. Now this is the only authorized body that can issue a certificate for the right to perform work according to SOUT. And there must be at least five such experts in the laboratory staff, including an occupational health doctor. All information about experts will now be stored in the public domain in a special register of experts of organizations conducting special assessments on the website of the Ministry of Labor.

The composition of the special assessment commission was adjusted. Previously, the certification commission for automated workplaces included representatives of the employer, a labor protection specialist, representatives of the trade union organization and the certifying organization. The special assessment commission is represented by the same composition, with the exception of a representative of the organization conducting the special assessment.

With automated workplaces, all workplaces were subject to certification, with the exception of employees working at computers for less than 50% of the working time. All jobs are subject to special assessment, with the exception of jobs for homeworkers, remote workers and workers who have entered into employment relationships with individuals who are not individual entrepreneurs.

The frequency of assessment remains the same - once every 5 years, except for workplaces that received a positive assessment based on the results. Declaration is provided for them, i.e. confirmation of compliance of working conditions with state standards in the field of occupational safety. The decision on declaration is made by a special assessment expert based on the analysis carried out during the identification of factors.

The employer, having completed the declaration in the prescribed form, is obliged to submit it to the Ministry of Labor.

The document is valid for five years, which is automatically extended without any research if no accidents or occupational diseases occur at the workplace. The concepts of “identification of potentially harmful and dangerous factors in the working environment and labor process (VOPF)” and “declaration of conformity of working conditions” appeared for the first time during a special assessment. Identification involves comparing and establishing a coincidence of existing factors in the workplace with the factors provided for by the classifier of harmful and dangerous production factors. Identification is carried out by an EMS expert at all workplaces. It is not carried out only in relation to workplaces that, according to the results of the AWP, were recognized as harmful or dangerous and in relation to workplaces of “listed workers” (workers whose professions belong to Lists No. 1 and No. 2 for guarantees and compensation). For this group of workplaces, instrumental measurements are always carried out. Regarding declaration. With automated workplaces, there was a procedure similar to that - certification of the organization of work on occupational safety, but it could not in any way influence the fact that certification could not be carried out in the future. The abolition of mandatory certification is in some way a relief for business, since it was carried out on a commercial basis, and declaration was completely free, and also with a number of advantages for employers.

At workplaces where HFPFs have been identified, studies and measurements are carried out to determine the level of exposure to the employee and establish a class of working conditions.

As was the case with AWP. The study of all workplaces without exception was carried out in three stages: assessment of the compliance of working conditions with hygienic standards, assessment of the risk of injury and the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE). Based on the identified indicators, a class of working conditions was established and a package of documents was prepared. With SOUT, an assessment of hygienic standards and the effectiveness of the PPE used is carried out (if the means are effective, then the possibility of reducing the class or subclass of working conditions is provided), but the risk of injury was excluded for a number of reasons.

The timing of the unscheduled special assessment has changed. When introducing a new workplace, new equipment and devices for work, when changing technological operations and changing the used personal protective equipment, in case of accidents or at the request of a trade union organization, an unscheduled special assessment must be carried out within six months from the date of occurrence of these circumstances. Unscheduled certification took place over a period of 1 year.

All results of the special assessment will be submitted to the Federal State System for recording the results of the special assessment. The responsibility for transmitting information lies with the organization according to the SOUT. The employer, in turn, will be required to post on the official website of his company a summary of the results of the special assessment and a list of measures to improve working conditions.

A separate article in the special assessment included requirements for examination of the quality of the results of the special assessment system. A noticeable change - previously it was carried out free of charge, regardless of whether the employer, employee or trade union committee applied for the service, but now:

Quote: `Examination of the quality of SOUT is carried out on a paid basis at the expense of the applicant. This condition in some way limits the rights of employees, since not everyone will like to defend their rights by paying state duty. Despite the fact that SOUT is now the only procedure for assessing working conditions, the results of certification of organizations whose five-year period has not expired will also be valid under SOUT, but no later than December 31, 2018. It is this “transitional five-year period” that will show the results of the adaptation of employers and organizations to SOUT according to the new legal requirements.

Despite technological equipment being improved every year, it is impossible to completely eliminate all risk factors for specialists in the workplace. This circumstance obliges employers to take measures to compensate for the harm caused to the human body. One of these measures is additional payment for hazardous working conditions.

Came into force on January 1, 2014 new law N 426-FZ, which regulates the assessment of the state of the working atmosphere of employees. The concept of workplace certification (AWC) ceases to exist. Special assessment for working conditions or SOUT - this is what is now called a set of identification measures negative influence factors of the labor process on the health of workers. However, the results of institutions that certified their workplaces before 2014 are valid for five years. The same period is set for a special assessment of working conditions.

Degree of hazardous production

If, according to the results of the SOUT, the levels negative influence production factors are higher than permissible standard values, working conditions are characterized as harmful. In this case labor Code provides a number social guarantees for employees forced to work in unsafe workplaces. This point should be recorded in employment contract without fail.

According to Art. 14 of the Federal Law, the degree of hazard is classified depending on the level of negative impact of the harmful component in the workplace as follows:

At the same time, the hazard class can be reduced by one step by providing employees with modern certified personal protective equipment.

Requirements of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for organizations

The specifics of the work process, payment calculations and pension contributions, as well as the specifics of providing leave to employees engaged in hazardous work, are regulated by Articles 219, 92, 117, 147 of the Labor Code. Since the entry into force of the law on labor protection on January 1, 2014, corresponding changes have been made to the labor code.

First of all, the employer must include the degree of harmfulness of production, as well as compensation and guarantees in the employment contract. If this has not been done previously, after a special assessment, an additional agreement is concluded with employees, containing information about working conditions and benefits provided. The company's management must take care not only of the regular implementation of SAL, but also of timely amendments to employee employment contracts. Otherwise, the question may arise about the legality of providing certain payments and carrying out work activities.

The right to increased wages, according to Art. 147 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, have all employees employed in production with a hazard and/or hazard class of 3 (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) or 4. The minimum percentage of salary increase for such categories is 4% of the same type of work with normal conditions.

In this case, the employer has the right to increase the interest rate in accordance with the terms of the collective agreement. This amount is considered part of the salary, not compensation as such, and is therefore taxed equally.

Why should an employer pay extra?

This salary supplement is one of the social measures to support workers, designed to compensate for the damage caused to human health by harmful technological processes. Along with the additional payment, employees may be provided with other benefits: an increase in the number of days annual leave, reducing the length of the working day or week, early retirement, providing employees with dairy products and therapeutic and preventive nutrition, etc. The assignment of appropriate guarantees and compensation is made on the basis of labor legislation and the provisions of the collective agreement, the amount of payments and the right to additional benefits depend on the level hazards of production and are indicated in the employment contract.

Calculation of allowance for hazardous working conditions

Government Decree No. 870 of November 20, 2008 established the minimum bonus rate for employees working in a harmful or dangerous environment; its amount is 4%. After a special assessment, it may be increased. In production, as a rule, provisions for additional payments are included in the collective agreement. When calculating the bonus, the trade union can be guided by the following scheme.

The procedure for determining the amount of additional payment

Due to the lack of modern regulatory documents regulating this area labor relations, as a basis for calculating the premium for harmfulness, it is customary to use the Standard Regulations on the Assessment of Working Conditions dated October 3, 1986.

1. Determination of the hazard class by comparing the maximum acceptable values with real indicators of harmful production.
2. Converting classes to points. According to Appendix N2 of the Model Regulations, the following points correspond to hazard class 3

Subclass 3.4 was first mentioned in 1994 and therefore does not appear in the table. It is logical to assume that it corresponds to 4 points.

Organizations that have introduced hazard class 4 need an emergency set of measures to reduce the negative impact of production factors or reduce the time of such impact.

1. Determining the time of exposure to a negative factor. The amount of the premium is determined based on the time of actual stay under the harmful influence of a particular factor.
2. Establishing the amount of additional payment for harmfulness. When calculating interest rate the sum of all unfavorable factors is taken into account. Clause 1.6 of the Standard Regulations is usually taken as a guideline when calculating

In what cases can compensation for harm be cancelled?

A company that has implemented a set of measures to reduce the negative impact of production factors to an acceptable level is exempt from the obligation to pay surcharges for harmful effects. Such measures include, first of all, the improvement of technological equipment and the provision of employees with personal protective equipment that reduces the harmful effects of harmful components.

If, as a result of the reorganization, the harmfulness was not completely eliminated, but its class was lowered, the employer has the right to reduce the percentage of compensation contributions. Cancellation of the surcharge is also possible in the event of an increase in one or another harmfulness coefficient. The amendments made to the Federal Law in January 2014 imply an increase in the lower limit of permissible values ​​when assessing the harmfulness of production, as a result of which many workers in industrial and chemical field may lose additional accruals. At the employee’s initiative, an appeal may be filed with the inspection body with a request to review the results of the inspection.

According to Law N 426-FZ, organizations are required to provide data on the implementation of special assessments or workplace certification completed before January 2014 to the unified information system for recording inspection results by January 1, 2018.

At each enterprise, regardless of whose ownership it is, the degree of danger and harmfulness of working conditions must be determined (Federal Law No. 426). If there are negative factors, it is necessary to reduce their influence by using personal protective equipment and other methods (Article 210 of the Labor Code). Indicators of the production environment must be closely monitored and not exceed established limits. Ensuring safety in the labor process and training workers in the rules of its observance is the responsibility of the labor protection department (Article 212 of the Labor Code).

Assessment of production conditions

To determine the class of hazards present in the workplace, a commission is created, including experts from licensed companies. Based on the results of the inspection and measurements taken, the degree of deviation of existing indicators from the established standards is established. Thus, a conclusion is made on assigning a certain hazard class to the working conditions. More information about conducting a special assessment of working conditions can be found here.

Work Environment Assessment Parameters

Working conditions mean the total impact on a person of the environment and the labor process itself. When assessing them, a classification of working conditions is carried out according to factors of the working environment. These include (GOST 12.0.002-80):

Excessively exceeding the indicators leads to poor health, loss of strength and loss of concentration, which can lead to injury. Harmful working conditions also contribute to the development of occupational diseases, including reproductive dysfunction. The employee will not be able to effectively perform his duties or will completely lose his ability to work.

The video presents a classification of harmful and dangerous production factors

Working conditions

Depending on the extent to which the parameters of the production environment deviate from the established standards, working conditions are divided into four classes (Article 14 of Federal Law No. 426):

1. Optimal.
2. Acceptable.
3. Harmful.
4. Dangerous.

Of these, the first class and acceptable working conditions - class 2 refer to safe working conditions.

Optimal (Class I)

The first class includes a production environment in which microclimate indicators and labor loads comply with standards. At the same time, other harmful factors are absent or do not exceed safe limits. In such conditions, a person feels light and comfortable and is able to concentrate all his mental and physical strength. There is no risk of health damage or work-related injury. The optimal working conditions are found in offices, banks, and trading companies.

It is worth noting: The first group - optimal working conditions - is extremely rare, since it is very difficult to find a place of work where conditions are created for high performance of employees, and employees do not get tired at the end of the working day. If the inspection determined the working conditions to be safe and harmless, then most likely this will be the second group - acceptable working conditions.

Acceptable (II class)

A safe environment is classified as class 2 working conditions, which means there are some harmful factors at work, but their degree does not exceed . To restore the body that has undergone negative impact, enough time provided for rest. This impact does not have far-reaching consequences and does not affect the health of the employee and his future offspring. Read more about the concept of safe working conditions and their provision in production.

Harmful (III class)

The level of hazardous production conditions of the third class exceeds the indicators established by law. Such conditions lead to occupational diseases and loss of reproductive abilities. The types of hazardous factors are quite numerous. For example, direct contact with infected material among health workers, negative radiation in X-ray rooms, or bright lighting during gas welding. Therefore, the third class of harm is further divided into subclasses depending on the severity of the damage caused.

Subclass 3.1 (harmful conditions of the 1st degree)

When a person is exposed to harmful conditions of the first degree, the body requires more time to return to its normal state. The standard period until the next working day or shift is not enough. In this connection, the physical condition of the body deteriorates and the preconditions for the occurrence of diseases are created. This allows us to define the class of working conditions as the first degree of the third class of harmfulness.

Subclass 3.2 (harmful conditions of degree II)

The second degree of harm is characterized by the presence of production factors that leave irreversible changes in the employee’s body, provoking frequent sick leave. These changes concern those organs and systems that are most susceptible to the influence of existing circumstances. They flow into the initial stage of an occupational disease or its light form without loss of ability to work. The development of the disease takes quite a long time, exceeding fifteen years.

Subclass 3.3 (harmful conditions of degree III)

The presence of harmful factors of the third degree at work contributes to the development of mild and moderate occupational diseases with loss of the ability to perform this work. The likelihood of diseases becoming chronic increases.

Subclass 3.4 (harmful conditions of IV degree)

Working conditions of the fourth degree of harm lead to the appearance of chronic pathologies and severe occupational diseases, accompanied by complete loss of ability to work and disability.

Dangerous (IV class)

The classification of working conditions ends with the fourth class of harmfulness. It occurs infrequently, since it is typical for enterprises where work involves contact with chemicals and radiation that can create a situation that threatens the life of an employee. A harmful working environment causes the emergence of severe diseases that occur in an acute form and are a direct consequence of performing job responsibilities. If conditions of the fourth class of harm have been identified at the workplace, it must be eliminated or re-equipped in accordance with lower hazard indicators.

For information on guarantees and compensation for workers engaged in harmful or dangerous work, see the following video.

Benefits for workers in hazardous professions

Employees working in hazardous working conditions must be provided with benefits in accordance with the hazard class (Article 210 of the Labor Code). The volume of benefits cannot be less than that provided by law. Their specific meaning (for example, the amount of additional payment or additional leave) is indicated in the employment contract, the Regulations on wages and the Internal Regulations (Article 57 of the Labor Code). If desired, the employer can increase compensation by recording this fact in the same documents.

Types of benefits and precautions:

Taxes on payments

All types of compensation payments that are intended to compensate an employee for damage to health are not subject to taxes and are not withheld from them. insurance premiums. These payments are not part of the employee’s salary, but are aimed solely at maintaining health in conditions harmful effects working environment.

1. Reduction of working hours to 36 hours per week (instead of the required 40 hours). Applies if there are classes of working conditions according to SOUT (special assessment of working conditions) 3.3 and 3.4. (Article 92 of the Labor Code).
2. Annual with preservation of average wages for at least a week. Intended for employees working in hazardous conditions of classes 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 (Article 117 of the Labor Code).
3. An additional payment of 4% of earnings for positions accompanied by the third hazard class, regardless of the subclass (Article 147 of the Labor Code).
4. Providing milk in an amount of at least 1.5 liters per day or another product to workers in hazardous professions (specified in List No. 1) of the third hazard class (Government Regulation No. 168).
5. Undergoing periodic medical examinations in order to detect occupational diseases at an early stage (Article 212 of the Labor Code). In addition, employees working in conditions of the third hazard class are subject to additional examinations designed to identify the following diseases:
   1. tuberculosis (Federal Law No. 77);
   2. HIV (Federal Law No. 38);
   3. mental (Federal Law No. 3185-1).
6. Insurance of persons whose work is carried out in conditions of the third hazard class against injuries and accidents (Federal Law No. 125). In the event of such occurrence, the employee is compensated for treatment and provided with a rehabilitation course in a resort institution (Article 17 of the Labor Code).
7. Persons whose working conditions belong to the third class of hazards are prohibited from combining work with another, carried out in similar circumstances.
8. Retirement ahead of schedule for workers in professions listed in Lists No. 1 and No. 2. Namely, at the age of 55 years for men and 50 years for women (Article 30 of Federal Law No. 400). Valid if you have a certain amount of experience in this position.

It must be borne in mind that the issuance of products can be compensated in monetary terms, according to the cost of these products (Order No. 45n). However, additional leave cannot be replaced with cash (Article 126 of the Labor Code). Otherwise, the employee will not receive days off that will relieve him of exposure to harmful factors.

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An employee suffers from an occupational illness. Their severity can be mild or moderate. The employee loses professional ability to work while performing his work;

• fourth degree.

Working in such conditions can lead to the occurrence of serious illnesses. They can be chronic. The employee loses the ability to work in any field. Read also: Certification of workplaces: concept, features, for how many years it is valid. Harmful factors affecting employee health:

• physical factors;
• chemical factors;
• biological factors;
• labor factors.

All of these factors can significantly affect the health and well-being of an employee.

Occupational Safety and Health

Those factors that affect employees of an enterprise during work often have an adverse effect on the body, disrupting its proper functioning. Sometimes unfavorable conditions in the workplace can threaten not only the health, but also the life of the employee.

Therefore, every employee who performs his or her job duties in hazardous conditions is entitled to benefits. They are calculated by the accounting department. The size and form of benefits are determined depending on the class and degree of harmfulness of working conditions.

Attention

Benefits that are due for working in hazardous conditions: timely pension on special terms, provision of milk and other products to employees, changes in working hours, monetary compensation. For example, a normal work week is 40 hours.

Article 14. classification of working conditions

• Approval of the results of analyzes of harmful/hazardous factors.
• Approval of the report on the assessment activities carried out.
• Notification of the expert organization about the previous paragraph.
• Submission of a declaration of compliance of the actual situation with state standards for safe work.
• Familiarization of employees with the assessments made.
• Posting information about assessments on the employer’s official website.
• Notification of the results of the FSS of the Russian Federation.
• Application of the results of assessment activities to improve working conditions, minimize harmful/hazardous work.
Four categories of working conditions The evaluation commission must highlight one of four classes of hazards of a certain labor process:

• optimal;
• acceptable;
• harmful;
• dangerous.

Let's look at each of them in detail.

What are working conditions - classes of working conditions

Optimal Acceptable Harmful Dangerous (extreme) 1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree 4th degree 1 2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 I a 68 (58-77) according to SanPiN according to SanPiN 18 16 14 12 I b 88 (78-97) according to SanPiN according to SanPiN 17 15 13 11 II а 113 (98-129) according to SanPiN according to SanPiN 14 12 10 8 II b 145 (13°-16°) according to SanPiN according to SanPiN 13 11 9 7 III 177 according to SanPiN according to SanPiN 12 1° 8 6 Table No. 57. Classes of working conditions according to air temperature (°C, lower limit) for open areas in cold period year and in cold (unheated) rooms Climatic zone Thermal insulation of clothing Class of working conditions Acceptable Harmful Dangerous (extreme) 1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree 4th degree 2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 I A 0.71 -30 -36 -38.5 - 40.8 -60< 0,6 0,1-0,6 < Рн Отраженная блескость отсутствие наличие Коэффициент пульсации освещенности (Кл, %) Клн Клн Яркость (L, кд/м2) Lн Lн Неравномерность распределения яркости (С, отн.

Classification of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger

1. General provisions.

   
   Here it is explained:

   • main subject of the bill;
   • the concept of “special assessment of working conditions” and its regulation;
   • rights and obligations of both the employee and the employer, and the organization carrying out valuation activities;
   • application of the results of assessing a workplace for harmfulness to life and health in practice.
2. Assessing working conditions.

Harmful working conditions: the concept of degrees 2, 3 and 4 and who belongs to them?

Based on the degree of deviation of the actual levels of factors in the working environment and the labor process from hygienic standards, working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger are conventionally divided into 4 classes: optimal, acceptable, harmful and dangerous (“Guide to the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions" R 2.2.2006-05). Optimal working conditions (class 1) - conditions under which the employee’s health is maintained and the prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of performance. Optimal standards for working environment factors have been established for microclimatic parameters and workload factors.
For other factors, working conditions in which there are no harmful factors or do not exceed levels accepted as safe for the population are conventionally accepted as optimal.

Classes of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger

The chapter is devoted to the process of assessment work:

• organization of the work of the expert commission;
• preparation for starting work;
• identification of potentially dangerous/harmful factors;
• compliance of the state of affairs with state standards for safe work;
• testing/research/measurement of harmful and dangerous working conditions;
• what is subject to mandatory research/measurement to put forward an assessment of working conditions;
• classification of working conditions;
• results of the work of the expert commission;
• features of evaluation of individual jobs;
• section on universal federal information system recording the results of these checks.

• Organizations and experts assessing working conditions.

Classes of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger.

• 1 Degree of harmful working conditions
• 2 Harmful working conditions by class
• 3 Assessment of hazardous working conditions
• 4 Benefits for hazardous working conditions
  • 4.1 Leave for hazardous working conditions
• 5 Certificate of absence of harmful working conditions

Degrees of harmful working conditions What are hazardous working conditions? There are such degrees of harmfulness of work:

• first degree of harm.

Unfavorable factors in the work environment can cause a number of negative health changes that disappear if the employee breaks off contact with them for a long time;

• second degree.

In the work of the employee’s body there are significant changes due to the influence of various factors during operation. They concern mainly those organs that suffer most from this type of activity.

Classes of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment and the labor process Any type professional activity To achieve the ultimate goals, optimally it should be accompanied by the highest productivity and labor efficiency in the absence of signs of impairment of the health status of workers. Ensuring these conditions is based on scientifically developed hygienic standards, according to which working conditions are divided into classes according to the degree of harmfulness and danger.
Hygienic criteria are indicators that characterize the degree of deviation of the parameters of working environment factors and the labor process from current hygienic standards.

Classes of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger table

Sn Sn Table No. 59. Classes of working conditions under the influence of non-ionizing agents electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic fields and radiation) Factor Class of working conditions Optimal Acceptable Harmful Dangerous (extreme) 1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree 4th degree 1 2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Exceeding the maximum permissible limit (times) Geomagnetic field natural. background< 50 Электростатическое поле естеств. фон < 10 Постоянное магнитное поле естеств. фон < 10 Электрические поля промышленной частоты (5° Гц) естеств. фон < 50 40 Magnetic fields industrial frequency (5° Hz) natural. background< 50 ЭМИ, создаваемые ВДТ и ПЭВМ < 50 ЭМИ радиочастотного диапазона: 0,01-0,03 МГц естеств. фон < 10 0,03-3,0 МГц естеств. фон < 10 3,0-30,0 МГц естеств. фон < 10 30,0-300,0 МГц естеств. фон < 10 50 300,0-МГц-300,0 ГГц естеств. фон < 10 50 Таблица № 60.