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Present perfect education table. Present Perfect Simple: aspects of use. Personal experiences or changes that have occurred |
After studying Past, Present and Future Simple, this topic will seem very complex and incomprehensible. As soon as you translate this time into Russian, panic begins. How can one time unite the past and the present? This is precisely the essence of this time. Let's look at the simplest example: I have broken my leg. - I broke my leg. As you can see, the speaker does not give an exact date and time, but simply talks about the fact that in the past he broke his leg and is currently in a cast. Present Perfect (present perfect tense) is formed thanks to the verb have, which appears as an auxiliary verb and a perfect participle. These are the forms that are located in the 3rd column not regular verbs. Have (has) + V3. If you carefully examine the formula, it becomes clear that the past participle is an unchanged part in the sentence, but have (has) will change depending on the person and number of the speaker. In any tense, including the Present Perfect, the rules must be taught in such a way that you can remember them at any time. If you memorize the above diagram, then no problems will arise in solving the exercises. But we shouldn’t stop at one scheme, so let’s move on. Present Perfect: rules and examplesThis time marks the action that has completed at the time of the story. The difficulty of perceiving the Present Perfect tense is that when translating a sentence into our language, verbs indicate the past tense. You should not miss the point that the verbs being translated refer to the present tense, since they are connected with the result of the action performed. Based on this, it is concluded that the action in the Present Perfect was performed in a certain period of time, which is not indicated in the sentence and is not so important. Everything related to Present Perfect rules say that in this time it is strictly forbidden to use words indicating a specific past time: At that moment; Such time circumstances are used only in Past Simple. But in the Present Perfect, the rules allow the use of helping words that indicate this time: Many or several times; Eg: I have run into him several times in the summer camp. “I ran into him several times at summer camp. (That is, the speaker saw the person, but does not name a specific date and time). It is worth noting that the rules characteristic of the Present Perfect are most difficult for beginners to learn English. Let's try to understand them in more depth. When is this tense used?This tense expresses the following concepts: I have been to Italy. Here the speaker means that he has already been to Italy. This means he has experience traveling to this country. 2. Changes that occurred over a period of time. He has grown a beard since the last time I saw him. This example shows an action that occurred in a certain period of time. The speaker did not see the other person for a certain period of time, and by the time they met, the other person had already grown a beard. In such sentences, the second verb is used in the Past Simple (saw) form. 3. Achievements. Our son has learned to play piano. This sentence indicates the guy’s achievements, but at what time he achieved this is not indicated. 4. Unfulfilled but expected action. Nick has not arrived yet. That is, the process is still ongoing and is awaiting completion. The sentence is about a guy who at the time of the dialogue has not yet arrived, but soon he will arrive and the process will be completed. pay attention to the last word yet. At the beginning of studying the topic, it was said that the Present Perfect tense has its own helper words. This word is one of them. It already serves as a signal that this sentence refers to Present time Perfect Tense. 5. Several actions in the past. The team has led the game 5 times so far. In this example, it is clear that the team has played games 5 times so far, but at the time of the story it is still continuing the game. In the Present Perfect tense, the rules allow the use of the following tense adverbials: This week (month). Present Perfect or Past SimplePresent Perfect, Past Simple - the rules for using these tenses are completely different. If in the first case the action that occurred has a connection with the present time, then in the second there is no connection. In the Past Simple the auxiliary verb is did, and in the Present Perfect it is have or has. In the first case, time plays no role. What is important here is the result or the fact that the action was completed. In the second, only the time when the action occurred is important. Below are examples of the use of these tenses: Present Perfect Continuous Simple. Rules of usePresent Perfect Continuous Simple implies a certain process that began in the past time and is still ongoing at the time of the story. To put it simply, this is an action that began in the past tense and by the time of the conversation has either just ended or is still in progress. How is the Present Perfect Continuous Simple formed?Affirmative sentences: I have been reading. Interrogative sentences: Have I been reading? Negative Suggestions: I have not/haven’t been reading. To indicate this time, you need to put the verb to be in the Present Perfect (have been or has been). Then the participle is added to it. To get it, you need to add the ending -ing to the initial form of the word. Cases when used given time: 1. The process began in the past and by the time of the conversation is not completed, but continues. 2. An action that began in the past lasted a certain amount of time, and by the time of the conversation it had already ended. Even though this is a rather complex topic, you should not give up. English grammar is not “Chinese grammar”. You just need to be careful when studying this topic, analyze examples, perform exercises of varying complexity, and remember the rules. Only then will you be able to master the entire grammar of the English language. Many people call present perfect time a “tautology”. And it is not surprising, because an action committed in the past is called the present. Why and why? Switching to “you” with the Present Perfect is not difficult if every nuance of use, education and special occasions analyze and understand in detail. Let's start our acquaintance with the presentation, let's look into the depths of this shade. Like any time in English language,Present Perfect Tense reflects the action. But its specificity is that the action has already been completed, and we see the result from it. In this situation, we do not focus on When an event occurred, we are not interested in it, doesn't matter, but we are now talking about what it entailed and what it led to. For example:
Of course, this is the main characteristic or, as it is also called, function. We will consider all cases of use and comparison below. EducationAccording to the rules for the Present Perfect, we will need auxiliary verbs has/ have, and we will put the semantic one in V 3 (V ed). We remember that everything English verbs divided into correct and incorrect. To form this tense, we will add the ending -ed to the regular ones, and the irregular ones have a special form that will have to be learned (3rd column of the table of irregular verbs). With subject in 3rd person singular (if the subject is expressed by a pronoun or a noun implying: she, he, it) we use has. With everyone else - have. Negation is formed using “not”, which is placed after the auxiliary verb, and in the question have/has is interchanged with the subject. As you can see, there is no need to add or remove anything new, just some rearrangements in the sentence itself. Short forms: I have = I’ve, She has = she’s, we have = we’ve, they have = they’ve, you have = you’ve. have + not = haven’t, has + not = hasn’t UseThe present completed (perfect) tense has several uses in situations. Let's look at each one separately. All actions can be divided into completed and unfinished. 1. Action completed in the past(signal words are: already, yet, still, recently, lately, just).
2. Action unfinished in the past(signal words are: this week, this year, today, this morning, since, for, never, ever).
3. Quite rarely, but you can still find the Present Perfect in subordinate clauses with as soon as, before, till, until, after, when, which is used instead of the Future Perfect (in most cases it is replaced by the Present Simple, especially in colloquial speech)
Comparison of timesWe have already learned when the Present Perfect Simple is used and how it is formed (the word Simple is sometimes added, especially in English grammars, so that students do not confuse it with the Present Perfect Continuous). Everything seems to be clear. But when performing exercises and tests for setting the desired shape verb, difficulties and mistakes often arise, and a mess forms in the head. Time table Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Simple, Past Perfect will help place emphasis on the most important differences.
Adverbs, adverbs or signal words in the Present Perfect
Even after considering all cases of use, their features and comparison, the grammar of the present perfect requires consolidation and solid assimilation. To begin with, you should read and analyze sentences with this tense, which you can read in the article “Examples of sentences in the Present Perfect,” then move on to the tasks that you will also find on our website. The Present Perfect is very often used both in speech and in exams, tests, in other words - everywhere. That is why it is necessary to firmly grasp the basics of one of the most important tenses of English grammar. English grammar is often confusing. But a dead end does not mean hopelessness: you can always return to the starting point and start again. A clear explanation of the rules for the formation and use of the Present Perfect Simple tense - one of the most difficult sections of English grammar for children in grade 5 - will help you choose the right direction and avoid dead-end situations. General informationBefore moving on to explaining the basic rules and nuances of using the Present Perfect tense, it is necessary to understand how this tense form is translated into Russian and what it means: its basic differences from other tenses. Present Perfect Tense is the Present Perfect tense used to describe completed, accomplished actions that have a direct connection with the present, the result of these actions affects the present. The main impulse to use the tense form in question is marker words indicating the uncertainty of time. That's it in a nutshell. Now, in more detail on each point: how to understand what time and how to use it. EducationThe basic rules for the formation of affirmative, interrogative, and negation forms are presented in the following table. With its help, you can understand how the Present Perfect formula is formed and how it “works” in practice.
UseThe Present Perfect Simple tense occupies a special place in English grammar. There are no analogues of Present Perfect Simple in Russian. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and remember in what cases this tense is used: TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this
Companion wordsThe Present Perfect time usually cannot do without the help of its companions - time indicators that indicate that the action began in the past and ended not so long ago:
In English, double negatives are excluded from sentences. Therefore, the adverb never (never) is used in an affirmative sentence. The adverb yet is placed at the end of interrogative or negative sentences. It is not used in affirmatives. What have we learned?We got acquainted with the Present Perfect tense - Present Perfect. We examined the basic rules of education, signs and cases of use of this tense. This summary on the topic “Present Perfect Tense” gives a clear explanation, and is an excellent guide for dummies, that is, for beginners learning English, and for advanced students. Test on the topicArticle ratingAverage rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 306. Present Perfect– present perfect tense. The main problem for understanding Present Perfect- that it is often confused with Past Indefinite (Past Simple). After all, we are talking about an action that happened, i.e. from the point of view of the Russian language, it refers to the past. What is the difference with Past Indefinite? After all, this is also the past tense? The fact of the matter is that not too. In English Present Perfect- this is not the past, but present time. With its help, some information about the present is always given, there is a connection with the present. If we are talking about the present, about the result for the present, and not about the past, then we need to use Present Perfect. And if we are talking specifically about the past, about what has already passed, what ended in the past and has no connection with the present, then you need to use Past Indefinite. There are two keys to understanding time Present Perfect. First - connection with the present, and second - importance of the result of the action for the present, and not for the time of the action in the past. This is the difference between Present Perfect and Past Indefinite. Present Perfect used if the action has been completed by now or has just ended. And although the action relates to the past, the main thing is that it has a connection with the present. The action belongs to the past, and the result belongs to the present. Signs Present Perfect are the words: never(never), ever(ever) often(often), just(just now), already(already), yet(more), always(Always), rarely(rarely), etc. Example I've just finished my work. - I just finished work. Education Present PerfectPresent Perfect formed using an auxiliary verb to have/has and the third form of the semantic verb (Past Participle). The third form of regular verbs is formed using the ending - ed, and for incorrect ones see Irregular Verbs . Abbreviated forms Using the Present Perfect1. The action occurred at an unspecified time in the past (it is not the time that is important, but the result)Expiration time is not specified. We do not know exactly when the action took place, or time does not matter. The action happened in the past at all, no matter when. It is not the time of the action that is important, but its result. We think not about a past action, but about its result for the present. Examples I've seen this movie. - I saw this film. Mike has traveled a lot. - Mike traveled a lot. I saw this movie when I was a child. - I saw this film when I was a child. The action refers to a period that ended in the past, because now I am no longer a child. Therefore, Past Indefinite is used here. Mike traveled a lot from 1990 to 1995. - Mike traveled a lot from 1990 to 1995. And here the period of action ended in the past. Therefore, Past Indefinite is also used here. In interrogative sentences like When..? What time...? Past Indefinite is used rather than Present Perfect because time is important here (When? What time?), and not the result. Examples But if the result is important (Did she come? Did they leave?), then it is used Present Perfect. Examples 2. The action began in the past, continues in the present and can continue in the future.The words can be used since(since) and for(during). Examples We have lived in Kiev since 1985. - We have lived in Kyiv since 1985. She has been my teacher of music for many years. - She was my music teacher for many years. Difference between Present Perfect and Past Indefinite (Past Simple) Past Indefinite is used to describe an action that ended in the past and has no connection with the present. We lived in Kiev until 1985. - We lived in Kyiv until 1985. 3. The time for completing a completed action is determined by the words just (just), already (already), yet (yet)There is a clear connection with the present: just now, already, yet! Examples I've just written a letter. - I just wrote a letter. 4. The action took place during a period that has not yet endedA period that has not yet ended could be: today(Today), this morning(this morning), this week(this week), this month(this month), this year(this year), etc., and even the whole life! Period that ended: yesterday(yesterday), last week(last week), last month(last month), last year(last year), etc. And even, for example, this morning, if the morning has already ended and the day has come! Examples Mary has called her son this morning. - Mary called her son in the morning. I have never been to China. - I have never been to China. Here one could add - never (or ever) In my life! I've never been to China in my life. The period of action (in this example - life) has not yet ended. Difference between Present Perfect and Past Indefinite Past Indefinite: The action took place in a time period that has ended. For example, yesterday(yesterday), last week(last week), last month(last month), last year(last year). Examples I’ve had a cup of tea this morning. - I drank a cup of tea in the morning. But if the morning has already ended (after 12:00), and the day has come, then the situation has changed dramatically: I had a cup of tea this morning. - I drank a cup of tea in the morning. 5. Description of events of the recent pastUsually the words used are recently(recently), lately(recently, recently). Examples He has come back recently. - He returned recently. The recent past is recent because it has a connection with the present. Essentially, this means that the time period has not yet ended (see point 4). 6. The action occurs for the first (second, third, etc.) timeExamples It’s the first time I’ve been here. - This is my first time here. Attention! Not I do, but I've done! NotePay attention to the difference in the use of verbs gone And been. Once upon a time there lived Jack. And so he decided to go to France. Jack has gone to France. - Jack went to France. But then Jack returned, and now he is back in his homeland. Jack has been to France. - Jack was in France. |
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