After getting a head injury, the consequences will depend on the severity of the injury.  In some situations, injury can cause disability or be fatal. Therefore, it is recommended to learn to recognize the severity of injury and be able to provide first aid. Timely and correct assistance often helps to avoid serious consequences of head trauma.

According to statistics, about 30% of all traumatic brain injuries occur in injuries that violate the integrity of the skull, from the brain.

1 Classification of Traumatic Brain Injuries

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex of contact (soft tissues of the face and head, bones of the skull and facial skeleton) and intracranial injuries (substances of the brain and its membranes) that have a single mechanism and the same duration of formation.

1. Open Due to severe mechanical damage to the head, resulting in a violation of the integrity of the skull. As a result of such an injury, the meninges are damaged. There is also a risk of infection.
2. Closed. Soft tissues of the head are damaged without compromising the integrity of the skull.

Unlike closed, it is considered less dangerous, since the contents of the skull does not come into contact with the external environment.

Depending on the form of TBI and the force that provoked mechanical damage, head injuries differ in severity:

1. Mild degree Does not constitute a special danger to the life of the patient. As a rule, with a mild degree, the integrity of the skin is not disturbed, but a hematoma may occur. After injury, the victim may experience light dizziness, headache, and nausea. Sometimes there are cases when the victim has amnesia of varying degrees of duration.
2. Medium degree. In case of contusion of this severity, fractures of the bones at the base and vault of the skull can be diagnosed, as well as extensive. After such an injury, the patient experiences severe headache and nausea. Vomiting may occur. The victim may have memory lapses, tachycardia or bradycardia. Depending on the area of ​​the head on which the blow fell, the victim has focal symptoms. Pupillary and oculomotor disorders, loss of sensation, weakening of the motor function of the muscles and speech problems occur.
3. Heavy degree. Violation of the integrity of the cranial box, the occurrence of intracerebral hematomas and damage to brain tissue. In addition to the symptoms characteristic of moderate severity, in severe form, the patient may experience neurological symptoms in the form of epileptic seizures.

2 Consequences of traumatic brain injury

With closed CCT, formed as a result of a weak mechanical shock on a flat surface, as a rule, there is no violation of the integrity of the skin. There is a possibility of loss of consciousness, but it is short and can last up to several seconds. The presence of sensations such as headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, indicates a concussion of the brain. For a period of time, the patient will experience a disturbance in the interaction between different parts of the brain. The patient's condition improves within 24-48 hours after injury.

With a concussion or the consequences will depend on the severity of the damage. Depending on which area of ​​the brain was exposed to mechanical stress, the corresponding consequences arise.

As a result of the injury, small vessels may rupture, which will result in the formation of small hemorrhages.

If there is a rupture of the brain tissue by a fragment of the skull bone, a concussion occurs. In such a situation, the consequences of a head injury occur instantly. The victim loses consciousness for a long time. Having regained consciousness, the victim may experience partial or complete loss of memory, as well as local symptoms of a neurological nature. Some consequences of this type of head injury can manifest themselves after a certain period of time in the form of epilepsy or sudden coma.

If, as a result of the injury, the brain was squeezed by the cranium due to hemorrhage or the intake of the cranial bones themselves, then the victim, in addition to headache and nausea, appears to change the heartbeat and drowsiness.

The consequence of the tension and rupture of axons (non-branching processes of neurons, which are responsible for carrying signals to the muscles) leads to diffuse axonal damage, which manifests itself in the form of coma. Coma can last up to 3 weeks. There is a possibility that it can go into a vegetative state. While the person is in a coma, he has a change in the activity of vital functions. Their rhythm changes. Further prognosis of the patient will depend on his age and the severity of the injury.

The effects of TBI can be felt even after a full course of recovery, especially if the degree of damage was severe. As a rule, frustration from the central nervous system are observed. They appear as:

• temporary or permanent loss of limb sensitivity;
• lack of coordination of movements;
• reduced quality of vision;
• mental disorders.

When rendering first aid, it is necessary to behave very carefully. It is necessary to avoid pressure and unnecessary movements. It is very important not to carry the infection, because meningitis or encephalitis can join the head injury, which will complicate the treatment process.

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• Do you throw out your irritability on your relatives and colleagues?

Stop tolerating it, you can’t wait any longer, delaying with treatment. Read what Elena Malysheva advises and find out how to get rid of these problems.

Head injuries are one of the most common injuries. According to statistics, they get every second person. Moreover, damage to the cranium and brain is considered the most dangerous for a person in terms of consequences that may not appear immediately, but weeks or even months after a bruise, impact, or fall.

The severity of the consequences of traumatic brain injury

Why one person after an injury, and another for life is bedridden? Why for someone from injured head damage and even the brain passes without consequences, and someone's life after TBI will never be the same? The success of recovery and complications after traumatic brain injury depend on several factors:

• character - the more damage, the deeper their penetration, the more difficult the process of recovery;
• speed of medical care - the sooner the victim gets to the doctor, the higher the likelihood that the consequences will be minimized as much as possible;
• patient age - the younger the victim, the easier it will be to recover.

According to statistics, with a slight head injury, every second person at the age of about 20 years shows practically no consequences. If the patient is aged 60 or older, the nature of TBI is defined as severe, then the chance of a fatal outcome is about 80%.

Easy head injury and its consequences

A slight head injury can go away without any consequences at all, or they will be soft and short-term. In other cases, after a concussion of the brain or with a slight injury to it, the victim may lose consciousness and memory for a while. All the consequences of such an injury are reversible, are present in a person’s life for a short time:

• headaches after a head injury;
•   after a head injury;
• vomiting, nausea;
• sleep problems;
• irritability;
• excessive sweating;
• fast fatiguability.

In case of slight head injuries, the patient returns to normal within two weeks. If light injuries occur more than once, then sleep disorders, headaches, memory problems may be present in a person's life periodically throughout life, but not affect his ability to work.

Head injury of moderate severity and its consequences

The consequences of a head injury of moderate severity (severe contusion, partial brain damage, fracture of the skull base) are more serious. A patient may experience for a long time:

• partial loss of vision;
• spasms of the extremities, paralysis of the neck muscles;
• mental disorders;
• amnesia;
• heart rhythm disorder.

The recovery process after such damage may take from one to one and a half months or even more.

Severe head injury and its consequences

The consequences of severe traumatic brain injury (after severe brain contusions, squeezing, hemorrhage, open fractures of the skull itself) can permanently turn off a person from his usual life, even lead to death. This happens in every second case. Coma as a consequence of traumatic brain injury is also very common after severe head injury.

But even with a favorable option, when the patient manages to maintain a meaningful life, there is no need to talk about the full restoration of his health. Failures in memory, problems with vision, hearing and speech, respiratory disorders, heart rhythm, loss of sensitivity, weakness and convulsions - all this can be the consequences of a severe traumatic brain injury for a long period.

These consequences can manifest as immediately after the incident, and after years, but often they disturb a person throughout his life. In addition, every second person after severe head injury expects:

• partial disability when mental disorders, neurological pathologies (acute psychosis, incoordination, partial paralysis) are diagnosed, in which a person’s ability to work is lost, but he is able to serve himself;
• complete disability when the patient needs constant care, as he cannot take care of himself;
• coma of varying degrees of depth at which the body supports the work of the organs, but the person himself does not respond to the outside world;
• death.

Important! After TBI, the personality of a person can change to such an extent that relatives and close people will no longer recognize him. The emergence of new, often negative character traits along with uncontrolled outbreaks of aggression can make living together with a patient intolerable.

Is there life after a brain injury?

Traumatic brain injury is not a sentence. The consequences after it are not unambiguous - they are individual. If rehabilitation is carried out promptly and competently, if the victim is supported not only surgical, medical, but also psychological, there is a chance that he will remain active, even despite the severity and nature of the injuries.

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Greetings, dear guests and readers of my blog. Blog-neurologist, who is dedicated to the rehabilitation after strokes and injuries, leading to disruption of the nervous system (head and spinal cord injuries, infectious diseases, operations, etc.). Today talk about traumatic brain injury  and what it is fraught with for further life, that is, the prognosis for both health and life itself, bearing in mind its social side. For many who have been touched by a head injury, be it the person himself, who happened to have it, or his relatives and relatives, sooner or later the question arises: “What's next ...? ... how next? ”And so on. And the fact that further depends very closely on what degree of injury was received.

The consequences of TBI directly depend on the severity of the injury, and only then on the quality of care provided, the duration of rehabilitation, etc.

The severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the consequences.

In short, I will write what I wanted to say about the quality of life and the consequences of the transferred traumatic brain injury  from its severity. I will describe on concrete examples from my practice, without going into details of their classification and dry terms. I will describe 3 typical cases corresponding to the degrees of severity of injury, below in the article we will examine them in more detail.

Case number 1. The pronounced effects that can make a disabled person out of a healthy person can occur after a severe injury, accompanied by a fracture of the bones of the skull base, intracerebral hematomas and multiple contusion foci in the substance of the brain. The presence of contusion foci has been established with the help of. The prognosis of recovery worsens a long stay in a coma, when an injured person can stay for weeks or even months unconscious.

Example : a man of mature age was admitted to the hospital in an unconscious state; he was taken from the accident site by ambulance. After examination and examination by specialists (neurologist, neurosurgeon, resuscitator), the diagnosis was made: Open craniocerebral injury (OCMT). Brain contusion of 01.12.2014 with multiple contusion foci in both frontal lobes. Posttraumatic (SAC). Coma 1 tbsp. Bruised soft tissue wound of the left temporal-frontal region. Abrasions of the face. Hospitalized in the intensive care unit.

Case number 2. Moderately pronounced effects of TBI occur, as a rule, after a moderate injury and are impaired functions that can persist for weeks or months, but are not pronounced.

Example : a young man, after blows to the head, inflicted in a fight, lost consciousness for 10 minutes, then came to his senses and independently went to the hospital, where, after passing the examination, he was diagnosed with closed injury injury (closed head injury). Brain contusion of moderate severity from 01.12.2014, with the formation of a single contusion focus in the left temporal lobe. (contusion focus detected during computed tomography). Hospitalized in the neurosurgery department.

Case number 3. Mild traumatic brain injury, as a rule, leaves no lasting effects. The recovery period is often limited to one month, in some cases, sleep disturbances, recurrent headaches, panic attacks, and memory impairment may remain. These effects are more likely in the case of repeated head injuries.

Example : An elderly woman, slipping on a slippery surface, fell and hit her head against a hard surface. For a short period of time she lost consciousness (up to 30 seconds), recovering herself, felt nausea and headache. She asked for help in an ambulance. He was hospitalized in the emergency department of a local hospital, where, after being examined by a duty traumatologist and a neurologist, she was diagnosed with closed craniocerebral injury. Concussion of the brain (SGM) from 12/01/2014, was hospitalized in the casualty department for further treatment.

Contusion and concussion: a prognosis for health and life.

Now we will sort out, in order, the prognosis for life and health for each specified case above.

Case number 1. This case is the most serious of the described 3. With such injuries a very high risk to life, mortality is high. If a person survives, then most likely there will be gross lesions of the central nervous system. This concept is broad and I will try to describe in more detail what is at stake. Large areas of the brain are damaged and the loss of functions is significant: with respect to movements, there may be a decrease in strength in all the extremities of the body, as well as in half of the body or hemiparesis, to which, after a few months (usually from 3), muscle growth increases tonus (spasticity). This makes it difficult to move independently. It is impossible to say unequivocally, sometimes, such people are restored to a good level, when they themselves walk without assistance, but cases of further lying down are not uncommon.

Often, such injuries are accompanied by reduced vision as a result of loss of visual fields (hemianopsia), which are responsible for damaged areas of the brain or trauma of the optic nerves, which can lead to their complete atrophy in the future. The character of a person can change dramatically, along with the loss or decline of mental abilities. Possible memory loss, past or current events.

The personality of the victim changes; sometimes, he may become unrecognizable by his close ones, due to a dramatic change in character traits and the appearance of new features, often negative ones. These include outbursts of aggression, indifference, apathy, or periods of irritability. Epileptic seizures are not uncommon after severe brain contusion.

Case 2. Brain contusion of moderate and mild severity can make a person disabled at least 3-4 weeks, sometimes more. Despite the loss of the functions of the nervous system, decreased sensitivity (hypesthesia), impaired coordination of movements, they are rarely persistent and are restored within a couple of months. A frequent consequence are headaches that can disturb for several months, then pass.

There is usually no lasting disability, those who suffered from a head injury after a couple of months live the same life without any significant differences from ordinary people. Up to half a year, periodic pains in the head and (or) panic attacks can occur — attacks of palpitations, sweating, fear and lack of air, but this is not always the case.

It is very difficult to predict the course of a traumatic disease for many reasons. It depends on the severity of the injury and on the time elapsed after TBI, on the severity of the injured person’s life, his gender, age, profession, educational level, etc. Therefore, from the point of view of the possibility of eliminating or minimizing the limitations of life and the possibility of maximal social and labor rehabilitation of the victim, the following prognostically significant points should be considered:

Despite the development of modern technologies to help patients who have suffered a traumatic brain injury, unfortunately, many more people die or become disabled as a result of a previous brain injury. F.V. Oleshkevich (1998) indicates that mortality in severe brain injury reaches 50% -60%, while 25% -50% of those with severe TBI die at the scene of the accident or on the way to hospital. Yu.V. Alekseenko, R.N. Protas (1995) confirm this data, indicating that mortality in all forms of severe TBI is up to 30%. E.I. Gusev et al. (2000) cite data that in Russia about 10% of victims die from all forms of TBI every year and as many more become disabled.

After a long time after TBI, the effects of not only severe, but also moderate and even mild brain injury, which often lead to disability of a person, are actively manifested.

The age of the victim at the time of injury.

The outcome of severe brain damage, accompanied by a long-term disorder of consciousness, depends largely on the age of the patients.

Scientists and neuroscientists are unanimous that the prognosis for life and the restoration of mental functions is quite favorable for young people, in whom their nervous and mental functions are more fully restored than in older people.

These data are confirmed by the studies of A.N. Konovalova et al. (1994), who argue that with severe traumatic brain injury, there is a dependence of a reduction in good function recovery from 44% in children and 39% in young people to 20% in elderly and old people.

Topeka lesions and the nature of the clinical syndrome.

  Of course, the transferred open head injury with severe cerebral disorders do not allow to expect a more favorable course and outcome than the transferred closed head injury, manifested in the form of moderate cerebral focal syndrome. The course of the post-traumatic period is determined by a number of difficult intertwining factors.among which great importance is attached to the nature and mechanisms of injury, the predominant localization of anatomical changes, the severity of impaired function of nonspecific structures of the limbic-reticular complex, the complex interrelationship of organic, reactive neurological and personal components, the interrelationship of cerebral and somatic disorders, various exogenous social and endogenous factors .

However, Yu.D. Arbatskaya indicates that only in the first 6-12 months after traumatic brain injury there is a certain parallelism between the severity of the injury and the disability of patients. In the long-term period of injury, there are no significant differences in the consequences of light and moderate injury. Gradually, the clinical picture of the disease is coming closer, in which the focal organic symptoms are smoothed and the general neurodynamic disorders of the post-communal type with neurosis-like and other manifestations are increasingly coming to the fore.

In the future, the structure and severity of violations of various functions, the type of the course of the disease, the profession of the patient and the working conditions become very important. For external clinical recovery and patient well-being often hides the reduced mobility of the nervous system, which is easily manifested in adverse working and living conditions.

Timely and quality assistance to victims.

  The successful course of the post-traumatic period, favorable not only clinical, but also labor prognosis for people who have suffered a brain injury, depends largely on the timely provision of first-aid, long-term treatment and rehabilitation periods aimed at eliminating the consequences of injury.

Special attention should be paid to the fact that strict adherence to the treatment regime and the timing of temporary disability in the acute period of traumatic brain injury is combined with the timely return of the patient to the work shown for his health condition. At the same time, special attention is paid to a minor injury, in which there is an underestimation of the condition, the refusal of hospitalization, early discharge, a premature return to work and, as a result, adverse course of the disease.

These injuries are characterized by the fact that they are absent, or there is a very short-term loss of consciousness, there are no significant violations of the general condition of patients and persistent neurological syndromes. Having suffered such injuries often do not even seek medical help in the acute period of the disease.

Meanwhile, even after mild TBI, the changes in the meninges, the inferiority of the vegetative and nonspecific structures, which over time more and more affect the patient's adaptation capabilities, may persist for many years.

Quite often, light head injuries are a “risk factor” for the development of hypertension and cerebral atherosclerosis, potentiate and aggravate the course of cardiovascular diseases, exacerbate the pathology of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and the psychopathology of different genesis.

Social factors: education, profession, qualifications, working conditions, life, etc.

Social factors are also of great importance in assessing the outcome of TBI, since the presence of higher and specialized secondary education, high qualifications in their profession suggest a larger range of proposals in rational employment of the victim. At the same time, installation on the labor of the patient, his personality traits of character, installation on rehabilitation, etc. is of great importance.

Currently, the problem of consequences production traumatic brain injury  due to higher socio-labor maladjustment of patients than in domestic injuries.

The dissociation often observed in these patients between the abundance of complaints, the scarcity of objective manifestations and the diversity of behavioral deviations ( aggravation, claim, pseudodement, explosive, quartilucent, etc.) lead to the use of unacceptable terms “traumatic neurosis” and “subjective post-traumatic syndrome” in clinical practice.

Here, the moral aspect is very prominent, as expressed in the socially significant attitudes of the patients, which they are significant in relation to the care of the state for the fate of the disabled. These positions have a significant impact on the level of social and labor prognosis and legal disability of patients and manifest themselves both in counteracting the disease and in striving to preserve the benefits caused by brain injuries.

Many authors point out that the approach to work should be carried out in the hospital, which should include psychological laboratories, “patient schools” and workshops. Already in the early recovery period, TBI requires professional orientation of patients. A return to work should take place gradually, against the background of continuing physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises, speech rehabilitation and professional skills.

In general, it should be noted that with mild TBI, the prognosis for life and disability in most cases is favorable , although this type of injury may lead to decompensation of previously existing diseases and / or the emergence of new syndromes of varying severity.

The outcome of moderately severe TBI is also in most cases favorable. however, various degrees of disability may occur, which may lead to disability of the patient.

Severe brain injury as mentioned above is often fatal., and almost half of the survivors have significant disability, ending in social insufficiency of varying severity.

  Variants of the course of traumatic disease.

In this case, the following can occur options for traumatic disease:

1) regredient  with the ongoing stabilization of clinical symptoms and maximum rehabilitation of the patient; observed mainly in children, young and middle-aged people. In the elderly and the elderly, such an outcome is rare;

2) remittingwith periods of decompensation of the direct effects of injury and remission; reasons - repeated injuries, intoxication, infections, contraindicated working conditions, etc .; there is no direct relationship between the nature, severity of the injury, the time of decompensation and progression;

3) progressive  with an increase in the severity of neurological symptoms, mental disorders, the manifestation and development of vascular lesions (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis); vascular manifestations of traumatic disease in 40% of elderly patients significantly aggravate other effects of TBI.

L.B. Likhterman in a systematic classification of craniocerebral injury leads variants of outcomes of brain injury according to the Glasgow outcome scale: good recovery, moderate disability, gross disability, vegetative state, death.

Consequences after traumatic brain injury

In general, it can be stated that the factors contributing to a good outcome of TBI are: mild or moderate trauma, young age, lack of neurological and / or mental deficiency, timely assistance, rehabilitation measures, preservation of professional fitness for patients, positive attitude to work.

Factors contributing to the exit of the patient who has had TBI on disability are: severe injury, pre-retirement or retirement age, the presence of neurological and / or mental deficiency, untimely care, lack of follow-up and rehabilitation, loss of professional fitness, a negative attitude to work, the presence of a defect in the skull corresponding to the concept of "pronounced anatomical defect."Ctrl + Enter.

Current and consequences after traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury is a mechanical defect of the skull with its contents - the brain and its shells. Traumatic brain injury, or abbreviated TBI, is the most common type of injury that accompanies almost any area of ​​life. This is a dangerous injury, unfortunately, not rare in our days. There are many classifications of this damage. Head injuries are divided by type, type, nature, form and severity, by periods of course, outcomes.

Depending on the biomechanism of injury, the following types of it are distinguished:

• Shock-shock, when the force of the shock wave from the point of impact reaches the opposite side of the skull, spreading through the brain and its shell. With this impact, rapid pressure drops occur in the skull;
• Acceleration-deceleration, in which there is a shift of the big hemispheres of the brain in relation to its most fixed part - the trunk;
• Mixed, which is accompanied by the influence of both mechanisms simultaneously.

Head injuries are divided according to the type of damage:

• Focal, which is characterized by local macrostructural damage to the substance of the brain in the area of ​​impact;
• Diffuse, in which there is multiple spread of damage in one area of ​​the brain;
• Combined, which combines the defeat of different parts of the brain.

According to the origin of the injury, it is divided into:

• Primary - damage resulting from the impact of some force from the outside - as a result of an accident, during a sporting event, in a domestic conflict, in production;
• Secondary, which was the result of the delayed manifestation of intracranial factors - hematomas and brain edema, hemorrhages, disturbances in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid or blood, arterial hypertension, hypercapnia.

Depending on the nature of traumatic brain injury, emit:

• Closed, in which there is no external disturbance of the integument of the head, that is, these injuries are not accompanied by damage to the skin. The trauma itself is localized inside the skull and does not come out. Closed head injury is dangerous because it is not always possible to fix the injury itself, since it may not be the external manifestations. Because of this, treatment is delayed, and therefore precious time is missed;
• Open penetrating, which is associated with damage to the external covers of the head and dura mater, with the penetration of traumatic material into the skull and specifically outside the outer lining of the brain. Any open injury communicates with the external environment. This type of injury is especially dangerous for infection, since the damaged area has a direct connection with the outside world, and the cranium is no longer tight;
• Open non-penetrating, in which there is a violation of the integrity of the skin of the head, but there is no penetration of the traumatic force through the hard shell of the brain. Also high risk of infection, as in the previous version. However, the severity of infection is usually less severe, since there is no connection of the environment directly with the brain.

Depending on the severity of craniocerebral injury, it is divided into 3 degrees:

• Light, which is not accompanied by serious violations and proceeds through the period of rapid recovery;
• Medium at which damage requires a long rehabilitation period;
• Severe, accompanied by life threatening patient consequences. Such injuries require prolonged treatment, which is laborious and does not always lead to recovery.

There is a special point scale to determine the severity of the patient's condition after a traumatic brain injury. This is the scale of Glasgow. With its help, several major aspects of the condition are evaluated. A mild grade is estimated at 13-15 points, moderate to 9-12 points, and severe from 8 points and below.

Depending on the clinical manifestations, the following forms of cranial trauma are distinguished:

• Brain concussion;
• Brain contusion, which varies from mild, moderate and severe;
• Diffuse axonal damage to the brain;
• Compression of the brain;
• Crushing brain.

Symptomatic picture of traumatic brain injury

Signs of damage to the head do not cause difficulties, since the external manifestations of injury do not take long to wait. Depending on the severity, signs of damage will vary. The main symptoms of cranial injury characteristic of its moderate severity are:

• Loss of consciousness, which continues depending on the severity of the blow. It can only last a couple of minutes, and can take many days. Consciousness can be disturbed by the type of stupor, when a person is slowed down and hardly understands what is happening. By the type of spoor, when a person is as if stunned and loses touch with others. And also by the type of coma, in which a person does not react to any external stimuli, and his consciousness is completely turned off, only vital organs work. develops immediately after injury;
• Severe headache, which is localized at the beginning at the site of injury, and then can capture the entire head;
• Nausea and vomiting that do not relieve a person;
• Vertigo, in which there is confusion of space and a person can not navigate;
• Changing the shade of the face with its redness or blanching, as well as excessive sweating;
• Apparent violation of bone structures, as well as the soft covers of the head in open injury. The patient may have visible bones and brain matter;
• Hematoma - accumulation of blood under the skin as a result of hemorrhage. Depending on the place of impact, the hematoma may be located around the eyes - a “symptom of glasses”, behind the ears, on the forehead, nape, temporal region or parietal;
• Liquorrhea or the discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose or ears. Normally, cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the brain and is utilized by it, without going outside. Violation of the integrity of the bones of the skull or the brain itself leads to the formation of a defect through which the CSF can go outside;
• Seizures that manifest as involuntary contractions of the arm or leg muscle group, which may be accompanied by loss of consciousness, involuntary urination or defecation, and biting of the tongue;
• Amnesia, that is, loss of memory, which can go like a retrograde - while the person does not remember what preceded the injury, and maybe anterograde, which is accompanied by loss of memory on the events that occurred after the injury.

Depending on the damage to a specific area of ​​the brain, the symptoms may vary. Trauma to the frontal lobe leads to the following symptoms:

• A speech center disorder - aphasia, with the appearance of inarticulate speech;
• Disturbance of orientation in space with the appearance of unsteady gait, people are not stable and can fall, again being injured;
• The appearance of weakness in the limbs, which can manifest itself in a hemitype, that is, it can be localized on one side, grasping either one left arm and legs, or one right arm and leg.

Trauma of the temporal region is accompanied by the following disorders:

• A speech disorder, at which the patient may not understand the appeal to himself, although he parses the speech;
• Loss of field of view in whole or in part. The field of view is the area seen by the eye in a stationary state;
• Cramps.

The defeat of the parietal region contributes to the occurrence of sensitivity disorders - pain, temperature, joint and muscle. Damage that affects the occipital region, cause disorders of the visual sphere with loss of visual fields, up to blindness. Traumatizing the cerebellum is accompanied by:

• Violation of the coordination of the patient, his movements become sweeping and fuzzy;
• Unsteady gait;
• Coarse nystagmus, in which the eyes are very twitching;
• Decreased muscle tone.

Traumatic brain injury and consequences

The consequences after craniocerebral injuries frighten their unfavorable diversity. Depending on the severity of the injury, its nature and location, as well as the individual characteristics of the person, his age group and health status, the consequences for the person will vary. The consequences after suffering a cerebral brain injury may haunt the patient for years, and may pass unnoticed. There are 5 options for resolving cranial trauma:

• Full recovery, in which the consequences do not worry the victim. He continues to live the old life, unrestricted and unrestricted. Such outcomes usually accompany mild trauma;
• Invalidation on a moderate scale, that is, partial, which is accompanied by neurological and mental disorders with the inability to return to professional activities. In this case, the patient is able to serve himself independently;
• Severe disability, that is, complete, in which the patient can not serve himself, he needs the help of a nurse;

• Coma, in which the patient does not respond to surrounding stimuli, his consciousness is absent, the functions of only vital organs are preserved;
• Death.

Complications of craniocerebral injuries can be early and delayed. The early ones appear immediately after the incident, and the delayed time later. Early complications occur:

• Coma;
• Hematoma;
• Hemorrhage;
• Infection.

The remote effects of cranial lesions are:

• Asthenic syndrome;
• Sleep disorder;
• Chronic headache;
• Decreased memory and concentration
• Speech or vision disorder;
• Sensitivity disorders;
• Decrease in motor activity or its absence;
• Convulsive seizures.

First aid for traumatic brain injury

In view of the serious consequences of a head injury, help requires urgent measures. Of course, the first thing to do is call an ambulance. Further actions do not present excessive complexity, but they can help the victim:

• Lay the patient on his back, if he is conscious, trying not to disturb much;
• Lay a person on his side if he is unconscious. This will avoid getting vomit or foreign bodies in the respiratory tract, as well as eliminate the likelihood of depression of the root of the tongue and the subsequent cessation of breathing;
• Do not remove foreign bodies from the wound;
• Apply a sterile dressing to the wound and around it.

Further treatment will be carried out in the hospital after the diagnosis of the patient's condition. Therapy of patients with brain injuries is aimed at relieving high blood pressure, preventing brain edema, restoring hemodynamics, vital functions, neuroprotection and symptomatic treatment with the introduction of antiemetics, painkillers, sedatives.

The patient will be treated after examining his condition and determining the severity of the damage. People who have suffered brain trauma are prohibited from taking alcohol and hard physical labor. In addition to medications, physiotherapy can be prescribed, and surgery may also be required.

The treatment goes into rehabilitation, aimed at restoring the patient's ability to lead an old life. It should be based on the severity of the injury, the condition of the patient and the treatment that was carried out earlier. Patients are shown a complex of exercise therapy, with the restoration of motor activity, as well as training of memory and concentration. All this is necessary for the further professional stabilization of patients.

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