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In the Russian language, as, indeed, in any other, there are a lot of outdated, little-known, uncommon, unusual, incomprehensible words and expressions, in other words - gloss. A collection of such words with explanations is called a glossary.

The author wanted to create a dictionary of rare and forgotten words, and not just obsolete ones. The fact is that not every obsolete word is forgotten and not every rare word is outdated. It is easy to see this if you look into the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov, which almost everyone has at hand. Here, almost a third of the words have signs " obsolete", "ancient". But it is difficult to recognize them as rare and forgotten: they are often used both in literature and in oral speech(amorous, sweetheart, execution). Such words are not included in the glossary. It is quite obvious why: they are well known to the modern reader. Another thing is words like " Grid"(member of the prince's squad)," Custodian" (watchman), " grivoise"(playful, immodest)," shibai" (small dealer) or expressions " man of the twentieth"(employee)," Egyptian virgins"(gypsies)," on the third platoon"(very drunk). Such words and expressions are innumerable, because the layer of words, which is the name of the gloss, in the Russian language is quite powerful.

Many of them are present in the works of Russian writers from Alexander Sumarokov (mid-18th century) to Alexander Blok (early 20th century). Not only a young reader, but also a sophisticated book lover may have difficulty reading masterpieces. domestic literature golden and silver age. Especially in cases where the context does not help to understand the meaning glosses, and in explanatory dictionaries she is absent. This is where the glossary comes in.

This is a popular reference book for the thoughtful reader. belles-lettres. Hence the simplification of the dictionary entry, in which there are no stresses on the head words (they are in their list), grammatical and stylistic marks, indications of direct and figurative word meanings. Not in the tradition of linguistic dictionaries, a quotation from a literary source is framed. This is done so that the reader, according to the intention of the compiler, pays attention first of all to what kind of forgotten word, in what sense, in which writer and poet it occurs. For the inquisitive reader, information is also given about the origin of words, information about some realities.

The author has no doubt that his book is not without flaws, for it has been said French writer 18th century Antoine Rivarol: "There is no such work that would contain more shortcomings than a dictionary." However, the author was consoled by the lexicographer Pierre Boist, a contemporary of Rivarol, who melancholy remarked that "God alone can compose perfect dictionary". (V. P. Somov)

Dictionary of rarely used words, terms and proper names

Adonais (Adonis) - character Greek mythology, a beautiful young man with whom the goddess of love fell in love

Aphrodite, died very young, killed by a boar. The English poet P. B. Shelley gave the nickname Adonais to the poet J. Keats in the elegy of the same name on the death of the latter (1821): for Shelley, the death of the poet was as untimely as the death of Adonis.

Baphomet is a symbolic satanic goat, usually depicted as a half-man-half-goat or a man with a goat's head.

Bityugs are a Russian breed of heavy horses.

To harrow - here: to defend.

Brany - patterned.

Brasno - food, dish.

Buchilo is a vessel in which the laundry is soaked and bleached.

Valkyrie - in Scandinavian mythology, the daughter of the supreme god Wotan, who flies on a winged horse over the battlefield and takes the lives of warriors.

Veksha is a squirrel.

Versha - fishing tackle-trap.

Veshina - a branch, a pole.

Vishnu is one of the supreme gods of the Hindu pantheon, who, together with Brahma and Shiva, is part of the triad (trimurti) and performs the cosmic function of storing the world, acting in it through many of his incarnations, the main of which are Rama and Krishna.

The Vlachs are Eastern Romanesque peoples, here, probably, the Romanians are meant.

Gorlach is a big krinka.

The Hotchkiss cannon is a small, fast-firing, French-made naval cannon.

Gras - single-shot French guns of the Gras system from 20 to 28 caliber, converted from rifles in 1871.

Delos is an island in the Aegean where ancient Greek myths, the gods Apollo and Artemis were born. In ancient times, hymn and musical competitions of Greek choirs from different cities were held on the island.

Jazz band - a small jazz orchestra (up to 10 performers).

To reach - here: to overtake.

Essenes - a Jewish religious sect (2nd century BC - the end of the 1st century AD), a separate and closed brotherhood; believed, like the Pharisees, in the need for personal piety and removal from filth Everyday life, as well as in posthumous retribution (unlike the Sadducees, the Essenes believed in the physical resurrection of the dead); considered themselves the only true Israel.

Zane - because.

Indus even.

Isaiah - biblical prophet who preached, among other things, moral values. "Rejoice, Isaiah!" - sung during the sacrament of marriage.

Kerenzyata are graduates of cadet schools in the second half of 1917, during the reign of A.F. Kerensky.

Comanches are North American Indians.

Scab! - an exclamation meaning a nasty, stupid person or animal.

Kochet is a rooster.

Kruzhalo - here: the old name of taverns.

Cool-gavrila - the wheel of the hand brake of a steam locomotive; the expression "Cool-Gavrila!" means "Release the brakes!".

Kuban - a big krinka, a gourlach.

Kysmet - rock.

Leviathan - a monstrous sea serpent, sometimes identified with Satan, is mentioned in Old Testament(Job 3 8, 40 20 - 41 26; Ps 73 14, 103 26).

Lewis is an English light machine gun from the times of the 1st World War.

Lying - frail, unfit.

Maxim is a heavy machine gun developed by the American gunsmith Hiram Maxim in 1883.

Hominy is a steeply brewed porridge made from cornmeal, which is cut with a special thread or a wooden knife.

Mammon, mammon - belly, stomach.

The Mannlicher rifle is a repeating automatic rifle designed by the Austro-Hungarian gunsmith Ferdinand Mannlicher.

Honey - here in the meaning: light alcoholic drink made from bee honey.

To measure - here in the meaning: to evaluate according to one's own understanding.

Masichka - table (Bulgarian).

The youngest is the youngest.

Molonya - lightning.

Moloss - refers to the breed of large fighting dogs, bred by the Hellenic tribe of Molossians.

Nazarene - the nickname of Jesus Christ, who lived in Nazareth before the beginning of his ministry.

Nishkni - an exclamation meaning: do not shout, shut up.

Sowing - the remnants of sifting grain, in a figurative sense - a girl who was not married.

Oder is an old exhausted horse, a nag.

Wake up - come to your senses, cross yourself, calm down.

Paneva - old women's clothing, homespun skirt.

Parks - three goddesses of fate in ancient Roman mythology: Nona spins a thread human life, Decima winds the thread on the spindle, distributing fate, Morta cuts the thread of fate.

To take revenge - to be heard, to appear.

To honor - to honor.

Razzavod - breeding, keep on razzavod - keep on breeding, for the future.

Rakia is a strong alcoholic drink made from fruits, similar to brandy, popular among the South Slavic peoples.

Stand up! Help, save!

Repetilov is a character in A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", a chatterer mindlessly repeating other people's opinions.

Himself-friend - together.

Hay girl - a yard girl serving the masters, a maid.

Scattered pearls are large and even pearls that can easily roll on the surface.

The tabernacle is a sanctuary.

Stogny - squares and streets of the city.

Tatarva - Tatars (Tatars in ancient Rus' could be called any foreign-speaking peoples).

Teleport - hang out, dangle, walk very slowly.

Tiara - a triple crown, the headdress of the ancient Eastern kings, the Pope.

Fata Morgana - mirages in which objects are seen repeatedly and with various distortions (according to legend, the fairy Morgana, who lives on the seabed, deceives travelers with ghostly visions).

Fatera - living quarters (distortion of the word "apartment").

A roan horse is a gray horse with an admixture of other wool.

The Schwarzlose machine gun is an Austro-Hungarian medium-caliber machine gun.

Extemporale - cool written work on translation from mother tongue to a foreign language without prior preparation; improvisation.

Eleusis (Eleusis) is a city in Attica (Greece), in ancient times known for its mysteries.

Yarilo is the sun.

Note:
THIS IS NOT A WORK OF YU.A. REINHARDT.
Dictionary compiled by publishers and commentators
E.N. Egorova and prot. Pavel Nedosekin
for the convenience of readers.

Reviews

Your dictionary, Yuri Alexandrovich, seemed interesting to me.

Veksha is a squirrel. Hence the name Vekshegonov. I wonder when the Russians forgot the former name of the squirrel? 200 years ago, 300?

Hominy is a steeply brewed porridge made from cornmeal. During the years of the Great Patriotic War the Germans prepared hominy for Russian prisoners. The depleted stomachs of the prisoners, who had not seen food for weeks, could not stand it, and diarrhea (diarrhea) developed everywhere. The number of prisoners in the camp, without any effort on the part of the German administration, naturally decreased by 90%.

Nazarene - the nickname of Jesus Christ, who lived in Nazareth before the beginning of his ministry. Nazarene is also the name of one of the religious sects. The Nazarenes, according to tradition, did not cut their hair and did not wash. The Nazarene was the legendary Samson. It is no wonder that Jesus spent weeks in the Judean wilderness, where he did not cut his hair and did not wash. That was his faith.
It is no coincidence that modern historians will never find the city of Nazareth. He was absent! Jesus is a Nazarene - this does not mean a resident of Nazareth (a city that did not exist). The Nazarene is a faith akin to the Jews.

Ferii are holidays in the ancient Roman calendar.
Well, but how! After all, we all come from the same Indo-European cauldron!
In German, fire is a holiday.

Dear Leo!

The dictionary of rarely used words on the page of Yuri Reinhardt does not exist by itself, but refers to his stories, memories of the Volunteer Army, poems and fairy tales. Moreover, this is not his work: we, the publishers and commentators, compiled the dictionary so that it would be easier for modern readers to perceive the works of Yuri Alexandrovich. Read better his works on his page, follow the links. The page also contains a biographical sketch of him.
As for Jesus the Nazarene, the nickname is precisely for the city of Nazareth. He had nothing to do with the Nazarenes. A veksha squirrel is still called in some dialects. Before the revolution, this name was quite common in the literary Russian language.

Yury Reynardt's leading page
Elena Nikolaevna Egorova

Were there Russians? What was the harlot used for? Who is Hertzumsroll? These and other words in the list of the most interesting hapaxes - words used only once in history

hapaxes(in Greek - ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, hapax legomenon, "named once") - these are words that occur only once in the totality of texts in this language. There should be many such words in every language: according to Zipf's statistical law, the frequency dictionary of any text and any combination of them contains a long tail of "ones". Most of these hapaxes consist of known roots and suffixes and are understandable even to those who have not heard them before. However, some of these words are of particular interest, especially if we are talking about dead languages ​​or literary classics: their meaning is often cryptic, the origin is unclear, and in some cases they are complete phantoms (ghost words) resulting from an erroneous interpretation of the text.

Rusichi

Old Russian language

The most famous ancient Russian hapax is the word Russians. True, it occurs not once, but four times, but only in one short text- "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". But few of our contemporaries are unfamiliar with this word: in dozens of popular books and films, residents Ancient Rus' that's just what they are called, so now the word "Rusich" has become a popular patriotic name for anything: from a subway car to a cinema. And yet themselves East Slavs usually called themselves simply collectively - Rus. No one ancient monument With Russians more could not be found, except for obvious rough fakes like the Veles book. Even in the medieval imitation of the "Word" - "Zadonshchina" - the words Russians not in any of the lists, but there is Russian sons.

For a long time, a minority of scholars defended the view that the Lay, whose only manuscript burned down in 1812, is a forgery. Of course, the name of the inhabitants of Rus', which is not found anywhere else, served these authors as one of the arguments in favor of the falsification of the monument. Now it is shown that this word does not actually contradict the old Russian norms; rare options for -ichi were in most of the names of peoples and denoted "children of a common ancestor." In addition, a similar word was found in Ukrainian folklore Russovichi. "Word" - poetic text, so unusual name could well have been used.

Blood cutter

Old Russian language

In one Old Russian text, the list of property mentions bledorez forged. The "Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries" includes the word "fornication" with the indication "the meaning is unclear." The imagination draws some kind of forged metal tool, the purpose of which is better not to think about.

Linguist Vadim Krysko solved the riddle of the "fornication cutter". This word simply does not exist: the letter “yus” (ѫ) is read not as most often - “y”, but as “yu”, and we have before us simply “a dish - a forged cut”, that is, a dish with a forged carved pattern. The nominative case in such cases also occurs in modern language: for example, in the inscription on the price tag “gloves leather”.

Dzheregelya

Ukrainian language

The father of Ukrainian literature, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, wrote in his poem "Aeneid":

Here the dzheregeli were wedded,
Crushes on the heads.

In the Ukrainian-Russian glossary attached to the "Aeneid", he explained that these are "braids, finely braided and set out in a wreath on the head." Since then, this word has been included in various dictionaries. Ukrainian language, including a small dictionary compiled by the young N.V. Gogol; but all its uses ultimately go back to Kotlyarevsky. Where he got the word from and whether it exactly means what the glossary says is unclear. In the "Etymological Dictionary" of 1985, it is associated with Polish ceregiela("ceremony"), but the meaning of the Polish word is quite different. For a while, the Russian Wikipedia had an article called Dzheregeli, illustrated with a photograph of Yulia Timoshenko, but then it (the article) was deleted.

Gertsum-roll

Belarusian language

AT classical play Yanka Kupala "Tuteyshya" ("Local" or "Local") one hero meets another, carrying a cart with all sorts of junk, and tells him:

“Smoke what’s with you? Qi didn’t you write free men’s hertzum-srolik? - like a wheelbarrow yaki, drumming this brychka with himself.

More belarusian texts with the word gertsum-srolik no. But he managed to find it in the essays in Russian “Journey through Polesye and the Belarusian Territory” by Pavel Shpilevsky, where, when describing the Nemiga floods, it says:

“Since this channel is sometimes quite large, bridges are arranged to cross it: however, fast water demolishes the bridges on the same day as they are arranged, and then you have to move in hired cab carts (in the genus Viennese Zeiselwagen) of the so-called Hertzumsrollers - Jews flying to the shores of Novaya Nemiga in countless numbers and collecting pennies from riders for transportation.

As you can conclude, this word means a Minsk Jew, moonlighting as a cab driver, a kind of "bomb", a "free" non-professional. It is logical to look for its etymology in the Yiddish language. Linguist Alexandra Polyan suggested that it consists of her cu- “hey, you” and “Srolik” (in Ukrainian Yiddish Srul) is a common Jewish name, a diminutive of Israel.

ΣАΣТНР

Ancient Greek

"Chersonese oath" - a monument from the territory of the Crimea (under the present Sevastopol), found on central square ancient city Chersonese Tauride in the 1890s. Dated to the beginning of the 3rd century BC. e. This is a marble slab with a long text of the Chersonese citizen's oath. Among the understandable oaths (“I will not betray anything to anyone, neither the Greeks nor the barbarian”, “I will not violate democracy”, “I will not plot a conspiracy”, “I will be an enemy to malefactors”) there is also this: “I will protect the saster (ΣАΣТНР) for the people”.

No other Greek text of the Old or Modern times has this word. The literature on the saster is enormous. There are many hypotheses, including very eccentric ones. Max Vasmer and Lev Elnitsky, for example, believed that the saster was the Scythian governor of Chersonese, S. A. Zhebelev believed that this was some kind of sacred object, for example, an idol; V. V. Latyshev (the first publisher of the inscription) - that this is a kind of legal concept, for example, a civil oath. Parallels were searched for this word in Iranian and other languages. Appeared historical novels, where the sacred saster appears towering over the Chersonese shore; in Sevastopol, a festival called "Saster of Chersonese" was held. On the Internet, you can listen to a song with the words “And I’ll find a magical saster” (with an emphasis on “a”) and read verses with the line “An unknown saster melting from us” (with an emphasis on “e”).

But what is or who is the “saster”, which (whom) the Chersonesos had to protect for the people, no one knows for sure. It will be possible to solve this problem only if someday in the Black Sea region there is another inscription with this word.

Celtis

Latin language

Vulgate ( latin translation Bible, made by St. Jerome) in most editions contains the following edition of verses 23-24 of chapter 19 of the Book of Job:

Quis mihi tribuat ut scribantur sermones mei? Quis mihi det ut exarentur in libro stylo ferreo et plumbi lamina, vel celte sculpantur in silice?

(“Oh, if my words were written down! If they were inscribed in a book with an iron chisel and tin, they would be carved on a stone for eternity!”)

Where the Russian translation of the word "for eternity" (they are in both the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible; Jerome missed them for some reason), is the Latin word celte- it can only be an ablative (in this case, an analogue of the Russian instrumental case) from the word Celtis, meaning, judging by the context, some kind of stone carving tool, such as "chisel" or "chisel". Word Celtis not found, except for the translation of the Bible, in any ancient text; all of its medieval examples depend on the Vulgate. The word found its way into many Latin dictionaries, and during the Renaissance it was taken up as a name by the humanist Conrad Celtis, whose real name Bikel means "pick, pick, ice ax" in German.

In many oldest lists Vulgate in place of the word celte worth the well-known certificate- "exactly" ( vel certe Jerome means something like "or"). A number of researchers considered that celte- a complete phantom, the result of a typo instead of certificate. The philologist Max Niedermann rehabilitated this word, showed that there is no reason to consider it a secondary reading, and led to it a number of interesting Indo-European parallels. That the word for instrument did not find its way into the bulk of Latin texts, only a small part of which is devoted to technical topics, is not surprising.

More than 6,000 languages ​​are spoken on Earth, and all of them describe the diversity and versatility of human life.

But since all these languages ​​convey slightly different worldviews, no language can fully accommodate the experience of mankind. On the contrary, in every language on Earth there are words that do not exist in any other language. These treasures of linguistics are easy to define, but they cannot be translated in a single word. Can you, for example, remember at least one word that denotes your essence, which you put into work? You could say that you put your "whole soul", and the Greeks simply call this kind of passion for work μεράκι (meraki).

Geography, climate, cuisine, religion and humor are just a few of the factors that lead to such unique and unusual words- a separate part of human experience.

Here are some examples of the rarest words that have no analogues in other languages ​​of the world:

abbiocco (Italian)

Noun: That feeling of drowsiness that occurs after a hearty lunch or dinner.

We have all succumbed to a light nap after eating, but only the Italians have carefully summed up this phenomenon in one word. Therefore, when you really want to take a nap after dinner, know that you have abbiocco.

desenrascanço (Portuguese)

Noun: The ability to quickly find an impromptu solution.

Desenrascanco- this is the style of work of any successful red tape. This refers not only to solving problems and completing tasks, but also a completely impromptu approach. Secret agent MacGyver from the television series of the same name used this skill, each time averting disaster with a curved paper clip and a gum wrapper.

hyggelig (Danish)

Adjective: comfortable, cozy.

Have you ever needed a word that combines everything cozy, safe, friendly and caring? The Danes have embraced all these meanings with the word hyggelig. It is used so often in everyday life that many Danes consider it a trait of their national character.

sobremesa (Spanish)

Noun: After-dinner conversation at the table.

The Spaniards are known for their love of long breakfasts, lunches and dinners together, but it's not just about the food. If after dinner you stay at the table to savor the last "dish" - a pleasant conversation, then you are pampering yourself sobremes.

utepils (Norwegian)

Noun: beer that is drunk on the street.

Norwegians have to wait out a long, dark winter to enjoy a beautiful but short summer. Therefore, the beer that is drunk under open sky by absorbing the bright Sun rays, this is not just a “beer” for you, but utepils.

verschlimmbessern (German)

Verb: to make a situation worse in an attempt to improve it.

We've all experienced this before: by trying to solve a small problem, we create an even bigger one. Maybe you've tried to inflate a flat tire on your bike and the wheel won't spin now? Or after reinstalling windows Does your laptop freeze every time you turn it on? Oh no! Just don’t say that you yourself tried to fix a haircut you didn’t like! In general, any of these actions the German would call verschlimmbessern.

yakamoz (Turkish) and mångata (Swedish)

Noun: reflection moonlight on the water.

It doesn't matter what language you speak. From time to time you, for sure, admire the reflection of the moon on the water surface. But if you are not a Turk or a Swede, then it is impossible to describe this beauty in one word. Swedish mengata literally translated as "moon road", the most appropriate poetic description.

Turkish also has a special word - Gumusservi, but it is not used in everyday speech. It is much easier to call the lunar reflection on the water yakamoz. This word can describe any light reflected from the water, or even a sparkling fish.