Body segmentation. Head . The body consists of 3 sections: the head, chest and abdomen. The head has lost segmentation, the chest consists of segments, the belly consists of segments and has retained a clear dismemberment. The chest and abdomen consists of segments of a mail-like shape. There are no segmentation in non-legged mature individuals. The head is expressed, the segments of the chest and abdomen are the same - this is the trunk. The head is the front part of the insect; it is a capsule with a sclerotized upper part, with a membrane membrane. In this membrane is the mouth (anus). On the head there are a pair of complex razdetochnye eyes, 2 simple eyes, a pair of antennae, mouth appendages - jaws. In the head is the brain of insects and the crossbar is still located - the tectory. Complicated eyes - large, multi-faceted structures. The eyes are on the eye sclerite. The insect receives the image direct and mosaic. Simple eyes - 3 single faceted organs, located on the lingual part of the head, between compound eyes. For the larvae. Antennae (antennas) - in adults, the antennae of the parachilous mobile appendages extending from the front surface is placed before the eyes. They serve as organs of smell and touch. Diverse in form: bristle-shaped or styloid (cockroach, grasshopper), filiform (locust), beaded (blackrote beetle), saw-shaped (weedle beetle, goldfish), club-shaped (beetle butterfly, white-haired), head-shaped (beetle, goldfish), club-shaped (butterfly, white-haired), head-shaped (beetle, goldfish), club-shaped (butterfly, white-haired), head-shaped (beetle, goldfish), club-shaped (butterfly, white-haired), head-shaped (beetle, goldfish), club-shaped (butterfly, white-haired), head-shaped (beetle, goldfish), club-shaped (butterfly, white-haired), head-shaped (beetle, goldfish), club-shaped (butterfly, white-haired), capitated (honey beetle), club-shaped (butterfly, white-haired); beetle). The oral apparatus is for nutrition and eating habits. Consists of 3 parts: upper jaw - mandible, lower jaw - maxilla, lower lip - labium, upper lip - labrum - leathery fold. Gnawing - for ingestion of solid food (cockroaches, beetles), sucking - for ingestion of liquid food (butterfly), piercing-slushy - (bugs, aphids, blood-sucking), gnawing - licking - bumblebee. Depending on the position of the protruding parts of the mouthparts, there are 3 types of head setting: hypognathic (mouthpieces are directed downward - locusts, bugs), prognathic (mouthpieces are directed forward - ground beetles), opistognathic (mouthpieces are turned back and are very close to the legs - cicadas ).

Chest . The thoracic part of the insect consists of 3 separate segments - anteroposterior, middle and subthorax. Each segment consists of the upper half ring - back (tergite), the lower half ring - breast (sternite), and 2 barrels - playrites. Each segment of the chest carries a pair of legs, and the middle and back of the chest - on a pair of wings. The legs are articulate; consist of a basin (articulated with the chest), trochanter, hips, legs and legs. Paw in different species of insects consists of 1 ... 5 segments. It ends with one, often two claws, between which 1 ... 3 pads are located. Depending on the way of life and the level of specialization of certain groups of insects, they encounter various types of legs. Fleeing legs with elongated thin parts (cockroaches, ground beetles, bugs). The walking type of legs is shorter, stocky, with extended, often 4-segmented legs (leaf beetles, weevils, barbel). Bears, crunches, a long period of development of which is associated with the soil, have digging front legs; in the praying mantis, prehensile; jumping hind legs in locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, swimming in swimmer beetles, collective bee hind legs - with the need to create food supplies. Wings are represented by 2 pairs, only a pair of front wings (diptera (flies), male coccid) are rarely developed, sometimes only a pair of hind wings (male wing wings), and often wings are underdeveloped or missing (primary winged, lice, fleas, etc.). The wing is a two-layer fold of the integument, which, when an adult insect appears, converges and hardens, forming an elastic lamina. This plate is reinforced with veins - hardened sections of the paths along which the airway tubes were laid - the trachea and blood were injected during the formation of the wing. The venation of the wing (shape, number and location of the veins) is very diverse. Main longitudinal veins: costal, subcostal, radial, medial (median), cubital, and anal. Transverse veins -  connect adjacent longitudinal ribs, for example, radio-medial (connects the dial and medial veins), median (connects 2 medial veins). All the variety of wings is classified according to three characteristics: consistency (homogeneous or dissimilar) front pair of wings can be dense, leathery, with noticeable venation (orthoptera, praying mantis, cockroach) or horny, when the venation from the upper surface is imperceptible (beetles, or coleoptera) - these are elytra (elite). In bugs (hemiptera), the front wings have a leathery consistency only at the base - half-wings (half-ears). P about the number of closed cells  if the wings have a large number of closed cells, they are called reticular (dragonflies, retina-winged, orthoptera), if there are few small (less than 20) closed cells - membranous (even-wing, hymenoptera, two-winged). According to the degree of omission of the wings scales and hairs  with a continuous descent of a wing plate with short hairs (caddis flies) or scales (butterflies, or lepidoptera), wings are called covered; if there are few hairs or scales, they are bare.

Abdomen.   The abdomen is the third section of the body of insects, consists of a number of more or less similar segments, in adult insects it has no legs. In primitive insects, it consists of 11 segments (endless (protury), orthoptera to 9 ... 10, dipterous hymenoptera 4 ... 6. In many insects, individual segments of the abdomen carry appendages. Genital appendages are located on the 8th and 9th segments of the abdomen, these segments are called genital (appendages - egg-female and female genitalia, male egg developed in female orthopteran (grasshoppers) and hymenoptera (equestrians), in egg bee turned into a sting. Male genitalia consist of a cumulative organ and several appendages), 7 - pregenital (there are appendages), 10-11-post-genital (cerci developed - function of tachtyl organs (cockroaches in the form of a pair of articular appendages, in earwigs turned into large non-segmented mites) and pencils - reduced legs, preserved only in male grasshoppers and cockroaches). All of their bases, without intercepting or constricting, this type of abdomen is called sessile.In many species of hymenoptera, the abdomen is connected to the breast through the stalk, which is the 2 and 3 segments of the abdomen. If the stalk is short, the belly is called hanging (in bees, bumblebees), if it is long stalked (in wasps, ants, riders).

Integuments - serve as a support for the muscular system, provide regulation of the water regime, respiration and excretion, protect the body from mechanical damage, from the penetration of harmful substances. The variegated insect body color is associated with the integuments. Derivatives of the skin in the form of external appendages (hairs, scales, spikes), internal (endoskeletal), outgrowths and various skin glands (hair, varnish, odorous, poisonous, etc.). The skin consists of 3 components: the cuticle, the hypodermis and the basal membrane. Cuticle   - the outer part of the integument and has no cellular structure. The composition of the cuticle consists of 2 main layers - The outer layer (elikutikula) is very thin, contains wax and lipoids, providing the hydrophobicity of the cuticle and protection against some toxic substances. The inner layer (procuticle) of the upper layer (exocuticle) is dark in color and has hardness due to the content of chitin and proteins, the lower layer (endocuticle) is more elastic and provides tensile cover of some insects. The hypodermis consists of a layer of epithelial cells of a cubic or cylindrical shape. The hypodermis cells secrete cuticle-forming substances, as well as molt fluid, which dissolves the lower layer of the cuticle before each molt of the insect. The basal membrane underlies the cells of the hypodermis and serves as the boundary between the skin and the body cavity. The membrane has no cellular structure. Muscular system. Insects have a well-developed and differentiated muscular system. The thoracic region (flying insects) has the most powerful muscles. The absolute strength of the skeletal muscles of insects (3.6 ... 6 kg) approaches the absolute strength of human muscles. Muscular system: somatic and visceral muscles. Muscles are attached to the skeleton and internal organs. The connection of the muscle occurs with monothebrill. Ability to numerous and very fast cuts. Body cavity  divided by two thin partitions. Divided into 3 divisions. Are located under each other: 1. The upper section - the circulatory system. 2. Medium - digestive organs, excretory, reproductive system, fatty body. 3. Lower - abdominal nervous chain. The respiratory system permeates all organs of the insect.

Discharge organs unnecessary, mainly nitrogen-containing substances, resulting from vital processes in tissues and organs, i.e. outside the digestive system of insects. The main organ of excretion is malpighiev vessels. They are long tubes that open at one end near the junction of the midgut with the back, the other end blindly in the body cavity. Malpighiev vessels absorb from the hemolymph mainly uric acid salts. Uric acid crystals are removed through the back intestine along with the feces. Glands and secretion. 2 types of glands: Exocrine. Glands associated with the skin. They secrete substances called secrets that enter different organs, cavities, or out. Some of them are involved in the digestion of insects, others provide mechanical protection, others form biologically active substances called pheromones. Endocrine The glands secrete secretions directly into the blood, their secretions are called hormones. When hormones enter the blood, they are transmitted to all parts of the body. Endocrine glands regulate: larval growth, molting, inhibition of development, puberty. These glands are located above the anterior intestine behind the brain, in the abdominal part of the prothorax. Fatty body. consists of individual slices that fill the entire body cavity. Its cells are filled with drops of fat and protein inclusions. The role of the fat body is reduced to the accumulation of nutrients and absorption of metabolic products. The accumulation of nutrients in the fat body contributes to the survival of insects at low temperatures, provides an opportunity to survive the hunger strike and exist insects that do not eat in adult form. Digestive organs. The digestive tract consists of three sections: the anterior, middle and posterior intestines. The anterior intestine begins in the oral cavity, where food is moistened with saliva and crushed. For the oral cavity should pharynx, for the pharyngeal esophagus. The esophagus goes into goiter, which serves to temporarily preserve food and is not in all insects; behind the goiter is placed the muscular stomach, which has developed muscle tissue. Its walls are covered with solid chitinous teeth, promoting mechanical grinding of food. The anterior gut ends with an annular fold, called the cardiac valve. In the midgut, all digestive juices except saliva are secreted, and digestion of food and absorption of digestive products take place. The midgut is a uniformly thickened tube. It is lined with glandular epithelium, the cells of which secrete droplets of secretions. In the midgut, a thin shell is also formed - the peritrophic membrane surrounding the food lump and protecting the intestinal wall from contact with poorly crushed food particles. The posterior intestine begins with a short pyloric section into which malpighian vessels flow. In the posterior intestine, water is sucked out of the food mass, and here the final formation of excrement occurs, which are expelled out through the anus. The feces have a certain structure and shape, which can be used to determine which insect species it belongs to. A number of predatory insects, such as ground beetles, have extraintestinal digestion. It consists in the fact that the juice of the midgut flows through the jaw canals into the body of the victim and digestion begins before swallowing.

Circulatory system. Not closed. All space between a wall of a body and separate bodies represents a cavity of a body of an insect. It is filled with blood liquid, the blood is set in motion by the work of the heart. The heart lies in the abdomen, on its dorsal side, and represents a long tube consisting of a series of chambers. At the rear end, the tube is usually closed. From the sides, each camera has a pair of lateral openings with valves (ostia), in front of the heart enters the aorta, which has no openings and is not closed in the head. The heart is attached to the dorsal wall of the body with cords, and from the lateral sides of the heart, bundles of pterygoid muscles depart from the sides of the heart, setting the heart chambers in motion. The chambers of the heart are successively contracting one after the other and pushing the blood forward to the head end, where it is poured through the aorta into the head cavity, and from there into the body cavity. From here, the blood flow through the dorsal and abdominal diaphragm enters the pericardial cavity, and the blood is drawn into the heart through the spine; Thus, in insects with an open blood system, blood circulation occurs: through the spinal vessel - forward, and in the body cavity - back. The blood is colorless or colored. The blood carries nutrients to the tissues and transports the harmful metabolites to the excretion organs. Partially blood serves as a carrier of oxygen and is involved in the removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues. Blood also performs a mechanical function. It creates the necessary internal pressure, thanks to it the shape of the body is maintained in soft-coated insects. The respiratory system is a system of trachea, penetrating the body. They usually consist of two longitudinal stems and branches extending to various organs and muscles. A trachea is a tube with a rounded section, repeatedly branching and ending with the thinnest tracheal capillaries - tracheoles. The tracheal system opens to the outside with special openings - spiracles (stigmas) located on the sides of the abdomen (up to eight pairs) and on the chest (two pairs). The spiracle has closing valves regulating the flow of air into the tracheal system. In good flying insects in the chest and abdomen there are air sacs associated with the trachea. Before the flight, they are filled with air and facilitate the flight.

Nervous system regulates all functions of the body and integrates it into a single whole. It is based on nerve cells - neurons, which are divided into sensory, motor and associative. The nervous system of insects is divided into central, peripheral and sympathetic. The central nervous system consists of a set of nodes (ganglia) from which the nerves depart. Nervous nodes are connected by longitudinal and transverse bridges. The ganglion system is divided into two sections - the head and abdominal. In the head above the esophagus is located the epipharyngeal, and under the esophagus, the subpharyngeal ganglion. They are interconnected by cords, which form a pharyngeal ring. The abdominal region consists of a series of ganglia and the nerve cords connecting them, forming the abdominal nervous chain. The epopharyngeal ganglion is well developed and is also called the brain. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the functioning of the internal organs and the muscular system. The peripheral nervous system is formed from nerves extending from the ganglia of the central and sympathetic nervous systems. They connect these systems with various organs. The physiological functions of the nervous system are based on the general principle of the reflex, with which the body responds to external signals. Nervous irritation from the periphery of the body along the sensory nerve reaches the ganglion, and from here along the motor nerve returns to one or another muscle, causing a corresponding movement. Formed reflex arc. Nervous activity The nervous activity of insects is very diverse and complex. In the aggregate, it is their behavior. The behavior is a complex reaction of the insect, due to the effects of the external environment and the physiological characteristics of the organism. The most simple nervous activity is manifested in taxis. This is the simplest positive or negative motor reaction (reflex) to one or another external stimulation. Thermotaxis, phototaxis, hydrotaxis, chemo- and tropostaxis are especially developed in insects. Accordingly, in these cases, insects react to heat, light, moisture, chemical irritants and food. A more complex type of nervous activity are instincts. They represent a complex chain of reflexes, and the end of one of the chain links serves as an impetus for the start of the next link. So ripening eggs causes females to take care of the offspring. Inborn instincts. Particularly complex instincts in bees, ants and termites, who know how to builder very complex structures and care for offspring, adjusting its composition. In insects, in some cases, higher nervous activity can also be observed, manifested in the elaboration of conditioned reflexes. One example is the rapid establishment of the connection between a bee and the smell of a flower with its honey.

Sense organs. Insects developed sense of touch, smell, taste, hearing rumors. Individual species can distinguish between fluctuations in temperature and humidity, changes in air pressure and the aquatic environment, the Earth’s magnetic field and the effects of an electrostatic field. The organs of touch are presented in the form of sensitive hairs located on different parts of the body, on the antennae and oral limbs. Hair irritation is transmitted to the tactile nerve cell, where excitation occurs, which is transmitted along its processes to the nerve center. The olfactory organs are concentrated on the antennae in the form of plates or cones immersed in the recesses of the cuticle and connected to the nerve cells. Males have olfactory elements - sensillus - more than females. The sensitivity of insects to certain odors is much higher than that of humans. The taste organs are located on the mouth parts. In butterflies, bees and flour flavoring sensilla found on the legs of the front legs. Insects to some extent can distinguish between sweet, salty, bitter and sour. The organs of hearing are well developed only in those insects that can emit sound (locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, singing cicadas, some bugs). They are presented in the form of tympanic organs, that is, sections of the cuticle refined like the eardrum, with a cluster of sensitive elements. Paired tympanic organs in locust and cicadas are located on the I segment of the abdomen, and in grasshoppers and crickets on the tibiae of the front legs. Many other insects that do not have tympanic organs can distinguish sounds. The organs of vision are usually well developed. Only in insects that live underground or in caves, the eyes are missing or underdeveloped. Vision is represented by complex and simple eyes. Complex (faceted) eyes (1 pair) are located on the sides of the head. They consist of many visual elements - ommatidia (facets). Ommatidium consists of a transparent lens (cornea), in the form of a biconvex lens and a transparent crystal cone under it. Together they make up a single optical system. Under the cone is the retina, which perceives light rays. Insects can distinguish colors. Simple eyes (eyes) are located on the head of an insect by a triangle: 1 median - on the forehead, 2 others - symmetrical on the sides above on the crown. They are not developed in all insects. Often the median peephole disappears, rarely there are no paired eyes while maintaining the average. Many lepidoptera and dipterans completely devoid of eyes. A simple eye for 1 optical part has a series of sensing elements and is innervated from the middle part of the anterior part of the brain. The functions of simple eyes are not clear enough. They are supposed to have a regulating effect on complex eyes, providing greater stability of vision under conditions of varying intensity of illumination, enhancing the response of complex eyes. in low light and braking it in high light intensity. Reflex arc. Starts at the receptor. The receptor transforms the energy of the irritable stimulus into nerve impulses. The receptors are divided into 4 groups: mechanoreceptors - to mechanical irritations, thermoreceptors - to temperature irritations, chemoreceptors - to chemicals, photoreceptors - to light energy.

Development. The development of insects is divided into two periods: embryonic, or embryonic, and outside the egg, or postembryonic. Fetal development. An egg is a single large cell, which includes the nutritional yolk necessary for the growth and development of the embryo. Outside, the egg is coated (chorion), playing the role of the shell. There are one or several holes on the egg (micropilas) through which spermatozoa penetrate during fertilization. The development of the embryo in the egg lasts from several days to a month or more. It consists in a series of complex transformations and ends with the hatching of the larva gnawing through the egg's shell. Postembryonic development. It begins after hatching from the larvae's egg and lasts from several days to several years. Larvae growth is accompanied by molts, which are stimulated by the activity of the endocrine glands. The larvae are divided by molt. The number of ages is different. Many larvae have only three beetles, butterflies usually have five caterpillars. In the process of postembryonic development, insects not only grow, but also undergo a number of changes. The combination of these changes is called a transformation, or   metamorphosis. The highlight of the metamorphosis is the acquisition of wings. Depending on this, there are two main types of metamorphosis: incomplete (insects with incomplete transformation - orthoptera, bugs, cicadas, etc.) and complete (insects with complete transformation - beetles, butterflies, hymenoptera, flies).   Insects with incomplete transformation  characterized by the presence of three phases of development: eggs, larvae and adult insect (imago). The larva emerging from the egg is similar in appearance and biologically to an adult insect: the trunk is dissected into the chest and abdomen, which bear the corresponding appendages. The wings appear as an outer skin fold at the edge of the thoracic segment. It increases with each molt and gradually reaches its final size and shape. The food regime in the larvae is the same as in the adult insect.   Insects with full transformation have four phases of development: egg, larva, pupa and adult insect (imago). The body of the larva consists of a series of identical segments. The belly and breast of the larvae are not detached. The larva differs sharply from the adult insect in appearance. The larva eats most often completely differently and leads a way of life other than an adult insect. After the last molt, it turns into a pupa. Before turning into a pupa, the larva often covers itself with a cocoon. When fully transformed, a complex reorganization of the organism occurs, beginning in the larva before pupation and ending in the pupa. During this reorganization, the temporary organs of the larvae are replaced by organs characteristic of the adult insect. The restructuring is composed of two processes: histolysis and histogenesis.   Histolysis  consists in the destruction of those organs that functioned in the larva and are absent in the adult insect.   Histogenesis  is the formation of various tissues and cellular material - products of histolysis. Insects occur in a series of modifications of incomplete and complete metamorphosis. For example, with full transformation, sometimes several forms of larvae are observed, successively replacing each other in the process of growth and development. The larvae of the warriors are very mobile at first. They penetrate into the locust nodules, destroy their eggs, and then replace the feeding method and a number of subsequent transformations occur. This type of development is called hypermetamorphosis.

Life cycle. The period of development of an insect from an egg to a mature state is called the life cycle, or generation (generation). Different types of insects develop at different rates. Some have one generation during the year, others have two or more. So, aphids have up to 15 generations a year, and the May Khrushka has a four-year development cycle. The duration of the development of insects in any phase depends on the climate and weather conditions of the area in which they live. Therefore, the timing of the appearance of separate phases of insect development will be different in different places of the range. For example, the flight of an unpaired silkworm near Moscow - in the middle of July, and in Moldova - at the end of June. In the years from early spring, the May beetle appears in the second half of April, and in the years from late spring in May. Phenological observations are perennial observations of insects, which allow us to establish the average long-term dates of their occurrence and associate them with the onset of a number of other natural phenomena. You can use the coincidence of individual phases of development with well-marked phenological phenomena that are used as phenosignals. An example of phenosignals: the opening of rivers, the melting of snow, etc. Thus, the years of the Maypole coincide with the blooming of birch leaves, and the laying of eggs by the bark beetle-typographer - with the flowering of dandelions.

Antennas, antennae, or ties, are paired structures that can include from two to more than 60 segments. In form, they are very diverse. In most groups of insects, antennas are long, i.e. consist of four or more segments, however, the winged and flies have only three. In the latter case, on the third segment there may be a bristle-like process consisting of several fused segments. Antennas are not just tactile "palpi": they carry sensory hairs and pits that can, depending on the type, perceive smell, sound, gravity, humidity and temperature. The structure of the antennas is very diverse. In diurnal butterflies they are clavate (with extended last segments) or club-hooked (in the family of thick-headed heads); in moths, tapering towards the end (bristle-shaped) and covered with hairs and scales, feathery with two opposite rows of long lateral processes, serrate or bilateral serrate with short lateral processes; in bees and osseous (with the same thickness along the entire length), serrate, two-sided serrate or with one or two long processes on each segment; in beetles (in this group, their shape is especially important for classification) - filiform, clavate or lamellar, when the latter segments are long, connected by bases of the plate, which can open like a fan; In some forms, the antenna is branched with long, diverging rays processes.

Nature study

1 class

Lesson 37

Insects. Insect body structure

Teacher

primary school

Kotova A.N.

purpose .

Formation of ideas about the distinctive features of the structure of insects.

Learn to compare the bodies of different insects;

Recognize insects in the figure, give examples.

Understand the learning task of the lesson and strive to fulfill it;

Work in pairs, using the presented information to obtain new knowledge;

Consciously and arbitrarily speak verbally about various insects;

Search for essential information (from the teacher’s story, from life experience);

To be active in the interaction to solve communicative and cognitive tasks;

To form a holistic, socially oriented world view; respects another opinion; motives of educational activity and personal meaning of learning

During the classes

І. ORGANIZING TIME

II . MOTIVATION OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY

Look who flew to us. (Maya Bee). Look at your emblems. (Insects) How do you think about whom we will learn something new today?

That's right, about insects.

III . MESSAGE OF THEME AND LESSON OBJECTIVES

Today we will talk about insects, find out by what signsthey were combined into one group. And the little Maya bee, which is as small as you and as curious as our first graders, will help us in this.

IV . ACTUALIZATION OF SUPPORT KNOWLEDGE OF STUDENTS

Look at slide 1.

How can you call these animals in one word?

Name the insects.

What other insects do you know?

What would you like to know about them?

V . PERCEPTION AND REALIZATION OF A NEW MATERIAL

1. The story of the teacher with elements of conversation.

There are over a million insect species.

Is a million a lot or a little?

This is a very large number. Insects live everywhere: insah, in the meadows; in reservoirs, in the soil, on the body of animals. There are none of them except in the deep sea.

2. Guessing riddles.

Bee Maya, too, like you are small and only now learns the world. She offers you her interesting story about insects with whom she met herself. He asks you to help her study in her fabulous school. To get to her fabulous country, you need to guess riddles. (slide 2-8)

3. The structure of the body of insects.

So we got into the world of Maya bees. There are a lot of inhabitants in this world and we need to learn to distinguish among them insects. And we can learn this by identifying the main features of insects.

Remember the insects that you saw. What parts of the body onwhat can you name?  (slide 9)

Maya looked at herself and decided that she had a head, chest, abdomen, 6 legs. (slide 10)

The word "insect" comes from the word "notch", i.e. it indicates that the insect is divided by a notch into parts: head, chest, abdomen. In other animals, we can also isolate these parts of the body, but only in insects with 6 legs.(slide 11)

So, most insects have 6 legs, a pair of antennae, 1-2 pairs of wings, the body consisting of 3 parts. (slide 12-13)

4. The game "Who is extra?"

Maya received her homework at the forest school: to determine who is superfluous in this picture and why.(slide 14-15)

Can we say about the spider that it is an insect?

Not. The spider belongs to the arachnid class. Unlike insects, it has 8 legs. His body consists of two parts, but his eyes are as much as 8

Children, Maya thanks you for your help.

5. Didactic game “Split into groups”

Maya arrived in the morning for a lesson at school. She answered everything as we taught her. The teacher praised Maya and decided to check whether Maya really understood everything. He gave her the task to distribute the animals into groups. Read, think, distribute. (children respond with a chain).(slide 16)

6. Work in pairs.

The second task to check the teacher gave Maya and her friend Willie. Let's help them?

Distribute the names of your insect's body parts correctly. Complete what inscription is not. Thanks for the help.

Fizkultminutka (Children's songs. Ant .wmv - YouTube)

7. Conversation. Where do insects live?

When school was over, Maya decided to take a walk.(slide 17)

She flew through the forest and saw there insects: a grasshopper, an ant, a butterfly, ... ...(slide 18)

Then she looked into the meadow and saw a ladybird, a locust, a wasp, ... ...(slide 19)

Maya flew up to the streamlet and saw that insects also live here: the beetle beetle, water strider, dragonfly, mosquito, ...(slide 20)

Maya decided to check whether insects live near people?

It turns out in the garden and in the garden there are insects useful for people (bee, ant, butterfly, ..) and harmful insects (caterpillar, Colorado potato beetle, bear, larvae of the May beetle, ...).(slide 21)

Maya was very scary, but curiosity got the better and Maya flew into the man’s house.

Why was she scared?

Look at what insects she met there.(slide 22)

Maya quickly flew out of the house, until no one noticed her. In the courtyard she met with domestic animals and found out that insects also live on their bodies, which bother them a lot (bug, louse, flea, mosquito)

8. Work in groups.

Maya decided to check if Willie knows where insects live. Let's help Willy complete the task.

Each group receives cards with the image of various insects.

The task:

distribute them into groups according to habitat.

in the forest,

near the reservoirs

in the meadow

in the apartment.

There is a conversation about harmful and beneficial insects.

9. Reasoning.

Maya flew for a long time. Hungry. In her curious little head, the question arose: what do insects eat?(slide 23)

Fizkultminutka (Butterfly Song - YouTube)

10. Work with proverbs in groups.

Who among the insects is the most hardworking? (bee and ant)

Right. In more detail about the ant and the bee, we'll talk in the next lesson. And now, please, put the proverbs correctly in groups and explain their meaning.(slide 24)

11. Game “Unscramble”

"What insects hid here?"

Maya loves to solve different riddles, puzzles, crosswords. And you?

Then determine which insects are hiding here.(slide 25-26)

12. Coloring butterflies and creating a wreath of them for the globe.

Maya admired butterflies, which were colorful, variegated, flew from flower to flower and decorated our planet.

Maya thought that there were many different insects: good and bad. But, probably, they are all needed for some reason.

Do you think children need everything in the world? The answer to this question can give a cartoon for a puppy Timka, a cat and their friend Bashka. (8.54 - clip)

Insects make our planet beautiful. Let's decorate its small part of our homeland, Ukraine

V І. Lesson summary

Children Bee Maya is very grateful for your help and gives you small gifts.

(the song sounds - Evgeny Waltz. The song from the cartoon _Baby Maya_ - YouTube)

Question 1. What are the features of the external structure of insects?
This is the most diverse class of arthropods. The number of species exceeds 1 million, and nevertheless some features of the external structure common to all insects can be distinguished: the body consists of three sections: the head, chest, and abdomen; covered with chitinous cover; one pair of antennae on head; all segments of the head are merged; the chest always consists of three segments: anteroposterior, middle and subthorax; three pairs of walking legs (attached, respectively, to each segment of the chest); a pair of complex (faceted) eyes located on the sides of the head; most insects have wings, one or two pairs (on the second and third segments of the thoracic section); abdomen segmented; the number of segments varies in different species.

Question 2. How many parts of the body consists of insects?
The body consists of three sections: the head (formed by several merged segments); chest, consisting of three segments; abdomen, consisting of several segments (5-11), separated by notches.

Question 3. How are insect limbs?
On the head there is one pair of antennae (organs of smell and touch) and the oral apparatus. The latter is formed by modified limbs (three pairs). The oral apparatus can be of several types - gnawing, piercing-sucking, licking, sucking. On each segment of the chest there are paired legs: jumping (grasshopper), digging (dung beetle), swimming (swimming beetle), running (beetles). On the second and third segment there may be wings (modified folds of the integument). At the end of the abdomen, some representatives have modified limbs: sting, ovipositories.

Question 5. How is the nervous system of insects?
The nervous system of insects is built according to the type of the abdominal nervous chain and reaches a very high level of development and specialization. The central nervous system includes the epipharyngeal ganglion - the brain, the subpharyngeal ganglion, and the abdominal nerve chain of paired ganglia. The brain consists of three areas: anterior, middle and posterior. There is a gray matter consisting of the bodies of nerve cells (neurons), which is the basis of complex forms of behavior in insects.

Question 6. Describe the structure of the eye of insects.
Eyes can be both complex and simple.
Motionless complex eyes, consisting of facets, perceive the shape of objects. The number of facets is determined by the biological characteristics of insects. Eyes can perceive flashes with a frequency of 250-300 Hz (flashes per second!). Also, the eyes of insects can distinguish colors (butterflies, bees) and perceive the polarization of light.
Simple eyes can only distinguish light from darkness.

Question 7. How do insects feed?
Among insects there are omnivores, for example cockroaches, which feed on various plant and animal products. Many insects use as food different parts of plants, from the root to the fruit, inclusive. No less numerous are insect predators that eat other insects, worms, mollusks, etc. There are species that feed on carrion, various kinds of garbage and products of decay. There are also insects that specialize in extremely low-nutritional food - feathers, horns, wax, etc.

Question 8. What is hemolymph? What is its function?
Hemolymph is a colorless or yellowish liquid circulating in the vessels and cavities of insects, the main function of which is to supply tissues and organs with nutrients.

Question 9. How do insects breathe?
The insect's respiratory system is a complex tracheal system. Trachea form a network, intertwining all organs. The outside of the trachea opens with spiracles located on the sides of the chest and abdomen. The movement of air in the trachea is provided by the rhythmic movements of the abdomen.

Question 10. What are malpighiev vessels?
Malpighiev vessels are thin tubes located in the body cavity opening into the intestine at the border of the middle and back intestine. The metabolic products come from the hemolymph into the lumen of the malpighian vessels as a suspension (crystals suspended in water) and are secreted into the intestine. Water from this suspension is absorbed by the walls of the malpighian vessels and the posterior intestine and returns to the hemolymph, and the almost dry metabolic products, together with undigested food debris, are expelled through the anus.

Question 11. What are the features of the structure of the reproductive system of insects?
Insects are dioecious. The sex glands are paired. The males in the abdomen are the testes, from which the vas deferens extend into the ejaculatory canal. The ovaries of the females open up into the oviducts, which below unite into a single vagina. Fertilization is internal.